Application Of Ammonium Nitrate Research Articles

Microbial Interactions in the Management of Groundnut Stem Rot

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil seed crop in the world belonging to the Leguminosae family. It is one of the essential food and cash crops of our country. In India, a large number of diseases attack groundnut [1]. Among soil borne diseases, stem rot or white mold caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. [2] is an important disease causing significant yield losses in several groundnut growing countries (Mehan et al., 1994). Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a destructive soil borne fungal pathogen of oil seed crop in India. Different practices are recommended for management of groundnut stem rot such as deep summer ploughing, destruction of plant debris, crop rotation with jowar and bajra, seed treatment with carbendazim or captan or mancozeb or tebuconazole, soil drenching with hexaconazole, application of ammonium sulphate or calcium ammonium nitrate instead of urea and application of gypsum at flowering stage. Further, no single treatment is full proof and disease continues to cause losses in farmers’ fields. Biological control offers an interesting alternative to fungicides for sustainable management of soil borne diseases. Biocontrol is a non-chemical measure, could be effective as chemical control by various techniques. Among the techniques, the mixture of antagonists was studied to enchance the control efficacy. In most studies, the involvement of only mechanism of biological control is demonstrated. Involvement of more than one mechanism has been reported in only a few systems. Use of several biocontrol agents with several mechanisms of control fits in well with the concepts of integrated disease management, in which several means of disease suppression are applied concurrently. When single or more means of mechanisms are not effective, the others may compensate for the former absence. The present study, involved three major bacterial antagonists viz., Streptomyces violaceusniger, Streptomyces exfoliatus and Pseudomonas fluorescens to find out the effective dose of mixtures. The different doses from 10-1 to 10-5 were studied, the dose 10-1 of Streptomyces violaceusniger have more efficiency of 86.70, than S. exfoliatus. The efficacy of Streptomyces violaceusniger with combination of other antagonists were tested and found that, the mixture of Streptomyces violaceusniger and P. fluorescens have synergistic activity than any other combinations which have synergistic factor greater than one.

Effect of ammonium and potassium nitrate on winter hardiness and yield of winter rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> L.)

The results of research for 3 years (2019–2021) on winter rye (Secale cereale L.) crops in the North-West region of the Russian Federation (Leningrad region) are presented. The effect of different doses and timing of ammonium and potassium nitrate application on winter hardiness and productivity of winter rye plants on the example of Volkhova and Eureka varieties was studied. The soil in the experimental fields was sod-podzolic loamy with the depth of the arable horizon of 20–25 cm. Humus content – 2.0–2.3%, pH of the salt extract – 5.2–5.5. Fertilizers were applied in dry form in the autumn one week after the emergence of the seedlings, and in the spring – at the resumption of vegetation. The studied fertilizer doses in terms of active substance for nitrogen were 0 (control), 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha. It is shown that winter hardiness of both varieties practically did not depend on the doses and timing of the application, as well as on the type of fertilizers. The maximum grain yield was shown by the Volkhova variety at a dose of nitrogen of 60 kg/ha, the Eureka variety – 90 kg/ha, with the maximum yield of the Eureka variety for all the years exceeding that of the Volkhova variety by 24.5%. Within the specified doses of nitrogen for both varieties, the best option was a single spring application of a mixture of ammonium and potassium nitrate, the worst - a single spring application of ammonium nitrate alone. On average for both varieties, potassium nitrate application in spring increased the grain yield by 16% compared to the variants where potassium nitrate was not used.

Calcium ammonium nitrate applications for improved leaf growth and photosynthetic responses in the CAM orchid Phalaenopsis under elevated CO2 in a greenhouse

Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ is an orchid species that absorbs CO2 at nighttime due to its crassulacean acid metabolism. These orchids originated from nutrient–poor environments in tropical forest understories. However, elevated CO2 at nighttime influences plant nitrogen utilization for growth. This study investigated the leaf growth and photosynthetic responses in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ to varying ambient and elevated CO2 (400 and 800 μmol⋅mol−1, respectively) and four nitrogen−based calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) levels over 20 weeks: calcium, ammonium, and nitrate levels by 0.00, 0.00, and 0.00 mmol⋅L−1 (CAN0, control), 0.90, 0.55, and 2.97 mmol⋅L−1 (CAN1), 6.73, 1.11, and 6.05 mmol⋅L−1 (CAN2), and 12.80, 1.72, and 9.13 mmol⋅L−1 (CAN3), respectively. The phosphate and potassium levels were consistent across all CAN levels at 2.74 and 4.37 mmol⋅L−1, respectively. Elevated CO2 levels showed no significant impact on the number of leaves in CAN1−3 plants yet increased with those with CAN0. Leaf area significantly increased with elevated CO2 levels by 44 % (CAN0) and 26 % (CAN1). Strong correlations emerged between the number of leaves and leaf area, as well as between leaf area and root−to−shoot dry biomass ratio (R/S). Increasing CO2 levels heightened SPAD chlorophyll in CAN0 plants, and SPAD and F0 showed a strong correlation with elevated CO2 and increasing CAN levels. The total dry biomass decreased in plants with high CAN (CAN and CAN3) compared to those with CAN0, regardless of CO2 levels, and Fv/Fm dropped below 0.616 with high CAN under elevated CO2. Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ demonstrated augmented leaf growth and R/S under limited CAN (CAN0) and elevated CO2 conditions, indicating improved resource allocation potential. The results suggest that supplying CO2 in a greenhouse can effectively improve Phalaenopsis vegetative growth with limited nutrient conditions, which differs from growth aspects under ambient CO2 levels.

Chronic ozone exposure affects nitrogen remobilization in wheat at key growth stages

The interaction between nitrogen storage and translocation, senescence, and late phase photosynthesis is critical to the post-anthesis grain fill period in wheat, but ozone's effect on nitrogen dynamics within the wheat plant is not well understood. This study used solardomes to expose a widely grown elite spring wheat cultivar, cv. Skyfall, to four levels of ozone (30 ppb, 45 ppb, 70 ppb, 85 ppb) for 11 weeks, with two levels of nitrogen fertilization, 140 kg ha−1 and 160 kg ha−1, the higher rate including an additional 20 kg N ha−1 at anthesis. Chronic ozone exposure triggered earlier senescence in the 4th, 3rd and 2nd leaves but not the flag leaf, with a similar pattern of reduced chlorophyll content in the lower, older leaf cohorts, which started before senescence became visible. At anthesis there was no evidence of any effect of ozone on nitrogen storage in upper plant parts. However, high ozone increased levels of residual nitrogen found within plant parts at harvest, with concomitant reductions in C:N ratios and Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency. Extra nitrogen fertilization applied at anthesis appeared to ameliorate the effect of ozone on nitrogen content and nitrogen translocation. The application of 15N ammonium nitrate at anthesis confirmed that the majority of post-anthesis nitrogen uptake had been translocated to the ear/grain by harvest, with no effect of ozone on the translocation of nitrogen around the plant. These data can inform future modelling of ozone's effect on nitrogen dynamics and global wheat yields.

Differences in background environment and fertilization method mediate plant response to nitrogen fertilization in alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Grassland degradation threatens ecosystem function and livestock production, partly induced by soil nutrient deficiency due to the lack of nutrient return to soils, which is largely ascribed to the intense grazing activities. Therefore, nitrogen (N) fertilization has been widely adopted to restore degraded Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) grasslands. Despite numerous field manipulation studies investigating its effects on alpine grasslands, the patterns and thresholds of plant response to N fertilization remain unclear, thus hindering the prediction of its influences on the regional scale. Here, we established a random forest model to predict N fertilization effects on plant productivity based on a meta-analysis synthesizing 88 publications in QTP grasslands. Our results showed that N fertilization increased the aboveground biomass (AGB) by 46.51 %, varying wildly among plant functional groups. The positive fertilization effects intensified when the N fertilization rate increased to 272 kg ha−1 yr−1, and decreased after three years of continuous fertilization. These effects were more substantial when applying ammonium nitrate compared to urea. Further, a machine learning model was used to predict plant productivity response to N fertilization. The total explained variance and mean squared residuals ranged from 49.41 to 75.13 % and 0.011–0.058, respectively, both being the highest for grasses. The crucial predictors were identified as climatic and geographic factors, background AGB without N fertilization, and fertilization methods (i.e., rate, form, and duration). These predictors with easy access contributed 62.47 % of the prediction power of grasses' response, thus enhancing the generalizability and replicability of our model. Notably, if 30 % of yak dung is returned to soils on the QTP, the grassland productivity and plant carbon pool are predicted to increase by 5.90–6.51 % and 9.35–10.31 g C m−2 yr −1, respectively. Overall, the predictions of this study based on literature synthesis enhance our understanding of plant responses to N fertilization in QTP grasslands, thereby providing helpful information for grassland management policies.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Areas of Agrochemical Deepening Resulting from Long-Term Experiments with Fertilizers—Synthesis Following 20 Years of Annual and Stationary Fertilization

The paper hereby focuses on the essential field of soil evolution in relation to the effect of long-term fertilization on plant yields and the essential, evolutionary, and impactful changes in their fertility. NP fertilization (by application of ammonium nitrate and concentrated superphosphate) causes a change in soil reaction over time through acidification with increasing N doses, while phosphorus is able to partially mitigate this process. Acidic soil—the typical preluvosol—as a result of adsorbed acidity activation, solubilizes Al ions and may become interested in calcic amendment. Acidification tendencies are also maintained in the amended variants, but to a lesser extent due to the neutralizing capacity of the amendment and the presence of calcium ions. Complex NP fertilization in acid soil (preluvosol) cultivated with wheat can maintain a relatively constant humus content (%), but calcium amendment can cause a reduction of this indicator. In contrast, under maize, due to the effects of conventional tillage and intensive tillage, fertilization contributes to a reduction in this indicator, which is more active against the background of limestone amendment. The phenomenon can be explained by potentiation through the mineralization of the organic component of the soil. This effect is diminished in alluvial mollisol with a higher humus content, saturated in bases, and a buffering capacity. Organic and organo-mineral fertilization can control the modeling of soil humus content and its agrochemical status. The regime of essential elements (N, P, and K) becomes active in mobile forms, and the precarious supply conditions of the initial stage tend to improve. Applied superphosphate evolves, differentiated from the applied dose and pH, into non-occluded mineral forms (P-Al, P-Fe, and P-Ca), which supply the mobile forms in the soil solution for the plants, with the importance of maintaining, more of these forms at the level required by plants. In the case of potassium, the dynamics of its forms in the soil (unchangeable and exchangeable) control the soil supply state of this element and the effect of its application to plants. The data presented show that long-term experiments can effectively support the study of soil fertility through the soil-plant relationship.

Estimating reliability for evaluating nitrate accumulation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) inbred A‐lines

AbstractSorghum is an important forage crop in many cropping systems. Nitrate can accumulate in the vegetative plant tissue to levels high enough that result in fatality when fed to ruminant livestock when grown under high nitrate conditions. If variation among inbred lines can be documented for nitrate concentration, it may be possible to reduce nitrate accumulation within forage sorghum hybrids by selecting inbred lines having lower nitrate accumulation. The goal of this study was to evaluate a diverse set of male‐sterile sorghum inbred lines grown under high nitrate conditions, to observe if genotypic variation exists among lines used to produce forage sorghum hybrids. Forty replicates of 20 sorghum A‐lines were grown in a greenhouse and received either 272 kg ha−1 or 408 kg ha−1 of actual nitrogen per plant through applications of ammonium nitrate. Variance components were extracted from linear regression models and reliability was estimated on an entry‐mean basis. Leaf and stem reliability estimates were 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. These reliability estimates indicate the genetic variance comprised most of the phenotypic variance, and that our measurements were consistent. Significant differences were also observed between genotypes for both leaf and stem tissue. Therefore, sufficient genetic variance exists for developing male sterile sorghum inbred lines having leaf nitrate concentrations below the potentially lethal toxicity threshold of 10,000 μg g−1.

Productivity of giant miscanthus plantations depending on the applied elements of cultivation technology in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To improve the technology of caring for giant miscanthus plantations, starting from the second year of the crop vegetation, and to establish the peculiarities of the formation of biomass yield with the use of different types of fertilizers. Methods. The research was carried out in the years 2020–2021 in the conditions of the Bila Tserkva Experimental and Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences located in the zone of unstable moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The design of the experiment involved the application of mineral fertilisers (ammonium nitrate N24 kg/ha a. i., ammonium nitrate + ammonium sulfate N24 + S6 kg/ha a. i.) in row in the spring, foliar application of humates (Vermisol, 8.0 l/ha, Humifield VR-18, 0.4 l/ha), and complex fertiliser with amino acids (Quantum Aminomax, 0.5 l/ha). Mineral fertilizers were applied locally in row before the emergence of miscanthus seedlings. Split foliar application of humates and amino acids was carried out in the five-leaf stage and two weeks later. Results. Productivity of miscanthus plants differed significantly over growing seasons, while the main regularities of the influence of the investigated elements of plantation care technology on the productivity formation were maintained. In the second year of vegetation (2020), each plant formed from 18 to 37 shoots and in the third year from 37 to 50 shoots. Four-year-old plants had 28–50 shoots each. The yield of raw biomass at the end of the growing season in 2020 varied from 14.5 to 43.5 t/ha. Compared to 2020, in 2021 the biomass yield increased 1.5–2 times – up to 31.0–74.6 t/ha. According to the experiment, the average yield of biomass for the fourth year of the growing was 17% lower compared to the respective indicators of 2021 and varied according to the experiment treatments from 25.3 to 67.1 t/ha. The yield of dry matter varied from 9.78 to 28.30 t/ha in 2020, from 17.50 to 37.85 t/ha in 2021, and from 12.11 to 32.46 t/ha in 2022. The estimated energy output from miscanthus biomass, depending on the influence of the experimental factors, was 174.8–509.6 GJ/ha in 2020, 315.5–683.2 GJ/ha in 2021, and in 2022 – 219.0–587.3 GJ/ha. Conclusions. The minimum values of all studied productivity indicators of miscanthus were obtained in the control treatment of the experiment. Application of ammonium nitrate (N24) and ammonium nitrate with ammonium sulfate (N24 + S6) in spring contributed to a significant increase in the number of shoots per plant, as well as biomass yield and estimated energy yield per hectare. Similarly, significant increase in all indicators of productivity was ensured by foliar application of humates (Humifield BP-18, 0.4 l/ha and Vermisol, 8,0 l/ha). In general, over the years of research, the maximum indicators of the number of shoots per plant, the yield of biomass and the estimated energy output from biomass were obtained under the combined application of mineral fertilisers [ammonium nitrate + ammonium sulfate (N24 + S6)] with two-time foliar application of humates (Vermisol, 8.0 l/ha or Humifield VR-18, 0.4 l/ha) and complex fertiliser Quantum Aminomax, 0.5 l/ha.

Trace Element Content in Soils with Nitrogen Fertilisation and Humic Acids Addition

Application of mineral fertilisers can entail an increase in trace element content in the soil. In consequence, their elevated uptake by plants and transfer to further trophic chain links may occur. The aim of the research reported here was to determine the usefulness of the tested organic materials, such as humic acids, for reduction of the content of trace elements in two soils fertilised with excessive doses of nitrogen fertilisers. Soil type had a considerable effect on soil trace element content. The content of most trace elements (cadmium, lead, chromium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and iron) was higher in loamy sand than in sand. Among the tested fertilisers, a higher content of most soil trace elements was found after the application of ammonium nitrate. Urea fertilisation led to a decrease in the content of cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc in both soils; cobalt, manganese, and nickel in sand; and an increase in concentration of cobalt and manganese in loamy sand, relative to the subjects fertilised with ammonium nitrate. Urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) decreased the content of chromium, cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc in both soils; lead in the sand; and cobalt in the loamy sand, while raising the content of lead in the loamy sand, relative to the subjects fertilised with ammonium nitrate. The impact of urea and UAN on the remaining trace element content in the soils was comparable to that effected by ammonium nitrate. The effect of humic acids on trace element content in the soil tended to be beneficial, as they reduced the soil concentrations of these elements compared to the control subject (without their application). However, it should be emphasised that their effect depended on nitrogen fertiliser form and soil type. Humic acids can effectively reduce the uptake of trace elements by some plant species.

Legacy phosphorus in Alabama Hartsells soil after long-term amendment with broiler litter.

Numerous studies have investigated effects of long-term manure application on total phosphorus (P) and inorganic P (Pi ), but few have evaluated soil organic P (Po ). Little is known about crop management effects on Po in soils with varying minerology. In this study, sequential fractionation was used to characterize specific P forms after 25 years of broiler litter (BL) or ammonium nitrate (Con) applications to an Alabama Hartsells soil. Crops (corn [Zea mays L.], soybean [GlycineWilld.], and corn or soybean with a wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] cover crop) were under conventional tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT). Regardless of crop, tillage, or fertilizer type, the proportion of extractable Pi was relatively stable at 21%-49% at 0-5cm and 25%-45% at 5-10cm. Extractable Pi ranged from 0.69 to 2.4mg g-1 . BL increased total extractable Pi (p≤0.001) at 0-5cm and 5-10cm. Total extractable P was influenced at 0-5cm (p≤0.006) by both tillage and fertilization type, but not at 5-10cm or at either depth in soybean plots. Long-term BL application increased total extractable soil P at 0-5cm. In corn systems, CT did not reduce P loading to topsoil or result in P leaching to lower soil depths, compared to NT. Soybean and soybean-wheat reduced P loading in BL plots, compared to corn and corn-wheat. Soil Po was classed in the order of monoesters >phytate and polyphosphates, where most was extractable with NaOH. BL increased extractable Po in all fractions. Care should be taken when applying BL to highly weathered soils to avoid legacy Po accumulation. Soybean rotations and cover crops could help remediate P-laden soils after repeated BL application.

Chemistry of soil and foliage in declining sugar maple stands over 13 years of nitrogen addition

Cumulative effects of nitrogen (N) deposition are a matter of concern in temperate forests of northeastern North America. Increased N deposition may stimulate forest growth and carbon sequestration while also causing N saturation, which may lead to soil cation depletion, particularly in base-poor systems. We applied ammonium nitrate for 13 years in a sugar maple (Acer saccharum; SM) stand at the rates of 3 (Low N, LN) and 10 times (High N, HN) the ambient N deposition rate. N concentrations in soil layers were similar among treatments, except for a nitrate increase in the top B horizon in the HN treatment. Exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were significantly lower than for the Control, at least in one of the top organic soil layers in the HN treatment. The temporal dynamics of foliar chemistry revealed that N:P ratio increased and both Ca and Mn decreased in the early years following treatment initiation, but that they did not change much thereafter. Foliar Ca values in the HN treatment are the lowest reported in the literature. This probably explains why the proportion of crown dieback steadily increased over time, reaching values as high as 80% in the HN treatment in 2017.

Effects of Liquid Manure Application Techniques on Ammonia Emission and Winter Wheat Yield

Ammonia emissions following liquid manure application impair human health and threaten natural ecosystems. In growing arable crops, where immediate soil incorporation of the applied liquid manure is not possible, best-available application techniques are required in order to decrease ammonia losses. We determined ammonia emission, crop yield and nitrogen uptake of winter wheat in eight experimental sites across Germany. Each individual experiment consisted of an unfertilized control (N0), broadcast calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) application as well as four different techniques to apply cattle slurry (CS) and biogas digestate (BD). Fertilizer was applied to growing winter wheat at a total rate of 170 kg N ha−1 split into two equal dressings. The following application techniques were tested for both liquid manure types: (i) trailing hose (TH) application using untreated and (ii) acidified (~pH 6) liquid manure (+A), as well as (iii) a combination of open slot injection (SI) for the first dressing and trailing shoe (TS) application for the second dressing without and (iv) with the addition of a nitrification inhibitor (NI) for the first dressing. The highest ammonia emissions (on average 30 kg N ha−1) occurred following TH application of BD. TH application of CS led to significantly lower emissions (on average 19 kg N ha−1). Overall, acidification reduced ammonia emissions by 64% compared to TH application without acidification for both types of liquid manures. On average, the combination of SI and TS application resulted in 23% lower NH3 emissions in comparison to TH application (25% for the first application by SI and 20% for the second application by TS). Supplementing an NI did not affect ammonia emissions. However, decreasing ammonia emissions by acidification or SI did not increase winter wheat yield and nitrogen uptake. All organically fertilized treatments led to similar crop yield (approx. 7 t ha−1 grain dry matter yield) and above-ground biomass nitrogen uptake (approx. 150 kg ha−1). Yield (8 t ha−1) and nitrogen uptake (approx. 190 kg ha−1) were significantly higher for the CAN treatment; while for the control, yield (approx. 4.5 t ha−1) and above-ground biomass nitrogen uptake (approx. 90 kg ha−1) were significantly lower. Overall, our results show that reducing NH3 emissions following liquid manure application to growing crops is possible by using different mitigation techniques. For our field trial series, acidification was the technique with the greatest NH3 mitigation potential.

Potential application of the by-product Ammonium Nitrate from Uranium Purification Facility as a Nutrient Enriched Fertilizer

Potential application of the by-product Ammonium Nitrate from Uranium Purification Facility as a Nutrient Enriched Fertilizer

Effects of different doses of ammonium nitrate applications on nutrient content in some types of grass: nutritional support

This study was conducted under ecological conditions of Çanakkale (Turkey) province to investigate the effects of different ammonium nitrate (33% N) dose (0, 50 and 100 g m-2) on nitrogen, protein, macro-micro nutrient analyses of 3 different commonly cultivated grass varieties (Lolium perenne TOPGUN, Festuca rubra SERGEİ and Poa pratensis AVALANCHE). Plant nitrogen-protein analyses (nitrogen, protein) were determined besides plant macro-micro nutrient analyses (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ıron, manganese) of grass plants were determined. In the study, in addition to having information about the mineral content of grass species removed from the soil, the potential of the cuttings, which are formed when the grass plants are mowed, when used as green manure or compost has been determined.Fertilizer treatments increased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and protein contents of grass clippings and decreased calcium, iron, magnesium and manganese contents. In general, it was determined that the application of ammonium nitrate (33% N) at a dose of 100 g m-2 increased the nitrogen, protein, phosphorus and potassium amounts of plants compared to the application of ammonium nitrate (33% N) at a dose of 50 g m-2. Especially nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizers are among the fertilizers applied in intensive amounts in the agricultural sector. It is seen that nitrogen-containing ammonium nitrate fertilizer applied to grass plants increases the nitrogen content of grass plants. When the results of the study were examined, important information was obtained about how the fertilization density affects the nutrient content of the grass plants according to the species.

Effect of Foliar Application of Gibberellic acid, Salicylic acid and Ammonium nitrate on Berry Quality of Ruby Seedless Grape Cultivar

Effect of Foliar Application of Gibberellic acid, Salicylic acid and Ammonium nitrate on Berry Quality of Ruby Seedless Grape Cultivar

Bristly Oxtongue (Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub) Responses to Sowing Date, Fertilization Scheme, and Chitosan Application

Bristly oxtongue (Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub) is a broad-leaved weed species that is commonly found in cereal crops. However, it is also an edible species whose leaves are consumed at the rosette growth stage of the plant. Three pot experiments were conducted to evaluate different cultivation protocol suggestions for this underutilized wild leafy vegetable. In the first experiment, early sowing (14 October) increased the rosette diameter and fresh biomass of bristly oxtongue compared with late sowing (13 November). In the second experiment, the application of calcium ammonium nitrate (26-0-0) at a rate of 100 kg ha−1 (N10 treatment) increased the relative chlorophyll content in the leaves compared with the control treatment. Similarly, the highest rosette diameter, leaf number, and fresh biomass values were recorded in the N10 treatment, while chitosan application had no impact on growth of plants. In the third experiment, increased root dry biomass was obtained with top dressing application of calcium ammonium nitrate at a rate of 100 kg N ha−1 compared with 0 or 50 kg N ha−1, regardless of the basal fertilization (15-5-20) rate applied. Moreover, the highest rosette diameter, relative chlorophyll content, and fresh biomass values were recorded in the treatment where the highest top dressing rate of calcium ammonium nitrate was applied. In conclusion, our results reveal that the appropriate selection of the sowing date, as well as the combination of the basal fertilizer (15-5-20) at a rate of 250 kg ha−1 with 100 kg N ha−1 calcium ammonium nitrate, can maximize the growth and yield of bristly oxtongue.

Эффективность применения азотных удобрений при возделывании озимой пшеницы по предшественнику подсолнечник

Abstract. The current paper has presented the results of applying various terms and types of nitrogen additional fertilizing in the cultivation of winter bread wheat. The purpose of the study was to establish the productivity and grain quality of winter bread wheat sown after sunflower, when using nitrogen additional fertilizing. Ammophos and ammonium sulfate were applied under seedbed cultivation; ammonium nitrate, urea and carbamide-ammonia mixture were used as additional fertilizing at different periods of active winter wheat vegetation. Methods. The research was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2017–2019. When laying and conducting the experiment, taking into account the yield, generally accepted methods were used; the technology of winter wheat cultivation and the dose of nitrogen fertilizing corresponds to the Zonal farming systems of the Rostov region. Scientific novelty. For the first time there have been determined the best terms, methods and doses of nitrogen additional fertilizing with various types of fertilizers for winter bread wheat in the southern part of the Rostov region. Results. There was established a significant effect of the terms of nitrogen fertilizing on productivity, as well as on winter wheat quality. Portioned application of ammonium nitrate at a dose of N90 contributed to obtaining the maximum productivity of 6.15 t/ha in the trial, and productivity increase in comparison with the control variant was 2.34 t/ha or 61.4%. In other variants of the trial, productivity increase due to the use of nitrogen fertilizers ranged from 0.90 to 2.26 t/ha. Autumn application of ammonium sulfate at a dose of N30 under seedbed cultivation was an effective agricultural method that contributed to an additional productivity improvement on 0.55–0.64 t/ha. The high efficiency of nitrogen additional fertilizing was due to an improvement of the indicators of yield structure elements, namely, ‘kernel weight per head’ and ‘number of productive stems’. Nitrogen additional fertilizing improved qualitative characteristics of the product. There has been found out that under a portioned application of ammonium nitrate at a dose of N90, there were yielded the highest economic indicators, such as 30117 rubles/ha of conditional net income and 112.9 % of production profitability.

Effects of exogenous calcium on the drought response of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze).

Drought is one of the major factors reducing the yield of many crops worldwide, including the tea crop (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze). Calcium participates in most of cellular signaling processes, and its important role in stress detection and triggering a response has been shown in many crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible effects of calcium on the tea plant response to drought. Experiments were conducted using 3-year-old potted tea plants of the best local cultivar Kolkhida. Application of ammonium nitrate (control treatment) or calcium nitrate (Ca treatment) to the soil was performed before drought induction. Next, a 7-day drought was induced in both groups of plants. The following physiological parameters were measured: relative electrical conductivity, pH of cell sap, and concentrations of cations, sugars, and amino acids. In addition, relative expression levels of 40 stress-related and crop quality-related genes were analyzed. Under drought stress, leaf electrolyte leakage differed significantly, indicating greater damage to cell membranes in control plants than in Ca-treated plants. Calcium application resulted in greater pH of cell sap; higher accumulation of tyrosine, methionine, and valine; and a greater Mg2+ content as compared to control plants. Drought stress downregulated most of the quality-related genes in both groups of tea plants. By contrast, significant upregulation of some genes was observed, namely CRK45, NAC26, TPS11, LOX1, LOX6, Hydrolase22, DREB26, SWEET2, GS, ADC, DHN2, GOLS1, GOLS3, and RHL41. Among them, three genes (LOX1, RHL41, and GOLS1) showed 2-3 times greater expression in Ca-treated plants than in control plants. Based on these results, it can be speculated that calcium affects galactinol biosynthesis and participates in the regulation of stomatal aperture not only through activation of abscisic-acid signaling but also through jasmonic-acid pathway activation. These findings clarify calcium-mediated mechanisms of drought defense in tree crops. Thus, calcium improves the drought response in the tea tree.

Agrophysical, water and physical factors and weather conditions determining the yield of barley grain on dark chestnut soil of the Trans-Volga region

The article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers in arid conditions of the Saratov Left Bank. Conducted studies on the mineral fertilization on crops: winter wheat, winter rye, chickpea and sunflower showed that the application of ammonium nitrate before sowing in doses of 110–130 kg/ha in physical weight increases the yield of winter wheat by 0.13 t/ha, or by 14.7%; winter rye – by 0.33 t/ha, or by 19.2%; chickpea - by 0.08 t/ha, or 14.2%, sunflower - by 0.08 t/ha, or 14.7%. It is noted that the efficiency of mineral fertilizers increases in more favorable weather conditions. The calculation of economic efficiency showed that the costs of fertilizing pay off, additional profit in the cultivation of winter wheat amounted to 2937.5 rubles/ha, winter rye - 4327.5 rubles/ha, for chickpea crops - 3106.5 rubles/ha, sunflower - 3115.0 rubles/ha.

Yield and return on fertilizer with root and foliar feeding of corn plants

The results of the study of the effect of root and foliar nutrition on grain yield of maize hybrids are presented. Field experiments were conducted in 2018-2020 in the zone of sufficient moisture of the Stavropol Territory. Root nutrition of plants was carried out under presowing cultivation (in spring) with ammonium nitrate and nitroammonium phosphate at a dose of 30 kg of active agent. Foliar feeding was applied in the 8-leaf phase with Vuxal Macromix fertilizer at a dose of 2.5 l/ha. Fertilizers were studied on the middle-early hybrid Mashuk 220 MV and the mid-season-ripening Mashuk 355 MV. The highest hybrid grain yield in 2018 was obtained from the leaf application of the Vuxal Makromiks fertilizer at a dose of 2.5 l/ha, the increase relative to the control of the hybrid Mashuk 220 MV was 0.89 t/ha, the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV - 1.44 t/ha. In 2019, the highest hybrid grain yield was obtained from the application of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer at a dose of N30P30K30 under pre-sowing cultivation. The grain yield increase of Mashuk 220 MV hybrid was 0.78 t/ha (11.2%), of Mashuk 355 MV hybrid - 0.90 t/ha (11.7%). In 2020, the highest yield of the grain hybrid Mashuk 220 MV was obtained when feeding the plants through the leaves with the Vuxal Macromix fertilizer at a dose of 2.5 l / ha, the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV when applying ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer at a dose of N30 under pre-sowing cultivation, the increase amounted to respectively 0.37 t / ha (8.1%) and 0.29 t / ha (6.6%). On average for 2018-2020, the highest hybrid yields were seen with a 2.5 L/ha application of Vuxal Macromix foliar fertilizer. Increase in grain yield of the hybrid Mashuk 220 MV was 0.60 t / ha (11,0%), the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV - 0.63 t / ha (10,5%). Payback of fertilizers by grain when growing hybrid Mashuk 220 MV was higher in the variant of root feeding of plants by fertilizer Vuxal Macromix 2,5 l/ha, for 1 ruble of costs 0,90 ruble of income was received. When growing the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV with the introduction of ammonium nitrate under pre-sowing cultivation at a dose of N30, 1 ruble of costs received 1.69 rubles of income.