Application Of 3Rs Research Articles

Application of 3Rs in Caenorhabditis elegans Research for the Identification of Health-Promoting Natural Products.

The average age of the population is increasing worldwide, which has a profound impact on our society. This leads to an increasing demand for medicines and requires the development of new strategies to promote health during the additional years. In the search for resources and therapeutics for improved health during an extended life span, attention has to be paid to environmental exposure and ecosystem burdens that inevitably emerge with the extended consumption of medicines and drug development, even in the preclinical stage. The hereby introduced sustainable strategy for drug discovery is built on 3Rs, "R: obustness, R: eliability, and saving R: esources", inspired by both the 3Rs used in animal experiments and environmental protection, and centers on the usefulness and the variety of the small model organism Caenorhabditis elegans for detecting health-promoting natural products. A workflow encompassing a multilevel screening approach is presented to maximize the amount of information on health-promoting samples, while considering the 3Rs. A detailed, methodology- and praxis-oriented compilation and discussion of proposed C. elegans health span assays and more disease-specific assays are presented to offer guidance for scientists intending to work with C. elegans, thus facilitating the initial steps towards the integration of C. elegans assays in their laboratories.

Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.

Fish are the second most widely utilized vertebrate group used for scientific procedures in the United Kingdom, but the development and application of 3Rs (the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement) in aquaculture disease research lags behind methodologies in place for mammalian studies. With a need for individual monitoring and non-lethal sampling, the effect of repeat anaesthesia on experimental fish needs to be better understood. This study analyses the effect of repeat anaesthesia with MS-222, metomidate and AQUI-S upon the gill and general health of post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. A single, lethal dose of anaesthetic was compared with seven anaesthetizing time points over 28 days, terminating in a lethal dose. No anaesthetic showed significant differences in accumulation in the muscle tissue, or changes in plasma glucose after repeated or single dosing. Fish repeatedly anaesthetized with MS-222 or AQUI-S exhibited upregulation of osmoregulatory genes in the gill and AQUI-S-treated individuals showed, histologically, epithelial lifting from the lamellae capillary irrespective of whether they had a single or repeated dose history. No significant changes were seen in inflammatory or stress genes in the head kidney of fish repeatedly anaesthetized with AQUI-S or metomidate, however MS-222 treatment resulted in upregulation of tnfα3. Repeated anaesthesia with MS-222 and metomidate gave a significant decrease and increase in peripheral blood neutrophils, respectively. This study concludes that no increase in cumulative stress or inflammation is induced by the repeated anaesthetization of S. salar with any of the tested anaesthetics, however gill osmotic regulation and blood parameters may be affected.

Expérimentation animale, peut-on s’en passer ?

Animal experiment is a subject of controversies. Some people, defenders of animals, think that it is not acceptable to use for scientific purposes at the risk of making them suffer or assert that the results obtained with animals are not transposable in the human beings. Others, in particular researchers in biology or medicine, think that the animal models are essential for the biomedical search. This confrontation of the opinions bases largely on an evolution of the place of animals in our society. The regulations authorize the use of animals for scientific purposes but oblige to make it under restrictive conditions. The application of 3Rs — replacement, reduction, and refinement — expressed in 1959 by Russel and Burch is an ethical guide to improve the welfare of animals in research. The alternative methods do not allow, in the present state of the knowledge, to answer all the scientific questions in biology and medicine research. They are, most of the time, complementary methods of the in vivo methods.

Application of 3Rs for Plastic Fuel Tank Industry

การปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกเปนปจจยหลกในการทำใหเกดภาวะโลกรอน การวจยนมจดมงหมายในการลดการปลดปลอยกาซคารบอนไดออกไซด (CO2) ซงเปนหนงในกาซเรอนกระจกขนสชนบรรยากาศ ผวจยไดนำหลกการ 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) มาประยกตใชกบโรงงานผลตถงนำมนเชอเพลงพลาสตก การ Reduce ดวยการลดปรมาณของเสยในการผลต โดยใชหลกการ DOE แกปญหาเรองความหนาและนำหนกของถงนำมนเชอเพลงพลาสตก และลดการใชพลงงานไฟฟาดวยการหมฉนวนกนความรอนทเครองเปาถงนำมน สวนการ Reuse นำเหลกขนลอค (E-ring) กลบมาใชซำและการ Recycle ดวยการนำเศษพลาสตก Regrind นำมาผสมใหมผลการวจยพบวา สามารถลดการปลดปลอยกาซคารบอนไดออกไซดเทยบเทาเปนปรมาณสงถง 475.48 ตน CO2eq/ปและลดคาใชจายไดสงถง 51,694,025.90 บาท/ป คำสำคญ: 3Rs, กาซคารบอนไดออกไซดเทยบเทา, ถงนำมนเชอเพลงพลาสตก Release of greenhouse gases is the main factor causing global warming. This research aims at reduction of the release of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is one of the greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The researcher applies the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Principle to the production of a plastic fuel tank factory. To reduce production waste used DOE methodology to eliminate thickness and weight of the plastic fuel tank and to reduce electricity energy used insulation to cover blow molding machine. E-ring are brought back to use in process of reuse; while regrind plastic scraps are brought to remix in the process of recycle. Results reveal that the quantity of gas carbon dioxide release can be reduced up to 475.48 ton CO2eq/year, and the expenses can be reduced at 51,694,025.90 baht/year.