Data Transmission Applications Research Articles

APPLICATION OF CODING IN DATA TRANSMISSION AND INFORMATION STORAGE

Coding theory plays a crucial role in modern data transmission and information storage systems, ensuring the efficient and reliable handling of digital information. This article explores the fundamental principles of coding theory, focusing on its applications in both data transmission and storage contexts. Beginning with an introduction to encoding and decoding techniques, the article delves into how various coding methods, such as error detection and correction codes, enhance data integrity during transmission. It further examines the implementation of coding in storage devices to safeguard against data loss and corruption.

Implementing green optical waveform system using hybrid cognitive methods for QAM transmission scheme

Abstract This study proposes a hybrid approach combining Energy Detection (ED) and Matched Filter (MF) spectrum sensing techniques to enhance power spectrum density (PSD) in optical Nonorthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) systems. Optical NOMA has emerged as a key technology for boosting spectral efficiency in optical communication networks. However, optimizing PSD remains a critical challenge due to various factors including signal detection and noise interference. The hybrid ED–MF spectrum sensing method aims to address these challenges by leveraging the strengths of both techniques. Energy Detection (ED) offers simplicity and robustness in detecting primary users, making it suitable for initial spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. Matched Filter (MF) spectrum sensing, on the other hand, provides superior signal detection and noise rejection capabilities, particularly in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. By integrating these two techniques, we aim to achieve improved sensitivity and accuracy in spectrum sensing, thus enhancing spectral efficiency and system performance in optical NOMA networks. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid approach is evaluated through theoretical analysis and simulation experiments. Results demonstrate significant enhancements in spectral efficiency and system reliability compared to conventional spectrum sensing methods, highlighting the potential of the hybrid ED–MF approach for enhancing PSD in optical NOMA systems. This research contributes to advancing the design and optimization of optical communication systems for future high-capacity and high-speed data transmission applications. The PSD values −920 are obtained and it confirmed that the proposed algorithm outperforms the standard algorithms.

A Study on the Feasibility of LiFi in an Intra-Vehicular Data Transmission Application

A Study on the Feasibility of LiFi in an Intra-Vehicular Data Transmission Application

The application of beam-forming technology of wireless power transfer in IIoT (industrial internet of things)

When building the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), it is estimated that over 60% of the cost is spent on wiring and installation. The application of wireless data transmission can eliminate some of the cable connections, and the use of wireless technology for power transmission can undoubtedly avoid even more wiring. However, in practice, traditional wireless power transmission technology has disadvantages such as low efficiency and poor reliability. The introduction of beamforming technology can improve the performance of wireless charging in terms of transmission efficiency and transmission distance. The introduction of beamforming technology can improve the performance of wireless charging in terms of transmission efficiency and distance. Considering the influence of the possible relative displacement between the transmitting and receiving devices on the beamforming during the charging process, a charging process model based on beamforming is developed in this paper using ANSYS for a one-to-one dynamic wireless charging scenario. ANSYS simulation software is used to simulate the array antennas, to investigate the electromagnetic field relationship between the antennas and to analyse the effect of beamforming on the efficiency and stability of the system. Combined with the characteristics of the array antennas shown in the simulation results, the use of beamforming in transmitting antennas in wireless power transmission systems can greatly improve the directivity, effectiveness and interference immunity of the system.

Performance analysis of modified wavelet difference reduction methods in image compression and transmission

The wavelet difference reduction (WDR) method, a variant of run-length coding, finds its significance in data transmission applications. Over time, numerous enhanced iterations of WDR methods have emerged. Notably, the Adaptive Scalable WDR method exhibits superior coding gains, as evidenced by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index metric (SSIM), when compared to its predecessors. This paper conducts an exhaustive examination, encompassing both coding performance and time complexity, of various WDR methods vis-à-vis the conventional image compression algorithm SPIHT. Furthermore, it delves into the performance assessment of diverse coding techniques in the realm of encoding arbitrary-shaped objects. The analysis underscores that modified WDR variants demonstrate remarkable prowess in compression, rendering them invaluable for rapid transmission in bandwidth-constrained networks. To substantiate these findings, coding results (measured in terms of PSNR) are derived from the application of these algorithms to standard test images, MRI images, and video still images. The results reveal coding gains ranging from 0.5 dB to 1 dB for regular resolution images and a substantial 2 dB to 12 dB for scalable resolution scenarios, in comparison to traditional coding approaches. Consequently, this analysis underscores the convenience and superiority of modified WDR methods, not only for still images but also for encoding and transmitting arbitrary-shaped objects.

A Recursive Algorithm for Constructing Dual-CISTs in Hierarchical Folded Cubic Networks

Let [Formula: see text] be a set of [Formula: see text] spanning trees in a graph [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text] spanning trees are called completely independent spanning trees (CISTs for short) if the paths joining every pair of vertices [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in any two trees have neither vertex nor edge in common except for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Particularly, [Formula: see text] is called a dual-CIST provided [Formula: see text]. For data transmission applications in reliable networks, the existence of a dual-CIST can provide a configuration of fault-tolerant routing called protection routing. This paper investigates the problem of constructing a dual-CIST in the [Formula: see text]-dimensional hierarchical folded cubic network [Formula: see text]. The network is a two-level network using folded hypercube [Formula: see text] as clusters to reduce the diameter, hardware overhead and improve the fault tolerance ability. We propose a recursive algorithm to construct a dual-CIST of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] time for [Formula: see text], where the time required is the same scale as the number of vertices of [Formula: see text]. Also, the diameter of each constructed CIST is [Formula: see text].

Smartphone-Based Portable Bio-Chemical Sensors: Exploring Recent Advancements

Traditionally, analytical chemistry and diagnosis relied on wet laboratories and skilled professionals utilizing sophisticated instruments for sample handling and analysis. However, with the development of novel materials and sensing techniques, there has been a significant shift towards the use of standalone sensors, allowing tests to be conducted on-site or even in real time, leading to cost- and time-efficiency. With their widespread adoption globally, smartphones have emerged as an ideal platform for such sensors, boasting extensive sensor capabilities, advanced processing power, and communication functionalities. Smartphone-based assays make use of optical and electrochemical sensors, utilizing built-in cameras, ambient light sensors, and other features for optical sensing, while the micro-USB port, Bluetooth, and wireless connection facilitate data transmission and analog voltage application for electrochemical sensing. Previous overview papers have explored smartphone-based sensing in specific domains; this review provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in smartphone-based sensors, encompassing both optical and electrochemical sensing methods. The review provides the fundamental principles of these sensors and their implementation using smartphones, showcases recent applications, and presents innovative designs that take advantage of the inherent functionalities and sensor capabilities of smartphones. The review concludes by offering an outlook on the prospects of smartphone-based sensing and includes a reflective section emphasizing the potential impact of sensors in chemical and biological analyses. This comprehensive resource aims to provide information to researchers and practitioners interested in using smartphones for cutting-edge analytical methodologies.

Application of the method of equivalent message encoding structures to simplify coding complexity

Formulation of the problem. Modern telecommunication technologies make it possible to transmit data over long distances with limitations in the form of low power consumption and low error rate using error correction codes. The use of such codes plays an important role and is necessary to detect and correct errors caused by signal distortion and noise in the communication channel. According to Shannon's channel coding theorem, the probability of error can be arbitrarily small or close to zero if the encoding rate of transmission R is less than or equal to the bandwidth of channel C. Assuming that the bandwidth C is achievable, we can calculate the minimum signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) to achieve zero error, or an arbitrarily small error called the Shannon limit, while maintaining R ≤ C. This article discusses a method of applying equivalent message encoding structures to construct low-density parity-checking (LDPC) codes. Low-density parity-checking (LDPC) codes are a class of linear block codes in which the complexity of iterative decoding increases linearly with increasing block length. Standard LDPC codes without modifications are considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is expected to provide high encoding speed when transmitting messages with a short block length. The method of obtaining equivalent structures allows: to reduce the computational complexity of encoding and decoding; to provide the possibility of finding a new encoding scheme and evaluating its effectiveness. The validity of the method for obtaining equivalent message encoding structures is evaluated by modeling the bit error rate (BER) of LDPC codes. Purpose. to show the effectiveness of the use of equivalent structures for various methods of compression of transmitted information, to minimize the complexity of encoding, while maintaining energy efficiency, correcting ability and data transfer rate. Results. A method is considered for obtaining equivalent message element encoding structures that can be used to create more LDPC codes for data transmission applications with a short block length. The cascade principle of constructing an equivalent generator and a parity check matrix was analyzed, which also leads to minimizing the computational complexity of the encoder and decoder. An equivalent structure G can be obtained from cascading two (or more) matrices by modifying the second matrix so that it has a unit matrix with the size of the parity check length and a shift to the right by k bits. On the other hand, the equivalent structure H can be obtained by simply cascading directly the second matrix and shifting to the right by k bits. According to the simulation results, the proposed method is adequate, since LDPC codes have the same BER characteristics as codes based on the low density generator matrix (LDGM). During the simulation, it was concluded that the SPC codes (single parity check (single parity check (SPC)) are the most efficient codes (for a given block length), since SPC codes have the smallest interval up to the Shannon limit. Practical significance. The results presented in this article will give a new insight into the development of simple channel coding of LDPC codes of short block length with high encoding speed for future applications with lower power consumption.

IOT Assisted ECG Monitoring Framework with Secure Data Transmission Application

The growing Internet of Things (IoT) frame work enables us to create tiny devices that are capable of sensing processing and communicating, enabling sensors, embedding devices and other' things 'to be created which will help to understand the environment. In this paper, the IoT assisted electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring framework with secure data transmission has been proposed in this research. With the proposed IoT assisted ECG monitoring system, the development and implementation of a light weight ECG Signal Strength Analysis has been proposed for automatic classification and real time implementation, using ECG sensors, Arduino, Android phones, Bluetooth and cloud servers. The Light weight Secure IoT (LS-IoT) and Light weight Access Control (LAC) have been introduced for asecuredatatypetransmission.Real-timeanalysisandverificationareperformedontheECGsignalsobtainedfromtheMIT-BI Hand Physio Net Challenges databases as well as the ECG signals for various physical activities. The potential for determining the clinical acceptability of ECG signals to increase the effectiveness, accuracy, and dependability of an unsupervised diagnostic system is significant in the proposed IoT assisted ECG monitoring framework.

Efficient 1.55 and 2 μm Dual‐Band SOI Grating Coupler for Light Coupling and On‐Chip Wavelength Division (De)multiplexing

Efficient fiber‐chip couplers operating at distinct wavelength bands are key components to combine or split different optical bands for emerging data transmission and nonlinear applications. Herein, a dual‐band silicon‐integrated grating coupler (GC) operated at 1.55 and 2 μm wavebands is designed and demonstrated. The proposed device can simultaneously couple 1.55 and 2 μm wavebands light into the in‐plane waveguides at the same incident angle. Numerical simulations indicate that coupling efficiencies (CEs) are −2.5 and −3.9 dB for center wavelengths at 1561 and 1979 nm, respectively. The dual‐band GC is experimentally demonstrated on a commercially available 340 nm silicon‐on‐insulator wafer. The fabricated dual‐band GC with center wavelengths of 1559 and 1968 nm obtains CEs of −4.9 and −6.4 dB, with 3 dB bandwidths of 81 and 80.4 nm, respectively. Also, the first proof‐of‐concept demonstration of 10 Gb s−1 wavelength division multiplexing transmission at 1.55 and 2 μm waveband is presented based on the fabricated dual‐band GC.

Application of a secure data transmission with an effective timing algorithm based on LoRa modulation and chaos

In today's technology, remote control or access is widely used in many platforms. However, the fact that remotely controlled platforms are open to external attacks or not secure enough which can have serious negative consequences. In this paper, a real-time LoRa modulation based data transmission application is achieved. The security of remotely transmitted data is not only provided with a basic encryption structure, but also a confirmation signal based transceiver system is designed in which the required process is performed only with a certain time interval. Firstly, the data to be transmitted is mixed with a secret key using XOR operation then transmitter creates a random period of time that specifies how long after the confirmation signal will be sent relative to the data signal. Hence, the entire system security is enhanced by the timing algorithm running with millisecond precision between the transceiver circuits. Encryption of the confirmation signal in a similar structure as the data signal improves security of the entire system. In this application, a PWM signal containing voltage information has been successfully transmitted in ciphered form using LoRa modulation. The designed algorithm for the receiver and transmitter circuits has been tested and verified in real time application. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can be applied to any application-based communication system.

Optical Encoding Model Based on Orbital Angular Momentum Powered by Machine Learning

Based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) properties of Laguerre-Gaussian beams LG(p,ℓ), a robust optical encoding model for efficient data transmission applications is designed. This paper presents an optical encoding model based on an intensity profile generated by a coherent superposition of two OAM-carrying Laguerre-Gaussian modes and a machine learning detection method. In the encoding process, the intensity profile for data encoding is generated based on the selection of p and ℓ indices, while the decoding process is performed using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Two different decoding models based on an SVM algorithm are tested to verify the robustness of the optical encoding model, finding a BER =10-9 for 10.2 dB of signal-to-noise ratio in one of the SVM models.

Layered routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks based on energy balance

Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional LEACH routing protocol in wireless sensor network (WSN) data transmission applications, such as high total energy consumption, low residual energy and short network life, a hierarchical routing algorithm based on energy balance is proposed. This algorithm is based on the energy consumption model of WSN communication, and adopts the non-uniform clustering algorithm to introduce the threshold. According to the relationship between the distance between cluster head node and sink node and the threshold, the implementation method of network communication is selected. In addition, a simple correlation multi-path route is designed to realise the multi hop communication between clusters. By considering the communication cost and the residual energy value of nodes, the hierarchical route with balanced energy consumption is realised. Experimental results show that the algorithm has obvious advantages in balancing network energy consumption and prolonging network lifetime.

Hyper chaos followed by DCT and gyrator transform for image encryption

Color images can be encrypted using a hyperchaotic system in the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and gyrator transform domains. These encryption techniques provide an added layer of security to protect sensitive image data from unauthorized access or tampering. The Red, Green, And Blue (RGB) components of the original color image are encoded into two-dimensional streams, respectively. These two-dimensional streams, representing the RGB components, are then processed by the display or printing device to recreate the full-color image. This paper proposes a new image encryption scheme that integrates DCT and the gyrator transform simultaneously. This innovative approach enhances the security and robustness of image encryption, making it suitable for a wide range of applications in data protection and transmission. Specifically, four chaotic sequences generated by a hyperchaotic system are blended into streams to synthesize complex sequences. Subsequently, the two-dimensional complex streams are scrambled using the discrete cosine transform and encoded back into an image format. Finally, the parameters in the hyperchaotic system using DCT and the gyrator transform improve the security of the proposed scheme. Theoretical and experimental analyses both confirm the security and validity of the proposed work.

A compact triple bands C shaped multiband monopole antenna for WLAN and WiMAX application

Antennas play a crucial role in communication as they serve as both transmitters and receivers. They are capable of supporting numerous applications and demanding higher bandwidth among which monopole antennas have emerged as a superior alternative to traditional antennas. A novel coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed triple-band monopole antenna is proposed for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna features a compact and simple Cshaped strip structure, allowing for easy fabrication. The prototype exhibits triple operating bands covering the required bandwidths of 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN and 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX standards. Good radiation performance and antenna gain are achieved across the three frequency ranges. Another compact monopole multiband antenna is designed, consisting of five rectangular patches forming a C-shaped structure. It operates at frequencies covering WiMAX, WLAN, short-range radar, and wireless data transmission applications. The antenna demonstrates significant bandwidth to accommodate the respective frequency ranges required for these applications. The antenna design is simulated using HFSS v13 software.

A compact dual band T-shaped monopole antenna for WLAN and C-band application

The design of a compact monopole dual-band antenna suitable for dual-band applications is proposed in this research. The antenna consists of eight rectangular patches, each measuring 40 × 30 × 1.6 mm³. It is designed to operate in two frequency bands: 2.18–2.63 GHz and 7.10–7.91 GHz, with resonance frequencies at 2.4 GHz and 7.5 GHz, ensuring a return loss (S11) of less than 10 dB. The results demonstrate that the proposed antenna achieves a bandwidth of 450 MHz (2.18–2.63 GHz) and 810 MHz (7.10–7.91 GHz). This bandwidth coverage allows for the inclusion of the 2.4 GHz range required for WiMAX as well as the 7.5 GHz range suitable for short-range radar and wireless data transmission applications. The antenna is simulated using HFSS v13 software, providing an accurate and reliable analysis of its performance. The compact size of the antenna makes it suitable for integration into various wireless devices and systems, offering versatility and adaptability. Overall, the presented compact monopole dual-band antenna demonstrates its efficacy in achieving dual-band operation, covering essential frequency ranges for WiMAX, short-range radar, and wireless data transmission applications. Its compact design and wide bandwidth make it a valuable candidate for modern wireless communication systems.

Optical Fiber Sensors: Working Principle, Applications, and Limitations

Fiber‐optic technology emerged originally for applications in data transmission and telecommunications. However, sensors based on fiber‐optics have been developed rapidly because of their excellent sensing performances and capability to function in remote and harsh environments. The usage of fiber‐optic sensors has flourished in many fields over the past 30 years due to the fiber‐optic's inherent advantages: cost‐effectiveness, miniaturized size, light weight, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. This work reviews the fiber‐optic sensors based on Bragg gratings, long period gratings, interferometers, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence, and light diffusion. Brief theory of sensing principle, fabrication method, applications, advantages and disadvantages of the different fiber‐optic sensors, are addressed. Recent progress in numerous sensing fields, including environmental, industrial, and biomedical are discussed for each class of fiber‐optic sensors. The review highlights the methods and techniques used to overcome the sensing challenges. Finally, prospect of future developments of fiber‐optic sensors is summarized.

Ultra-Low-Loss Hollow-Core Bragg Antiresonant Fiber With Super Bandwidth Transmission Window

A novel hollow-core antiresonant fiber with a Bragg structure is proposed. It is numerically simulated using a commercial finite element method, and optical properties of the fiber, such as mode field, confinement loss, and bend loss, are numerically analyzed. The proposed hollow-core antiresonant fiber has advantageous optical properties, such as ultralow confinement loss, large bandwidth, and low bend loss. The structural advantage of the hollow-core Bragg antiresonant fiber also facilitates the fabrication of long-distance hollow-core antiresonant fibers. Additionally, this fiber offers potential applications in long-distance communications, data transmission, and laser power delivery.

Zero-Trust-Based Protection Scheme for Users in Internet of Vehicles

At present, the Internet of Vehicles technology is developing rapidly, but in the process of networking it may be attacked by hackers. In view of the tampering attack on the user’s device and identity, we establish a multifactor authentication scheme to achieve dual identity authentication through device fingerprint authentication and PKI authentication. In response to the attack by hackers in the application of data transmission, we use the SM series of state secret algorithms for data encryption and take advantage of the immutable and decentralized characteristics of blockchain to ensure the security and integrity of data collection and transmission. Through the zero-trust security network architecture, the security level of the system in the process of data transmission is effectively improved, the identity-centered dynamic access control is carried out, the user’s behavior is monitored in real time, and the malicious nodes are screened and eliminated, which improves the stability and security of the Internet of Vehicles data transmission system. By adopting the identity authentication pass rate, fingerprint authentication pass rate, API authentication pass rate, and SPA packet transmission acceptance rate as the factor set, the evaluation level of the vehicles is calculated. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional boundary-centered security protection, our scheme can protect a wider range of application security, even if there are security problems, the loss is less. Through the training simulation of the convolutional neural network, the classification accuracy of the trust level is improved.

Hardware obfuscation of AES IP core using combinational hardware Trojan circuit for secure data transmission in IoT applications

SummaryIn semiconductor industry, reusability‐based System‐on‐Chip architecture using hardware intellectual property (IP) cores play a prominent role in Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) applications for secure data transmission. The advent of IoT makes it possible for physical things to transmit, process, compute, and receive data over internet. But, it also introduces in‐device communication security vulnerabilities. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) IP has been used to address security vulnerabilities in IoT. It is an efficient and high‐performance crypto algorithm used in IoT devices for secure and fast data encryption. However, due to rise of many attacks, the security of AES IP is also under threat. Hardware obfuscation is one such prominent countermeasure that mitigates hardware attacks such as tampering, reverse engineering, and malicious alteration. This article presents secure AES IP mechanism using the potential technique of obfuscation inspired by the concept of combinational hardware Trojan. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is resilient against reverse‐engineering, malicious alteration, Boolean satisfiability attack, and key‐sensitizing attacks. The confusion and diffusion features of obfuscated AES IP are higher in terms of Hamming distance, avalanche effect, and balance rate. The proposed technique is implemented in Basys‐3 FPGAs within 5% of power and area overhead while maintaining high throughput.