Application Of Chemical Agents Research Articles

Oral health and healthy ageing: a scoping review

BackgroundGood oral health is an important part of healthy ageing, yet there is limited understanding regarding the status of oral health care for older people globally. This study reviewed evidence (policies, programs, and interventions) regarding oral health care for older people.MethodsA systematic search of six databases for published and grey literature in the English language by the end of April 2022 was undertaken utilising Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework.ResultsThe findings from oral health policy documents (n = 17) indicated a lack of priorities in national health policies regarding oral health care for older people. The most common oral health interventions reported in the published studies (n = 62) included educational sessions and practical demonstrations on oral care for older adults, nurses, and care providers. Other interventions included exercises of facial muscles and the tongue, massage of salivary glands, and application of chemical agents, such as topical fluoride.ConclusionThere is currently a gap in information and research around effective oral health care treatments and programs in geriatric dental care. Efforts must be invested in developing guidelines to assist both dental and medical healthcare professionals in integrating good oral health as part of healthy ageing. Further research is warranted in assessing the effectiveness of interventions in improving the oral health status of the elderly and informing approaches to assist the integration of oral health into geriatric care.

Status of Research on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wastewater Collection Systems

Wastewater collection systems (WCSs) not only play an indispensable role in urban life but also significantly contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Based on extensive literature research, this study (1) summarizes current research on the production mechanisms, influencing factors, control techniques, and quantitative estimates of GHGs emitted from WCSs and (2) presents initial estimates of total GHG emissions from WCSs in China. A variety of factors affect GHG production, but standard methods are still lacking to quantify GHG emissions from WCSs. China’s WCSs emit approximately 3.86–15.35 Mt of CO2eq annually (equivalent to 5.1–20.2% of the GHG emissions from wastewater treatment). Thus, GHG emissions from WCSs are significant and deserve attention. Control of GHGs in WCSs can be achieved through the application of chemical agents, while the construction of a green stormwater infrastructure can further facilitate GHG reductions. This review provides valuable insights for policymakers to consider in future policy planning related to GHG reduction and the improved operation of WCSs. Future research should focus on quantifying the impacts of various factors and accumulating field data on GHGs in various regions to facilitate the development of standardized calculation methods.

Forest management practices in Spain: Understanding past trends to better face future challenges

Because forests provide a myriad of essential services to society, sustainable forest management that considers and promotes the multifunctional role of forests is of key importance. Understanding how forests have been and are being managed is essential to learn how current forest landscapes have been shaped and how management could be improved to better address all societal needs. Spain makes for an interesting case study due to its dramatic expansion in forest cover over the last 150 years following ambitious national reforestation and afforestation initiatives, as well as for its diversity of forest ecosystems and management approaches. However, a national-level assessment of such a development is currently missing. Therefore, our objective was to document and analyse the development of forest management practices in Spain since the mid-20th century. We developed narratives to describe the trends in 11 indicators of forest management decision-making and practices. Results show that while some decisions have evolved towards promoting multifunctionality (e.g., soil cultivation), others have intensified to maximize production at the expense of other ecosystem services (e.g., naturalness of tree species) and others have not changed much during the past 80 years (e.g., type of regeneration). The analysis also showed that some of the indicators have been conditioned by technological innovations (e.g., machine operation) and by the development of certain policies and legislation (e.g., the application of chemical agents). Based on these trends, we identified the main challenges that forest management in general, and in Spain in particular, may face as well as some decisions that may have to be reconsidered (cutting regime, tree maturity, naturalness of tree species) if the country wants to transition towards alternative silvicultural approaches that promote multifunctionality. In addition, a transition towards mixed-species, uneven-aged forests alongside with genetic improvement of tree species would also facilitate rising to one of the main challenges that forest management faces: to develop a climate-smart forestry that contributes to the mitigation of and adaptation to global change.

In Situ Application of Anti-Fouling Solutions on a Mosaic of the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica.

Biodegradation is among the most common issues affecting Cultural Heritage stone materials in outdoor environments. In recent years, the application of chemical agents with biocidal activity has been the most usual practice when dealing with biofilm removal. In outdoor environments, the use of these biocides is not effective enough, since the materials are constantly exposed to environmental agents and atmospheric pollutants. Thus, it becomes necessary to protect the surface of Cultural Heritage works with antimicrobial coatings to either prevent or at least limit future colonization. In this study, innovative biocides—both natural and synthetic—were applied on a Roman mosaic located in the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica to compare their effectiveness in removing the biological degradation affecting it. In addition, an antimicrobial coating called “SI-QUAT” was applied and analyzed in situ. SI-QUAT has recently entered the market for its prevention activity against biocolonization. The biocidal activity of these products was tested and monitored using different analytical portable instruments, such as the multispectral system, the spectrocolorimeter, and the bioluminometer. The analyses showed that promising results can be obtained using the combination of the biocide and the protective effect of Preventol® RI50 and SI-QUAT.

Phytotoxicity of Natural Molecules Derived from Cereal Crops as a Means to Increase Yield Productivity

Phytotoxicity including autotoxicity and allelopathy is the immediate or indirect biochemical impact of one organism on the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms or improvement of neighbouring plant species through the arrival of substances into the environment. This biological phenomenon effect might be either growth-enhancing (synergistic) or inhibiting (hostile), contingent upon the chemical substances delivered from donor plants and target species. Allelopathy has been viewed not just as a nature-accommodating way to control unwanted plant spices and biocidal products, but, additionally, a potential explanation for causing autotoxicity in yield. The application of chemical agents to reduce weed infestation may have negative consequences on human health as well as the environment. Plants with allelopathy activities derived from secondary metabolites could be an alternative strategy and have an expected function in sustainable weed biocontrol and boost global agricultural production and food security. Thus, protecting biodiversity, ensuring food safety, improving food, and nutrient quality, as well as crop production, are urgently needed as population and consumption are increasing. So, the objective of this study is to present recent advancements on phytotoxicity and allelopathic effect of plant extracts (sorghum, sunflower, rice, and corn), for sustainable food and crop production in agroecosystems.

State Support of Plant Protection (by the Example of Novosibirsk Region)

Modern crop production in the conditions of total reduction of tilled area is one of the priorities in effective farming. The adaptive intensification of crop production, which provides sustainable growth of yield, resource conservation and ecological safety, requires increase of financing and involvement of plant protection measures in the mechanism of state support, the use of genetic selection potential of plants, the use of agrotechnical measures, technical and technological upgrade, for the purpose of adjustment of arable crops growth conditions, improvement of grain quality, as well as soil conservation and enrichment. Scientifically proven measures regarding plant protection against hazardous organisms play a special role in the mechanism of state support and stimulation of agricultural goods producers. This approach will make it possible to abandon abusive application of chemical agents and replace them with biological ones against the same variety of pathogens; it will facilitate increase in arable crops yield, improve of quality of goods produced, cost saving and growth of net profit, in comparison with traditional technologies, as well as mitigate risks related to the influence of chemical agents on the environment. It will increase the field competitiveness both at internal and external market. The offered measures were developed with provision for the WTO requirements which make it bin­ding to implement the methods of state support without distorting influence of activities of companies, i.e. implement the support within the «green box». The «green box» includes the costs of plant protection measures and productive infrastructure formation.

Determination of kinematic parameters of falling drops of standard solution of pesticides during spraying, taking into account geometric dimensions variability

Expansion of range of applied pesticides and liquid mineral fertilizers necessitates continuous improvement of spray nozzle design, allowing to create a monodisperse spray and ensure high-quality application of chemical agents at low doses and minimal losses. The issue of studying the process of falling drops with varying geometric dimensions remains sore. Studies of drop movement in air environment make it possible to determine the falling speed and coordinates on the treated surface, to substantiate the design, dimensions, optimal operating modes and parameters of sprayers and devices for protecting the spray cone from direct exposure to wind, which is especially important at the design stage of sprayer for field spraying machines. The paper presents simulation of process of falling drops of pesticide standard solution in resisting environment, considering geometric dimensions variability. An equation for drop radius variability depending on the unit motion horizontal transverse variability, formula for variability of intensity of drop decrease depending on the initial conditions and state of environment are obtained. Dependence between coefficients of drop displacement along the horizontal transverse to the unit movement axis and time is obtained, expressions for variability of drop radius depending on the horizontal displacement and the equation for variability of velocity and vertical coordinate of drop movement on time are presented. The coefficient of mass transfer from the drop surface is determined depending on the resistance coefficient, initial velocity, medium density at the border of drop and plant medium subjected to treatment. The results obtained can be used in mechanical engineering for design and testing of sprayers and nozzles, design of wind protection devices for spray cones of standard solutions of pesticides in field sprayers, in simulation of process of drop movement with varying mass.

The effect of supportive care in preventing peri-implant diseases and implant loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the influence of supportive treatment (SPT) during a maintenance period after implant placement on implant survival rate (SR) and incidence of peri-implant diseases. A systemic literature search for studies published up to June 2018 was conducted by two independent reviewers using Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central databases. Clinical controlled trials (CCT) involved in SPT protocol with more than 1-year follow-up were included. Quantitative meta-analyses were carried out to analyze the risk ratio (RR) of SR, the incidence of peri-implantitis, and peri-implant mucositis between SPT and non-SPT groups. Any potential confounding factors were investigated using meta-regression. Nine CCTs fulfilled the criteria. To evaluate the influence of SPT on SR, peri-implantitis, and peri-implant mucositis, six of nine, three of nine, and three of nine articles were included in further meta-analysis, respectively. SPT group significantly showed higher SR (RR: 1.10; p<0.001), lower prevalence of peri-implantitis (RR: 0.25; p<0.001) and peri-implant mucositis (RR: 0.57; p<0.001) than the non-SPT group. Meta-regression of the selected studies failed to find an association between SR, peri-implantitis, and peri-implant mucositis and confounding factors: application of chemical agents and the frequency of SPT. SPT can potentially improve peri-implant health in terms of SR, peri-implantitis, and peri-implant mucositis. Additionally, the correlation in recall interval and adjunctive use of chemical agents during SPT to peri-implant diseases and implant loss could not be found.

Computational identification and antifungal bioassay reveals phytosterols as potential inhibitor of Alternaria arborescens

Alternaria arborescens is a major pathogen for crops like tomato, tangerine and so on and its control is mostly dependent on the application of chemical agents. Plants as the sources of natural products are very attractive option for developing eco-friendly and natural antifungal agents. In this study, we modeled three-dimensional structure of chorismate synthase (CS) enzyme from A. arborescens. Docking studies of phytosterols, namely, γ-sitosterol and β-sitosterol, with CS showed them to be potential inhibitor of CS. To explore the stability and conformational flexibility of all the AaCS complex systems, molecular dynamics simulations were performed. None of the putative inhibitors as well as β- and γ-sitosterol showed interaction with the FMNH2 binding pocket of the tomato CS (major host of A. arborescens) indicating their suitability as antifungal compounds inhibiting the shikimate pathway without causing any harm to the host. An in vivo antifungal bioassay showed a significant reduction in fungal growth in the presence of β-sitosterol (500 ppm) which resulted in ∼23% and ∼17% reduction in fungal fresh and dry weight, respectively, at 8 days after inoculation. This study provides experimental evidence establishing natural sterols like β-sitosterol can be useful in curbing A. arborescens damage in an eco-friendly manner.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Alginate Encapsulation of Trichoderma harzianum as Biocontrol Agent against Brown spot Disease on Rice (Oryza sativa) in Vitro Assays

Brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae is an important rice disease which can cause a reduction in yield and grain quality in Malaysia. The application of chemical agents in controlling the brown spot disease can cause undesirable effects such as residual toxicity, environmental pollution, and development of pathogen resistance to fungicides. Instead, biocontrol methods have to be developed to ensure environmental safety, the longevity of usage while effective methods of plant disease management. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been conducted about alginate encapsulation of Trichoderma harzianum. Therefore, the objectives for this study is to measure the performance of encapsulation of Trichoderma harzianum isolates in controlling the brown spot disease on rice. Alginate encapsulation was produced from conidial suspension by adding sodium alginate and calcium chloride which result in small beads. The isolate was isolated and characterized based on morphological characters and have been proved by pathogenicity tests. Based on the results dual culture test showed the highest percentage inhibition of radial growth which was 85.07% with 10 replication of Bipolaris oryzae. The findings from this study can be used as an alternative method to control brown spot disease which will render easier application to rice plantation in the future which suit for commercial purposes and contamination-free environment.

Study of friction and wear with AFM in CMP process of selective layer

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows one to examine the effects of applying highly localised stress to a surface. In the presence of solutions, tribochemical friction and wear can be investigated. We present the results of fundamental studies of the simultaneous application of chemical agents and mechanical stress using a single asperity model and a solid surface. At the same time, we show the consequences of combining highly localised mechanical stress (due to contact with AFM tip) and exposure to solutions of known pH. The experiment simulates several features of a single particle–substrate–slurry interaction in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). To optimise CMP process, one needs to get information on the interaction between the abrasive slurry particles and the surface being polished. To study such interaction, we used AFM. Surface analysis of selective layer using the AFM revealed detailed surface characteristics obtained by CMP. In studying the selective layer CMP, which is predominated by copper (in proportion of over 85%), we found that the AFM scanning removes the surface oxide layer in different rates depending on the depth of removal and the pH of the solution. It was found that removal mechanisms depend also on the slurry chemistry, potential, percentage of oxidiser and the applied load. We show that linear and raster scans display significantly different material removal rates. Oxide removal happens considerably faster than the copper CMP removal from the selective layer. This is in agreement with generally accepted models of copper CMP. Quantitative models are presented to explain the observed nanometre scale surface modifications. Both load force and the friction forces acting between the AFM tip and surface during the polishing process were measured. One big advantage of using the AFM tip (of radius of ∼50 nm) as abrasive silica particle is that we can measure forces acting between the particle tip and the surface being polished. Here, we report measurement of the friction force while scratching and polishing. The correlation between those forces and the removal rate is discussed. At the same time, this paper complements recent observations of tip induced wear and growth in a number of inorganic surfaces in solution.

Oral myiasis in a maxillofacial trauma patient

Myiasis is a rare disease primarily caused by the invasion of tissue by larvae of certain dipteran flies. Oral myiasis is still more “rare” and “unique” owing to the fact that oral cavity rarely provides the necessary habitat conducive for a larval lifecycle. Common predisposing factors are poor oral hygiene, halitosis, trauma, senility, learning disabilities, physically and mentally challenged conditions. Oral myiasis can lead to rapid tissue destruction and disfigurement and requires immediate treatment. Treatment consists of manual removal of maggots from the oral cavity after application of chemical agents. Good sanitation, personal and environmental hygiene and cleanliness and special care for debilitated persons are the best methods to prevent oral myiasis. This case report describes the presentation of oral myiasis caused by musca nebulo (common house fly) in a 40-year-old male patient, with recent maxillofacial trauma. The patient was treated by manual removal larvae by topical application of turpentine oil, followed by surgical debridement of the wound and open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture.

Oral myiasis is a potential risk in patients with special health care needs

Myiasis is a rare disease caused by invasion of tissue by larvae of certain dipteran flies. It is more common in countries with tropical climate. Oral myiasis is not a very common condition and many clinicians are unaware of its diagnosis. Common predisposing factors are poor oral hygiene, halitosis, trauma, senility, learning disabilities, physically and mentally challenged conditions. Oral myiasis can lead to rapid tissue destruction and disfigurement and requires immediate treatment. Treatment consists of manual removal of maggots from oral cavity after application of chemical agents. Use of antibiotics reduces the duration of infection and hastens the recovery period. Good sanitation, personal and environmental hygiene and cleanliness and special care for debilitated persons are the best methods to prevent oral myiasis.

Evaluation of efficacy of chemical peeling with glycolic acid in hyperpigmentation disorders of the skin

Background : Chemical peeling entails application of chemical agents to the skin causing a controlled chemical burn, thereby achieving improved texture and quality of skin. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of glycolic acid in melasma and other causes of hyperpigmentation. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 patients were included in the study. After adequate priming, application of glycolic acid in various concentrations in biweekly interval for a period of 16 weeks was done. Post-treatment photographs were taken and were subjected to analysis. Results: Melasma constituted 11 patients and hyperpigmentation, ie, post acne marks and freckles due to sun exposure accounted nine patients. Complete resolution of melasma was possible only in one (9%) patient and good improvement in four (36.3%), whereas five (45.5%) patients showed fair improvement. In cases of hyperpigmentation, three (33%) patients showed excellent improvement, one (11%) showed good improvement, and five (55.5%) patients showed fair improvement. The patients of melasma took an average of 7.33 number of peels to show improvement and those of hyperpigmentation took 4.2 peels. Conclusions: Melasma shows fair to good improvement and requires more number of peels as compared to other causes of hyperpigmentation in skin. Postinflammatory pigmentation shows excellent improvement in the majority of patients.

Selective layer chemical mechanical planarization process mimicked with atomic force microscope

To understand the mechanisms of chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), an atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to characterize polished layer surfaces formed by selective transfer after a series of polishing experiments. The AFM allows one to examine the effects of applying highly localized stress to a surface. In the presence of solutions, tribochemical friction and wear can be investigated. We present the results of fundamental studies of the simultaneous application of chemical agents and mechanical stress using a single asperity model and a solid surface. At the same time, we show the consequences of combining highly localized mechanical stress (due to contact with AFM tip) and exposure to aqueous solutions of known pH. The experiment simulates several features of a single particle–substrate–slurry interaction in CMP. To optimize the CMP process, one needs to obtain information on the interaction between the slurry abrasive particles and the polished surface. To study such interactions, we used AFM. An AFM tip of radius of about 50 nm was used to mimic a single abrasive particle, typical of those found in CMP slurry. Surface analysis of selective layer using the AFM revealed detailed surface characteristics obtained by CMP. Studying the selective layer CMP, of which the predominant one is copper (in proportion of over 85 per cent), we found that the AFM scanning removes the surface oxide layer in different rates depending on the depth of removal and the pH of the solution. It was found that removal mechanisms depend also on the slurry chemistry, potential, percentage of oxidizer, and the applied load. We show that linear scans and raster scans display significantly different material removal rates. Oxide removal happens considerably faster than the copper CMP removal from the selective layer. This is in agreement with generally accepted models of copper CMP. Both long-range and the friction forces acting between the AFM tip and surface during the polishing process were measured. The correlation between those forces and removal rate is discussed. At the same time, this article complements recent observations of tip-induced friction and wear and growth in a number of inorganic surfaces in aqueous solutions.

Evaluation of Chemical Modifiers and Stabilizers for Chemically Active Soils—Clays

Of the types of soils that occur in nature, clay soils are the most physicochemically active. Their natural tendencies to change volume with moisture level changes cause billions of dollars of damage annually to transportation facilities. Methodologies to modify and stabilize their damaging behavior have been widely sought. In fact, there is evidence of clay soil stabilization in antiquity. Because these problematic soils are chemically active and their behavior can be improved through the application of chemical agents, a multitude of these agents have been applied. Some of these agents are naturally occurring, some are derived by manufacture, and some are the waste products of manufacturing processes. Why these clays are chemically active, how agents can be applied to improve the behavior of clays, and why the agents proposed should be evaluated are reviewed. Minimum requirements for adequate testing and evaluation are provided.

Molecular biological approaches to the study of vectors in relation to malaria control.

To a large extent, control of malaria vectors relies on the elimination of breeding sites and the application of chemical agents. There are increasing problems associated with the use of synthetic insecticides for vector control, including the evolution of resistance, the high cost of developing and registering new insecticides and an awareness of pollution from insecticide residues. These factors have stimulated interest in the application of molecular biology to the study of mosquito vectors of malaria; focussing primarily on two aspects. First, the improvement of existing control measures through the development of simplified DNA probe systems suitable for identification of vectors of malaria. The development of synthetic, non-radioactive DNA probes suitable for the identification of species in the Anopheles gambiae complex is described with the aim of defining a simplified methodology which is suitable for entomologist in the field. The second aspect to be considered is the development of completely novel strategies through the genetic manipulation of insect vectors of malaria in order to alter their ability to transmit the disease. The major requirements for producing transgenic mosquitoes are outlined together with the progress which has been made to date and discussed in relation to the prospects which this type of approach has for the future control of malaria.

皮膚刺激感について （第２報） 化粧品原料による皮膚刺激感の測定

Skin sensory irritation is one of the safety evaluations of cosmetic Products. This irritation problem seldom gives rise to consumer complaints, because it is the passing and subjective stimulation without objective responses. However, in our opinon, the irritation problem is very important, because it will influence cosmetic selection and usage. Accordingly, we investigated an objective measuring method of the skin sensory irritation induced by application of chemical agents.We used an electricencephalograph in our measuring method for the pain-related positive component (P250). All our studies were performed after obtainning the imformed consent from volounteers. Primarily, 45 subjects were screened by means of investigation for sensory sensitivity against the application of chemical agents. Then two groups of five each were selected, one group was composed of hypersensitive subjects and another group was composed of low sensitive subjects.Secondly, the electric potential evoked by electric stimulation on the skin of the middle finger was measured as a reference without any application of a chemical agent. It showed a positive variation approxymately 250msec after electric stimulating, which is so-called P250 and is the exact represented intensy of sensory irritation. Then the intervention against P250, only of the electric stimulating, was investigated with an application of a 3% citric acid solution, which is the causative agent of chemical sensory irritation. In results, two findings were obtained as follows.1) Amplitudes of the hypersensitive subjects were significantly smaller than that of the low sensitive subjects at 1% confidential level.2) In the hypersensitive subjects, when the citric acid solution was applied on the skin of the face, the amplitudes of “P250” decreased significantly at 5% confidential level, resulting in the intervention against the electric stimulating.The abovementioned two findings suggest that this measuring method is useful for objective evaluation of the sensory irritation induced by application of chemical agents.

The development of psychiatric research in Canada up to 1964.

Systematic developments in psychiatry came later than in modern medicine, in Canada as elsewhere. Empirical discoveries of significance for the latter occurred in the 18th century, those for psychiatry only in the 20th, depending on much more sophisticated technology. The emergence of an appreciation of emotion as a central factor in mental illness was spurred initially by Freud and then emphasized by the social disasters of two world wars. Physical methods of therapeutic value were followed by the application of chemical agents having phrenotropic effects. From such developments and the devising of chemical methods for the deeper understanding of body chemistry have emerged a psychiatry closer to the medical model. Simultaneously more sophisticated attitudes and criteria have risen. All these changes have depended in large measure on the application of research methods. The early employment of research in the Canadian scene are examined up to 1964 for those centers which have led the way.

THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO CHEMICAL FRACTIONS OF BACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS

American Journal of BotanyVolume 24, Issue 7 p. 461-472 Article THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO CHEMICAL FRACTIONS OF BACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS Michael Levine, Michael Levine Laboratory Division, Montefiore Hospital, New York City Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York CitySearch for more papers by this authorErwin Chargaff, Erwin Chargaff Laboratory Division, Montefiore Hospital, New York City Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York CitySearch for more papers by this author Michael Levine, Michael Levine Laboratory Division, Montefiore Hospital, New York City Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York CitySearch for more papers by this authorErwin Chargaff, Erwin Chargaff Laboratory Division, Montefiore Hospital, New York City Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York CitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1937 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1937.tb09131.xCitations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume24, Issue7July 1937Pages 461-472 RelatedInformation