Additional Fertilizer Application Research Articles

Potassium and Micronutrient Fertilization for Enhancement of Tef Yield in Vertisols of Hawzen and Enderta Districts, Tigray Region, Ethiopia

Field study was conducted in Enderta and Hawzen districts of Tigray region on six farmers’ fields aimed at evaluating potassium and micro-nutrient effect on yield and yield components of the tested crop. The experiment comprised of eight treatments including control and recommended NP arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications. Phosphorus fertilizers were applied at planting, while the nitrogen fertilizer was applied in two splits. The micronutrients and Typrosine were applied in foliar forms. SAS version 9 statistical software was used for data analysis. The analyzed results depicted that Tef yield was increased with potassium and micro-nutrient application in both districts mathematically even though it was not consistent. In line to this, the highest grain and straw yields of Tef was recorded at recommended NP with application of 50 kg/ha K2SO4 and recommended NP with a foliar application of Typrosine, respectively. But this result was statistically similar with the recommended NP. Thus, application of additional fertilizer without yield increment is uneconomical rather than maximizing costs. Hence, potassium, copper, and zinc in the current sources were not Tef yield limiting nutrients in the study sites even though the soil statuses are low. On the other hand nitrogen and phosphorus were observed the Tef yield limiting nutrients in this study. For this reason maximizing the use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with detailed research on its level and their interactions, sources and application times is important to maximize the Tef productivity in the Vertisols of Enderta and Hawzen district.

Применение удобрений на клещевине (результаты исследований во ВНИИМК) (обзор)

The researches conducted in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops showed that castor plant yield increased by 0.08–0.20 t/hа after fertilizers application on leached chernozem. The more effective dose of a primary fertilizer under castor is N40P60, which applied in autumn separately under the plowing. Higher doses of the fertilizers are less effective. Application of potassium fertilizers jointly with nitrogen-phosphorus ones in both typical (K40–45) and increased (K80–120) doses did not caused the yield increase of castor plant. Under application of the different doses of the nitrogen-phosphorous or full mineral fertilizers, oil content in castor seeds did not change significantly comparing with unfertilized control, and oil yield was determined by seed yield and increased by 0.06–0.09 t/hа. The local application of N20P30 during castor plant sowing proved the same level of yield comparing with the dose N40P60 – 1.73–1.74 t/hа. The local application of fertilizers during sowing is the most effective when placing the fertilizers strips in a distance of 2 cm sideways of the seeds. Against the backfilling into the soil of 6.2–6.6 t/hа of winter wheat residues, the application of mineral fertilizers under castor plant caused the increase of seed yield by 0.21–0.29 t/hа, oil yield – by 0.11–0.14 t/hа. The dependence of castor plant yield on nitrate nitrogen, mobile forms of phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium contents the in leached chernozem in spring was revealed. It is determined the castor plant does not react positively on the addi-tional fertilizer application when contents of mobile forms of phosphates and exchangeable potassium in a soil layer of 0–20 cm are equal to 26–28 mg/100 g (in the hood by Chirikov F.V.) and 31–32 mg/100 g (in the hood by Maslova А.L.), respectively, and content of nitrate nitrogen in a soil layer of 0–60 cm is more 17–18 mg/kg (by Grandval-Lyazhu).

Soil Moisture, Nutrients, Root Distribution, and Crop Combination Benefits at Different Water and Fertilizer Levels during the Crop Replacement Period in an Apple Intercropping System

Uneven soil moisture and nutrient distribution before and after intercropping limits apple cropping system productivity in the western Shanxi–Loess Plateau area. To address this issue, a field trial was conducted between 2020 and 2021 to study the effects of different water and fertilizer management practices on soil moisture, nutrients, and root distribution, as well as the overall effectiveness of the apple–maize and apple–soybean intercropping systems during crop replacement. The experiment involved two irrigation methods: drip (D) and flood (M) irrigation. Three irrigation levels included rain-fed without irrigation (W0), and 50% (W1) and 80% (W2) of field capacity (Fc). Three fertilizer treatments included no additional fertilizer application (F0), 375 kg∙hm−2 (F1), and 750 kg∙hm−2 (F2), in addition to a control (CK) without irrigation or fertilization. The soil water content (SWC) decreased after the crop replacement. Additionally, nitrate nitrogen (NN), ammonium nitrogen (AN), and organic matter (OM) content levels in all treatments increased, whereas total phosphorus (TP) content decreased. The soil layer with crop roots moved downward after crop replacement, and partial fertilizer productivity (PFP), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were decreased under both irrigation treatments. Principal component analysis showed that the W2F2 treatment had the highest benefit from crop combination across both irrigation treatments during the crop replacement period. According to our results, to optimize the benefits of apple-crop intercropping, drip irrigation with complete water supply and flood irrigation with incomplete water supply are recommended during crop replacement. In addition, an upper irrigation limit of 80% Fc with 750 kg∙hm−2 fertilization is recommended for optimal water and fertilizer regulation.

Growth, Yield and Fatty Acid Profile of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) Seeds with Shoot Pruning and Additional Fertilizer

Winged bean is a remarkable climbing plant, distinguished by its multiple segments that serve as growth sites for shoot, leaf and flower. Several studies have shown that the plant requires shoot pruning to increase the production of its flower buds, pods and seeds, but this practice can inhibit the generative phase. To overcome this challenge, the application of additional fertilizer is needed to provide the required nutrients. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of shoot pruning and additional fertilizer on the growth, yield and bioactive compounds of winged bean seeds. The determination of the proper rates of fertilization was important for plant production and to support sustainable agriculture. The study procedures were carried out at IPB experimental station in Leuwikopo, IPB University, Bogor. A Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was utilized with two factors and three replications, namely leaf pruning (without shoot pruning, 15 cm, and 30 cm from the ground) and additional fertilizer (0, 6.25, 12.5 and 18.5 g NPK 16-16-16 plant<sup>-1</sup>). The parameters observed included plant height, leaf nutrient, root length, yield, leaf number, as well as protein and fatty acid profile of seeds. The results showed that shoot pruning treatment and additional fertilizer had no interaction effect on plant growth and seed yield. Shoot pruning caused an increase in leaf number, fatty acid and linoleic acid content by 17% to 20%, 10%, and 16% to 19%, respectively, compared to the control. The use of additional fertilizer at a concentration of 6.25 to 12.5 g NPK (16-16-16) plant<sup>-1</sup> increased leaf number, nutrients, and seed yield. Based on the findings, the highest seed yield (2.56 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>) was achieved with the application of additional fertilizer at the rates of 6.25 g NPK (16-16-16) plant<sup>-1</sup>, but shoot pruning was not required.

Mid-season adjustment of nitrogen fertilizer for rice with two plant spacings

ContextFertilizer recommendations for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Asia often split a predetermined amount of N into several applications to match N supply with anticipated crop demand for N. Within-season deviations from anticipated N demand could necessitate mid-season adjustments in N applications to ensure closure of exploitable yield gaps. ObjectiveWe hypothesized that application of additional fertilizer N to satisfy an underestimated crop demand for N could be delayed until two weeks after panicle initiation without a yield penalty. We additionally examined whether effects of mid-season N adjustments on rice differed between two plant spacings with different plant populations. MethodsField experiments with irrigated, transplanted rice were conducted at two sites in two seasons in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The experimental design was a factorial combination of two rice cultivars, two plant spacings, and seven N treatments. ResultsRice growth and yield components sometimes differed between equally spaced rows (square planting) and alternating narrow and wide rows (legowo), but grain yield with legowo consistently matched and sometimes exceeded yield with square planting. Effects of N treatments — with varying rates and split applications of N — on yield were comparable across the two plant spacings and two cultivars. A predetermined fertilizer recommendation with three split applications of N underestimated the N needed for high yield in all experiments. Application of 30 kg ha−1 more N than the recommended 155 kg ha−1 in dry season (DS) and 125 kg ha−1 in wet season (WS) increased yield by up to 0.5 Mg ha−1 in DS and 0.7 Mg ha−1 in WS and consistently increased net income in both seasons. Additional N at tillering in DS increased vegetative biomass but not yield. Additional N in both seasons could be delayed until 12–14 days after panicle initiation for highest yield. ConclusionsOur study represented circumstances where a fertilizer recommendation provided to farmers before a growing season merited an upward mid-season adjustment in N rate to achieve higher yield. The upward mid-season N adjustment of 30 kg ha−1 in our study could be delayed until two weeks after panicle initiation with no yield penalty in both seasons, for both cultivars, and for both equally spaced rows and alternating narrow and wide rows of transplanted rice. ImplicationsFarmers and advisory services using crop and/or weather monitoring to identify fields meriting additional mid-season N can delay the application of additional N until panicle initiation or two weeks after panicle initiation.

Detection of Leaf Area Expansion Promoted by Additional Fertilizer Application on Farmer’s Paddy Fields Using Multispectral Images

Detection of Leaf Area Expansion Promoted by Additional Fertilizer Application on Farmer’s Paddy Fields Using Multispectral Images

Fertilizer application increases nitrate nitrogen concentration in Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5 as annual summer grass in temperate zone

AbstractIn southwestern Japan, palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster) is used as annual summer grass with fertilizer application. In this system, the risk of a poisonous nitrate nitrogen concentration in grass is high. Nevertheless, no report describes a study of nitrate nitrogen in palisadegrass as annual summer grass. Therefore, we clarified the effects of chemical fertilizer to nitrate nitrogen concentration in palisadegrass cultivated as annual summer grass for two years. Treatments were factorial combinations of three basal fertilizer applications (0, 100 or 200 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha) and two additional fertilizer applications (0 or 100 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha) in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. Results well demonstrated that nitrate nitrogen concentrations in palisadegrass increase with fertilizer application, especially with fertilizer added after decreased growth of palisadegrass caused by lower temperatures. Harvest of palisadegrass after additional fertilizer application requires awareness of its nitrate nitrogen content.

Effect of leaching events on the fate of polyhalite nutrient minerals used for crop fertilization

Polyhalite is a natural mineral containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) and is proposed as a fertilizer source for these essential nutrients. Application of polyhalite is expected to be most relevant in soils where the availability of these nutrients is low: in sandy soils, in highly leached soils, or in areas where crops are irrigated by water with low content of these nutrients or are rain-fed. A controlled lysimeter experiment investigated the efficacy of surface applied polyhalite as a fertilizer supplying K, Ca, Mg and S compared to soluble sulfate salts in two soils (sandy and loamy) with or without simulated rain leaching events through two cycles of cropping. In the first cycle, carrot response and nutrient uptake, transport, and loss through leaching were studied, while in the second cycle the residual effect of the fertilizer was considered on maize without additional fertilizer application or leaching. Polyhalite plus rain led to increased carrot yield due to augmented Ca uptake in sandy soil. In both soils, polyhalite behaved as a prolonged availability fertilizer with more nutrients retained in the top soil layer and not leached below the root zone. The treatments did not affect maize growth or nutrient uptake except for lower K and S uptake in soils where rain had been simulated for the previous crop. We conclude that polyhalite shows potential as a commercial fertilizer to supply K, Ca, Mg, and S nutrients under conditions of dryland agriculture where occasionally leaching by rainfall occurs.

Growth Assessment of the Potted Cultivation of <i>Veronica rotunda</i> var. <i>subintegra</i> (Nakai) T.Yamaz.

This study aimed to establish effective pot cultivation methods for Veronica rotunda var. subintegra (Nakai) T.Yamaz. that has high ornamental value. Seedlings of uniform size were transplanted into plastic pots and treated with different shading ratios, coated fertilizer, additional fertilizer, dwarfing agents, and pinching. Our results show that all shading treatments decreased the growth of V. rotunda seedlings, with higher shading ratios having a m ore significant inhibition i mpact on g row th. Coated fertilizer significantly increased plant height, internode length, stem diameter, and number of leaves; however, the application of additional fertilizer had no significant effect on plant growth. Applying diniconazole at any concentration caused dwarfing in the study plants, but internode seedling length was inhibited more significantly as diniconazole concentration increased. The application of daminozide 1000 mg·L-1 had no significant effect on growth; however, at 2000 mg·L-1, it caused dwarfing. Furthermore, the pinching treatment had no conclusive effect on plant growth.

Environmental and energy assessment of biomass residues to biochar as fuel: A brief review with recommendations for future bioenergy systems

Abstract This study explores the environmental and energy benefits of biomass residues, including crop residues and agricultural waste, for the production of renewable energy in the form of biochar as fuel, in order to offer recommendations for policy makers, by reviewing information regarding the key environmental issues associated with the implementation of the systems. The highest environmental benefits for biochar-to-fuel systems were most observed in reduction of global warming potentials (i.e., carbon abatement), particularly for those integrated with combined heat and power technology, or for those incorporating electricity offsets from biochar combustion and co-firing. But all of these practices come at the cost of hidden environmental burdens, such as elevations in eutrophication, acidification, carcinogens and ecotoxicity impacts, as a consequence from land use change, additional infrastructure requirement or additional fertilizer application connected to biochar production or post-treatment. Other notable challenges, including regional availability of biomass residues, improper management of the residues, limited economic incentives, low energy efficiency and synergies, as well as mistreating adverse impacts from indirect land use change, were discussed. This suggests the flexibility to adjust the biomass-biochar ratio to optimize desired energy yields, carbon abatement and environmental beneficial objectives. Comprehensive analysis of the trade-offs between energy yields, carbon abatement and other associated environmental impacts is therefore recommended for future studies. Future studies in this field are also advised to explore the solution and to develop methodologies capable of quantifying the impacts and other equally relevant trade-offs, to better reflect the changes in real-world trends for decision making.

Lac, Kerria lacca rearing on Flemingia macrophylla with NPK fertilizer: impact on plant growth, lac yield, and lac parasitisation

Lac insect, Kerria lacca Kerr. is the only commercial lac producing insect in the world. This tiny insect reared commercially on many specific host plants. Lac product is a natural resin of outstanding properties which is utilized in many products worldwide. Lac insects get settled on the host tree and take their nutrition continuously from the same part. Hence, additional fertilizer application becomes most important component for sustainable host plant growth and lac cultivation. Therefore, to determine the effect of chemical fertilizers (NPK) on Flemingia macrophylla and lac productivity, present study has been conducted. The result revealed that chemical fertilizer combination N15:P5:K5 was found to be the best for Flemingia macrophylla growth which gives best lac yield and least pest infestation on Kerria lacca. The correlation study has also proved that NPK has positively influences on plant growth and lac productivity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3551585

풋거름작물 재배 후 추비처리가 더덕의 생육 및 사포닌 함량에 미치는 영향

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fertilization with the application of mixed organic matter after cultivating green manure crops on the growth and saponin content of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv.<BR> Methods and Results: Five type of cultivation of green manure crops were done: hairy vetch as a single seedling crop (HV), hairy vetch and rye as a mixture of seedling (HV/R), additional fertilization with mixed organic matter after cultivation of a seedling mixture (HV/R/MO), chemical fertilizer (CF), and a non-treated control (NT). The total nitrogen content was the highest in the HV/R/MO treatment, followed by the HV, CF, HV/R and NT treatments, respectively. Nitrogen fixation was higher in the single seedling treatment with hairy vetch (HV) than in the treatment with a mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedling (HV/R). Moreover, the growth of C. lanceolata was greatly increased by the application of additional fertilizer after treatment with the mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedlings. The HV/R/MO treatment produced the highest total lancemaside content among the treatments, followed by HV, HV/R, CF, and NT, respectively.<BR> Conclusions: It was verified that C. lanceolata experienced superior growth with the application of mixed organic matter as additional fertilizer after the cultivation of green manure crops, and the content of its major saponins, lancemasides were also increased by this treatment.

Effect of tillage practices and fertilizer management on the growth and nitrogen efficiency in soybean

A field experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of tillage systems and fertilizer management on the growth and nutrient uptake in soybean. The plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of conventional tillage (CT) were much higher those observed for no-tillage (NT). The highest plant height (128.47 cm) was observed in CT with chemical fertilizer. The plant nitrate concentration was higher (2.29%) in NT with green manure than chemical fertilization. However, nitrogen increased steadily in all treatments, and the highest quantity of total nitrogen (476.7 Kg/ha) was observed in NT with green manure. The NO3-N content in the soil decreased gradually just after the vegetative stage. Tillage practices and additional fertilizer application was less effective on the uptake of N, P and K in soybean seeds as compared to NT with green manure. The results postulated that NT strategies with fertilizers might influence the growth characteristics and mineral uptake in soybean.

Yield and growth characteristics of erect panicle type rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, Shennong265 under various crop management practices in Western Japan

Erect panicle rice cultivars utilize solar energy effectively and have improved ecological growing conditions. Among such cultivars, Shennong265 has been grown successfully throughout Northern China. Nevertheless, no studies have yet examined the relationships between crop dry matter productivity, weather conditions, and nitrogen uptake of the erect panicle type rice cultivar in Japan. The objective of our study was to evaluate the productivity of erect panicle rice Shennong265 in Western Japan under varied conditions. Three rice cultivars, Shennong265, Nipponbare, and Takanari were grown in the field under different fertilizer and plant density conditions in Western Japan; using this information, we compared yield and growth characteristics of Shennong265 with those of Nipponbare and Takanari. Although Shennong265 had radiation use efficiency similar to that of the high yielding cultivar (Takanari) and much higher leaf nitrogen content than Takanari and Nipponbare, the average grain yield of Shennong265 grown under normal fertilizer and plant density conditions was approximately 6.9 t ha−1 as against 6.2 t ha−1 for Nipponbare and 9.6 t ha−1 for Takanari. These results suggest that, while Shennong265 has a high yield potential, the environmental conditions including climate, fertilizer, and planting period provided in this study were not suitable for achieving its maximum yield. The reduced performance of Shennong265 may be caused by insufficient fertilizer after heading and by shorter growth periods, as well as by the climate of Western Japan. Additional fertilizer application during the heading stage and earlier transplanting may be needed to obtain higher Shennong265 yields in Western Japan.

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 8. 肥効期間の異なる緩効性窒素肥料を用いた場合について

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 8. 肥効期間の異なる緩効性窒素肥料を用いた場合について

大麦の生育診断と肥培管理 : 第 1 報 止葉抽出期の生育診断と追肥技術

大麦の生育診断と肥培管理 : 第 1 報 止葉抽出期の生育診断と追肥技術

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 7. 速効性と緩効性窒素肥料を組み合わせた場合

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 7. 速効性と緩効性窒素肥料を組み合わせた場合

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 5. 施肥位置と施肥時期を変えた場合

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 5. 施肥位置と施肥時期を変えた場合

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 4. 窒素肥料を多施した場合について

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 4. 窒素肥料を多施した場合について

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 3. 異なる栽植密度の場合について

深層追肥がコシヒカリの生育と収量構成要素に及ぼす影響 : 3. 異なる栽植密度の場合について