Application Of Calcium Oxide Research Articles

Enhancement of PVA packaging properties using calcined eggshell waste as filler and nanonutrient

With an understanding of the disadvantages of petroleum-based polymers and the need for biodegradable polymers and nanofillers to overcome the problems of natural polymers, we repurpose the waste materials as nanofiller for PVA polymer. Eggshell, an excess component in kitchen waste, can be calcined to calcium oxide that was used as a binder to enhance the PVA stability and physical and chemical properties. Application of calcium oxide was not only for strength improvements, but also to supply nutrients to the soil after degradation. The water-resistance property and degradation ability of films were studied completely by varying the PVA composition and CaO concentration. In addition to the degradation study, the influence of solubilised polymer solutions given to soil and their influence on plant growth were analysed. The impact of parameter variation (PVA, CaO, and glycerol) on the film properties like thickness (THI), water solubility (SOL), moisture content (MC), water absorption, water vapour transmission rate (WVTR), tensile strength (TS) and elongation (ELONG) was investigated using a three-level Box–Behnken response surface design, Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA), and a second-order polynomial model. Three-dimensional response surface plots were generated to investigate the relationship between process variables and the responses.

Influence of desilication route of ZSM-5 zeolite in mesoporous zeolite supported calcium oxide catalyst for biodiesel production

The application of calcium oxide (CaO) as transesterification catalyst for biodiesel production is restricted as there is a high tendency for the calcium (Ca2+) active species to be leached out during the reaction. To overcome this problem, CaO was supported with mesoporous zeolite. A series of mesoporous zeolite supports were prepared via 3 different desilication routes, which are conventional desilication, desilication in the presence of pore directing agent and surfactant-assisted desilication method. The catalytic efficiency of the synthesized catalyst, which are CaO/Zeo, CaO/Zeo-NaOH, CaO/Zeo-TPAOH and CaO/Zeo-CTAB catalyst, in the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) was evaluated. Results revealed that the surfactant-assisted desilication route demonstrates the partial incorporation of the dissolved Al species into the zeolite framework and thus led to highly crystalline material. An obtained high mesoporosity of the zeolite support through this route caused the high dispersion of CaO species in the pores of zeolite support. As a results, the CaO/Zeo-CTAB catalyst exhibited the best performance with 89% biodiesel yield, due to strong acidic and basic properties together with high surface area. The catalyst also showed the higher resistance against Ca2+ active sites leaching by restraining the agglomeration, due to the stronger interaction between CaO and zeolite. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be 4 wt% catalyst dosage, 4 h reaction time, 5:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The CaO/Zeo-CTAB catalyst could be reused for 6 consecutive runs without significant loss in biodiesel yield and displayed an excellent tolerance to high free fatty acid (FFA) feedstock. For the final remark, these results suggest that the surfactant-assisted desilication is an efficient route for the production of mesoporous zeolite for catalyst support.

Application of calcium oxide as an efficient phase separation agent in temperature-induced counter-current homogenous liquid-liquid extraction of aflatoxins from dried fruit chips followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination.

A temperature-induced counter-current homogenous liquid-liquid extraction procedure performed in a burette has been proposed for the isolation of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 from various fruit chip samples. In this method, a homogenous solution of deionized water and cyclohexylamine is added to the solid sample and the resulted mixture is vortexed. In the following, the liquid phase is taken and passed through the burette filled with a mixture of calcium oxide (as a phase separation agent) and sand (to avoid clumping the calcium oxide). By doing so, the temperature of the solution is increased by hydration of calcium oxide and consequently, the homogenous state is broken and the aflatoxins are migrated into the resulted tiny droplets of cyclohexylamine. This phase is collected on the top of the solution owing to its low density with respect to an aqueous solution. Numerous parameters which can affect the efficiency of the suggested approach were evaluated and under the best situations, great repeatability, low limits of determination and quantification, and high extraction recoveries were acquired. In the end, the suggested approach was employed for the quantification of the selected aflatoxins in various fruit chips samples marketed in Tabriz City, Iran.

Physiological performance, bromatological quality, and productivity of sweet potato using calcium oxide particle film

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of calcium oxide (CaO) particle film on the physiological performance, bromatological quality, and productivity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three treatments (5, 10, and 15% CaO particle film concentrations) and a control (water), with three replicates, applied 30 days after planting. The following parameters were evaluated: physiological, including net photosynthetic rate and Falker chlorophyll index (FCI); bromatological, i.e., crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), dry matter digestibility (DMD), and total carbohydrates; and productivity. The use of the 10 and 15% CaO particle film increased sweet potato photosynthesis, FCI, crude protein content, and tuber and aerial part productivity. At those concentrations, the lowest NDF and ADF contents and the highest TDN and DMD contents were also observed. The use of the CaO particle film at the concentration of 10 and 15% improves the physiological, productivity, and bromatological parameters of the sweet potato crop.

Application of calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst for ethylic transesterification of residual frying soybean oil

Biodiesel can be produced through the transesterification reaction of a short-chain alcohol with a triacylglycerol, that can be obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, in the presence of a catalyst. The use of ethanol as reactant is justified since its production is consolidated in Brazil. Among the heterogeneous catalysts, CaO shows potential in the transesterification reactions because it has a low cost, can be reused and is not corrosive. The recycling of frying oil for the production of biodiesel represents an alternative for the disposal of a waste and does not compete with the food industry. The residual oil and CaO were subjected to a pre-treatment before the transesterification reactions. A Box-Behnken experimental design was applied with 3 factors: temperature, ethanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor, in which oil, ethanol and the catalyst were added. The samples were vacuum filtered and conducted to a rotary evaporator, in order to remove excess ethanol. The resulting mixture was centrifuged and, subsequently, a sample was collected from the supernatant phase. The yield was determined by a mass balance based in the concentrations of acylglycerols, that were determined through an HPLC-UV methodology. A second-order linear regression model was built and validated through statistic tests with a 5% significance level. The optimized operational parameters are 15:1 ethanol:oil molar ratio, 81.2 ºC e 6 h of reaction. From the obtained results it can be inferred that it is feasible to use residual frying oil as raw material, ethanol as reactant and CaO as catalyst for the production of biodiesel.

Study on the Treatment of Nickel-Contaminated Soil Using Calcium Oxide

Nickel-contaminated soil was treated by adding different amounts of calcium oxide in this study. The leaching concentration, pH, and bioavailability of the soil samples were investigated on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, and 15th days. The chemical speciation changes of the contaminated soil treated with calcium oxide were analyzed, and the soil phases were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that the application of calcium oxide increased the pH of the soil, resulting in passivation of nickel ions in soil by forming a poorly soluble precipitate. It was identified that addition of 5% of calcium oxide showed the best result, with the leaching concentration on the third day reaching 0.35 mg/L, which is 99.21% lower than the untreated soil’s leaching concentration of 44.24 mg/L. On the 15th day, the bioavailability of nickel decreased from the untreated soil’s 93.82 to 36.73%. It was also observed that the pH of the soil increased at the beginning and decreased afterwards. The pH value was 7.94 on the 15th day. In addition, the water-soluble fraction of Ni decreased from 7.39 without treatment to 0.19%; the reducible fraction of Ni decreased from 35.14 to 25.79%, and the oxidizable fraction of Ni increased from 10.37 to 29.10%, respectively, on the 15th day after the treatment with calcium oxide. XRD analysis of soil samples showed the amorphous nickel hydroxide may be formed in the precipitation process.

Calcium targets for production of the medical Sc radioisotopes in reactions with p, d or α projectiles

The scandium radioisotopes for medical application can be produced in reactions of calcium with proton, deuteron or alpha projectiles. Enriched isotopic calcium material is commercially available mainly as calcium carbonate which can be used directly for production of Sc radioisotopes or can be converted into other calcium compounds or into metallic form. The superiority of application of calcium oxide is shown throughout analysis of use of each target chemical form.

Quality parameters and distribution of calcium in Idared apples under different fertilizer treatments

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium fertilizer treatments on fruit quality and distribution of calcium in apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Idared). Four treatments were tested: application of calcium nitrate through the fertigation system, foliar application of calcium nitrate, application of calcium oxide through soil, and control treatment (without calcium fertilizer). In the experiment, freshly picked apples harvested in Gorazde region (eastern Bosnia) in September 2018 were analyzed. The highest impact to increase calcium content in apple had a treatment where calcium nitrate was added through the fertigation system. It was the result of the balance between calcium and nitrogen in the applied solution as well as the fertigation capacity to timely deliver nutrition to the main rooting zone. Calcium distribution was not uniform within the fruit: the highest content was found in the apple core, decreasing in the apple flesh, and rising again in the apple skin, regardless of fertilizer treatment. There was no difference among calcium fertilizer treatments in total soluble solids and titratable acidity of apple, indicating that these treatments were insufficient in order to improve the examined parameters of fruit quality.

Application of calcium oxide (CaO, heated scallop-shell powder) for the reduction of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on eggshell surfaces

This study investigated bactericidal activity of 0.05 to 0.50% calcium oxide (CaO) against planktonic cells in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes on eggshell surfaces. The bactericidal activity of CaO against planktonic cells and biofilms of L. monocytogens significantly (P < 0.05) increased log reductions with increasing concentrations of CaO. Exposure to 0.05 to 0.50% CaO for one min reduced planktonic cells in TSB cell suspensions by 0.47 to 3.86 log10 CFU/mL and biofilm cells on the shell surfaces by 0.14 to 2.32 log10 CFU/cm2. The Hunter colors of eggshells (“L” for lightness, “a” for redness, and “b” for yellowness), shell thickness (puncture force), and sensory quality (egg taste and yolk color) were not changed by 0.05 to 0.50% CaO treatment. The nonlinear Weibull model was used to calculate CR = 3 values as the CaO concentration of 3 log (99.9%) reduction for planktonic cells (R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.26) and biofilms (R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 0.18) of L. monocytogens. The CR = 3 value, 0.31% CaO for planktonic cells, was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than 0.57% CaO for biofilms. CaO could be an alternative disinfectant to reduce planktonic cells and biofilms L. monocytogenes on eggshell surface in egg processing plants.

Chemical Composition of Soil Contaminated with Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium Amended with Compost, Zeolite and Calcium Oxide

The studies involved determining the influence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI), as well as compost, zeolite and calcium oxide on the content of selected macronutrients and trace elements in soil in which oats were grown. An increase in the content of total chromium, manganese, zinc and nickel took place along with increasing contamination with Cr(III) and Cr(VI). In pots with Cr(VI), the addition of compost significantly increased the contents of copper, zinc and cobalt in the analyzed soil as compared to the control groups. The application of calcium oxide significantly limited the content of copper and cobalt in pots with trivalent chromium, and nickel in pots with Cr(VI); it also contributed to an increase in the contents of chromium and copper (pots with Cr(VI)).

Calcium oxide functionalized with strontium as heterogeneous transesterification catalyst for biodiesel production

The application of calcium oxide (CaO) as transesterification catalyst for biodiesel production is restricted due to the requirement of long reaction time and high molar ratio of methanol to oil. To solve this problem, CaO was functionalized with strontium (Sr/Ca catalyst) through the solid mixing method, wet impregnation method, co-precipitation method and improved co-precipitation method, respectively. Stability of the prepared catalyst, including the homogeneous contribution of leached active sites and the catalyst reusability, was investigated to screen the optimal preparation method, and the improved co-precipitation method was proved to be the most ideal method for the strongest interaction between Sr and Ca. The Sr/Ca catalysts were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis–derivative thermogravimetric (TGA–DTG), Hammett indicator (basic strength and basicity) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, effects of the activation temperature and Sr/Ca molar ratio on catalytic activity were concerned. At activation temperature of 900°C and Sr/Ca molar ratio of 0.5, the maximum conversion 98.31% of palm oil to fatty acid methyl esters could be achieved under the mild transesterification condition of 5wt.% catalyst amount (based on oil weight) and 9molar ratio of methanol to oil at 65°C for 30min.

The Application of Calcium Oxide and Magnesium Oxide from Natural Dolomitic Rock for Biodiesel Synthesis

The aim of this study was to analyze the catalytic performance of natural dolomitic rock as an environmentally friendly catalyst in the reaction of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol under microwave-assisted transesterification. The dolomite was utilized as a source of calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). The main characteristic of this rock is the high content of CaMg(CO3)2 which was transformed into CaO·MgO mixed oxide by calcination. The activation method to improve the activity, basicity and stability of catalyst has been investigated. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. The results indicated that the developed catalyst could also be reused feasibly up to three consecutive cycles. Overall, the potential of this low-cost heterogeneous base catalyst has been demonstrated for transesterification applications.

PREPARATION OF CALCIUM OXIDE FROM &lt;i&gt;Achatina fulica&lt;/i&gt; AS CATALYST FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OIL

Preparation of calcium oxide from Achatina fulica shell has been carried out systematically by decomposition for 3 h at various temperatures i.e. 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C. Formation of calcium oxide was characterized using XR diffractometer. The calcium oxide obtained with the optimum temperature decomposition was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy to indicate the functional group in the calcium oxide. The results showed that XRD pattern of materials obtained from decomposition of Achatina fulica shell at 700 °C is similar with XRD pattern of calcium oxide standard from Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS). The IR spectra of calcium oxide appear at wavenumber 362 cm-1 which is characteristic of CaO vibration. Application of calcium oxide from Achatina fulica shell for synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil results in biodiesel with density are in the range of ASTM standard.

A combined treatment of landfill leachate using calcium oxide, ferric chloride and clinoptilolite

The aim of this research was development of appropriate procedure for treatment of landfill leachate taken from old sanitary landfill Piskornica (Koprivnica, Croatia). Due to complex nature of the effluent a combined treatment approach was applied. Samples were treated with calcium oxide followed by ferric chloride and finally with clinoptilolite. The optimum amount of treating agents and contact time were determined. Application of calcium oxide (25 g/L, 20 min. contact time) resulted in the reduction of color, turbidity, suspended solids and ammonia for 94.50%, 96.55%, 95.66% and 21.60%, respectively, while the removal efficiency of Cr (VI), Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb was 75.00%, 95.34%, 56.52%, 78.72%, 73.02% and 100.00%, respectively. After addition of ferric chloride (570 mg Fe3+/L, 20 min. contact time) removal efficiency of color, turbidity, suspended solids and ammonia increased to 96.04%, 99.27%, 98.61%, and 43.20%, respectively. Removal of ammonia (81.60%) increased significantly after final adsorption onto clinoptilolite (25 g/L, 4 h contact time). Removal of COD after successive treatment with calcium oxide, ferric chloride and clinoptilolite was 64.70%, 77.40% and 81.00%, respectively.

Perdas fermentativas e composição bromatológica da entrecasca de palmito pupunha ensilada com aditivos químicos

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de aditivos químicos na ensilagem de resíduos (entrecasca) da produção de palmito pupunha (Bactris gasipaes, Kunth). Utilizaram-se silos experimentais (baldes de 20 litros) providos de aparatos para determinação gravimétrica de perdas por gases e efluentes. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: controle (sem aditivos); ureia (1% da MV) e cal virgem (1% da MV). Decorridos 70 dias de armazenagem, os silos foram pesados, abertos e amostrados. As perdas por efluentes e gases aumentaram com a aplicação de cal virgem na ensilagem. As perdas totais de MS foram de 15,1; 14,4 e 26,6% nas silagens controle, ureia e cal, respectivamente. Em todas as silagens, houve redução no teor de FDN e elevação da fração FDA, o que indica desaparecimento da fração hemicelulose. A relação cálcio:fósforo aumentou substancialmente com a adição de cal virgem, de 4,1:1 na silagem controle para 15,6:1 na silagem com cal. O resíduo da extração do palmito pupunha pode ser classificado como alimento de média qualidade e alto teor de umidade. Os aditivos aplicados na ensilagem não são efetivos em reduzir as perdas fermentativas no processo de conservação.