Application Of Construction Materials Research Articles

Investigation of the properties and weathering behaviour of arecanut sheath fibre reinforced epoxy composites

ABSTRACT Engineered materials having unique elements such as reinforcing phases and matrix materials, such as composites, provide improved stiffness, strength, lightweight characteristics, and corrosion resistance. The utilisation of natural fibre composites, which are derived from sustainable resources such as areca nut sheath, is on the rise because of their affordability, favourable strength-to-weight ratio, and lightweight characteristics. These composites offer a more environmentally friendly option to traditional synthetic fibre composites while also reducing the negative effects of production processes on the environment. The development of these composites has been greatly aided by areca nut sheath fibre epoxy composites, which have applications in construction materials, biodegradable packaging, and other areas. In this research, areca nut sheath reinforced epoxy composites were tested for their mechanical and thermal characteristics along with their durability (weathering). It was observed that areca nut sheath fibre reinforcement improved both the tensile, flexural and impact properties of the composites due to their effective reinforcement, fibre–matrix interaction and load bearing capability. However, this study demonstrates that composites containing 20% areca nut sheath fibres have the best tensile and flexural strengths. Weathering studies revealed that the durability slightly decreased upon exposure to moisture and vermicompost due to moisture intake by the fibres.

Comparison of calcium carbonate production by bacterial isolates from recycled aggregates.

The new technology of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been applied in construction materials as a strategy to enhance their properties. In pursuit of solutions that are more localized and tailored to the study's target, this work focused on isolating and selecting bacteria capable of producing CaCO3 for posterior application in concrete aggregates. First, eleven bacterial isolates were obtained from aggregates and identified as genera Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Exiguobacterium, and Micrococcus. Then, the strains were compared based on the quantity and nature of calcium carbonate they produced using thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Bacillus sp. dominated the cultured isolates and, along with Lysinibacillus sp., exhibited the highest CaCO3 conversion (up to 80%). On the other hand, Exiguobacterium and Micrococcus genera showed the poor ability to MICP (21.3 and 20.3%, respectively). Calcite and vaterite were the dominant carbonate polymorphs, with varying proportions. Concrete aggregates have proven to be a source of microorganisms capable of producing stable calcium carbonates with a high conversion rate. This indicates the feasibility of using microorganisms derived from local sources for application in construction materials as a sustainable way to enhance their characteristics.

Post-Consumer Carpet Fibers in Concrete: Fiber Behavior in Alkaline Environments and Concrete Durability.

The widespread use of carpets in residential and commercial buildings and their relatively short life span result in large volumes of carpet being landfilled. A potential solution to this problem is the use of post-consumer carpet fibers in concrete. To this end, this paper systematically identifies the common fiber types in a typical post-consumer carpet fiber bale and evaluates their durability under exposure to varying levels of alkalinity. The tensile strengths and toughness of the fibers belonging to the nylon and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) families (the dominant fibers in most post-consumer carpets) are reduced by up to 50% following exposure to extreme alkalinity, the reasons for which are determined using spectroscopic and microscopic evaluations. The chloride ion transport resistance of concretes (~40 MPa strength) containing 2.5% carpet fibers by volume (~25 kg of fibers per cubic meter of concrete) is comparable to that of the control mixture, while mortar mixtures containing the same volume fraction of carpet fibers demonstrate negligible enhancement in expansion and loss of strength when exposed to 1 N NaOH. This study shows that moderate-strength concretes (~40 MPa) for conventional building and infrastructure applications can be proportioned using the chosen volume of carpet fibers without an appreciable loss of performance. Consideration of low volume fractions of carpet fibers in low-to-moderate-strength concretes thus provides a sustainable avenue for the use of these otherwise landfilled materials in construction applications.

Additive construction using enhanced earthen-based composites: Improvement of the mechanical strength and water durability using chitosan and agave fibers

3D printing has emerged as a revolutionary technology with potential applications in the construction industry. However, the prevalent use of ordinary cement in most 3D printing formulations results in significant greenhouse gas emissions during 3D printing construction. In contrast, earthen-based composites are an eco-friendly alternative for building materials. However, as a construction material, earth presents poor mechanical strength and low durability against water erosion. This study aims to obtain earthen-based composites with suitable mechanical and durability properties to investigate their extrudability and buildability in tests. It also explores the effects of incorporating short sisal fibers (l/d ratio = 138.7) and chitosan (DD = 91%, Mw = 598 kDa) to improve strength and water durability in earthen-based composites for 3D printing purposes. Chitosan is a natural macromolecule derived from a waste product from the food industry, whereas sisal fibers are obtained from the Agave sisalana plant. The change in compressive strength was analyzed through uniaxial compression. Water durability was evaluated by measuring the water contact angle, total and capillary water absorption, and accelerated erosion tests. The results indicate that the use of 3.0% (w/v) aqueous solution of chitosan and 1.0% (w/w) of sisal fibers have an important effect on the hardening and water durability properties of earthen-based composites. This study suggests that these materials could serve as natural additives to enhance the mechanical properties and water durability of new eco-friendly construction materials for 3D printing. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that appropriate formulations with natural and eco-friendly additives can lead to stabilized earthen-based composites with suitable printing, mechanical and durability properties for 3D printing applications in construction materials.

Modulating Smart Mechanoluminescent Phosphors for Multistimuli Responsive Optical Wood.

Mechanoluminescence is a smart light-emitting phenomenon in which applied mechanical energy is directly converted into photon emissions. In particular, mechanoluminescent materials have shown considerable potential for applications in the fields of energy and sensing. This study thoroughly investigates the mechanoluminescence and long afterglow properties of singly doped and codoped Sr2 MgSi2 O7 (SMSO) with varying concentrations of Eu2+ and Dy3+ ions. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of its multimode luminescence properties, including photoluminescence, mechanoluminescence, long afterglow, and X-ray-induced luminescence, is conducted. In addition, the density of states mapping is acquired through first-principles calculations, confirming that the enhanced mechanoluminescence properties of SMSO primarily stem from the deep trap introduced by Dy3+ . In contrast to traditional mixing with Polydimethylsiloxane, in this study, the powders are incorporated into optically transparent wood to produce a multiresponse with mechanoluminescence, long afterglow, and X-ray-excited luminescence. This structure is achieved by pretreating natural wood, eliminating lignin, and subsequently modifying the wood to overall modification using various smart phosphors and epoxy resin composites. After natural drying, a multifunctional composite wood structure with diverse luminescence properties is obtained. Owing to its environmental friendliness, sustainability, self-power, and cost-effectiveness, this smart mechanoluminescence wood is anticipated to find extensive applications in construction materials and energy-efficient displays.

Identification and Environmental Assessments for Different Scenarios of Repurposed Decommissioned Wind Turbine Blades

The rapidly growing wind industry poses a fundamental problem for wind turbine blade (WTB) disposal in many areas of the world. WTBs are primarily manufactured from composites consisting of a thermoset matrix and reinforcing fibers. Currently, there are no economically viable recycling technologies available for such large-scale composite products. Thus, other treatment strategies for disposed WTBs have to be considered. This study explores the repurpose of WTBs as a promising alternative approach from a processual and technological point of view. For this purpose, the study is guided by the categorization into four different types of repurposed applications: high-loaded complete structure (T1), low-loaded complete structure (T2), high-loaded segmented structure (T3), and low-loaded segmented structure (T4). A three-dimensional CAD model of an Enercon-40/500 (E40) wind turbine blade is derived in a reverse engineering procedure to obtain knowledge about the actual geometry of the WTB. Based on the design, three ecosystems of product scenarios (S) with different manufacturing technologies involved are investigated: a climbing tower (S1), a playground (S2) and the combination of a photovoltaic (PV)-floating pontoon, and a lounger (S3). A screening life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted to evaluate the three repurposed scenarios according to environmental aspects. It is shown that the repurpose of E40 WTB composite material can reduce the environmental impact and leads to significant resource savings in relation to a reference product of similar quality. A particularly high saving potential is identified for the substitution of emission-intensive materials in construction applications. Furthermore, it is found that transport processes are the primary contributor to the environmental impact of repurposed applications.

Perspective on the Development of Energy Storage Technology Using Phase Change Materials in the Construction Industry: A Review

The construction industry is responsible for high energetic consumption, especially associated with buildings’ heating and cooling needs. This issue has attracted the attention of the scientific community, governments and authorities from all over the world, especially in the European Union, motivated by recent international conflicts which forced the countries to rethink their energy policies. Over the years, energy consumption has been based on non-renewable energy sources such as natural gas, oil and coal. Nowadays, it is urgent to implement solutions that aim to minimize these high energetic consumptions and act based on clean and renewable energy sources. In recent years, phase change materials (PCM) have become an area of high interest and development, since they allow to minimize the energy consumption in buildings, based in solar energy, due to their thermal storage capacity. The main objective of this work consists of a perspective of the evolution of the development and application of thermal storage technology through the incorporation of PCM in the construction sector, focusing on the last 10 years of research, showing the most recent developments of its application in construction materials, such as mortars, concrete, incorporation in porous aggregates, naturally based materials, carbon-based materials, boards, blocks and solar thermal systems.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Thermally Conductive Enhanced Paraffin/Gypsum Composites

The low thermal conductivity of gypsum-based composites containing phase change materials (PCMs) has limited their application in construction materials. In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties and microstructures of paraffin (PA)/gypsum composites containing iron powder, copper powder, and expanded graphite were characterized by a universal testing machine, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The PA/gypsum composites had optimal mechanical properties when the PA content was 20 wt.%. The compressive and flexural strengths were 9.46 MPa and 3.57 MPa, respectively. When the copper powder content increased, the densities and porosities of the PA/gypsum composites containing the copper powder did not largely change. The average density and porosity of the composites were 1.17 g/cm3 and 46%, respectively. The compressive and flexural strengths of the PA/gypsum composite containing 8 wt.% copper powder were optimal. A phase change temperature of 48.8 °C was obtained when 8 wt.% copper powder was added to the PA/gypsum composite. The thermal conductivities of the PA/gypsum composites were lower than those of PA/gypsum composites with 8 wt.% iron powder, 8 wt.% copper powder, or 8 wt.% expanded graphite. Parts of coarse calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals were present at the interfaces between the gypsum and PA, which indicated that the growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals was affected by the copper powder.

Intense blue-emitting Yb/Tm-CaSiO3 wollastonite upconversion phosphors

Wollastonite is a naturally occurring mineral with a chemical formula of CaSiO3. Owing to outstanding mechanical, chemical, and thermal stabilities, wollastonites have become one of the most versatile industry minerals for applications in construction materials, cement, plastics, paints and coatings, friction, automobile brakes, ceramic and metallurgical applications to name a few. Despite technological importance, research on functional properties such as photon upconversion in wollastonites is still lacking. In this report, an initiative has been taken to demonstrate ultra-violet, blue, and near-infrared photon upconversion in CaSiO3 wollastonite via Yb and Tm doping. The wollastonite ceramics are synthesized via microwave hydrothermal technique followed up by heat-treatment in air. β-wollastonite (2M) phase in the synthesized samples has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and a successful doping of Yb3+ and Tm3+ ions in the CaSiO3 lattice has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The most intense phonon band has been observed at 872 cm−1. Upon 980 nm excitation, ultraviolet, intense blue, and near-infrared upconversion emissions as well as downshifting infrared emissions are observed from Tm3+ ions as a result of sensitization by Yb3+. The temporal evolution of the emitting states is studied to understand the emission mechanism. An absolute upconversion quantum yield of the 20Yb/0.5Tm–CaSiO3 sample in the 400–850 nm range is 0.79%.

Effect of Synergistic Modification of Building Materials Based on α-Hemihydrate Phosphogypsum by Portland Cement/H-PDMS on Water Resistance.

Alpha-hemihydrate phosphogypsum (α-HPG) is a cementitious material obtained by dehydration of phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct of phosphoric acid production. Poor water resistance of α-HPG has usually restricted its application in construction materials. In this study, hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (H-PDMS) and Portland cement (PC) were used for the hydrophobic modification of α-HPG. The fluidity, setting times, compressive strength, flexural strength, ratio of compressive to flexural strength, water absorption rate, softening coefficient, pore structure, chemical information, and microstructure of the samples were measured to evaluate the modification effect of H-PDMS and PC. The results showed that H-PDMS and PC significantly improved waterproof properties of α-HPG and reduced its porosity, total pore area, and pore diameter. Specifically, PC provided the reactive group -OH that reacted with H-PDMS. Also, due to the coverage of hydrophobic -CH3 groups, PG was given an overall hydrophobicity with a contact angle of 134° (1.5% H-PDMS). H-HPG (H-PDMS- and PC-modified α-HPG) hydrophobic material can be used in building materials with waterproof requirements and achieve the comprehensive utilization of solid waste PG.

Highlighting Bacteria with Calcifying Abilities Suitable to Improve Mortar Properties.

Biomineralization, the use of microorganisms to produce calcium carbonate, became a green solution for application in construction materials to improve their strength and durability. The calcifying abilities of several bacteria were investigated by culturing on a medium with urea and calcium ions. The characterization of the precipitates from bacterial cultures was performed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The formation of carbonate crystals was demonstrated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Water absorption and compressive strength measurements were applied to mortars embedded with sporal suspension. The efficiency of the supplementation of mortar mixtures with bacterial cells was evaluated by properties, namely the compressive strength and the water absorption, which are in a relationship of direct dependence, the increase in compressive strength implying the decrease in water absorption. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis was the best-performing bacterium, its introduction into the mortar producing an increase in compressive strength by 11.81% and 9.50%, and a decrease in water absorption by 11.79% and 10.94%, after 28 and 56 days of curing, respectively, as compared to standards. The exploitation of B. subtilis as a calcifying agent can be an interesting prospect in construction materials.

Strength, Chloride Ion Penetration, and Nanoscale Characteristics of Concrete Prepared with Nano-Silica Slurry Pre-Coated Recycled Aggregate

It has become a feasible green building development strategy to prepare recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) by processing construction and demolition (C&D) wastes into a recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). On the other hand, defects such as low strength and easy cracking of RAC seriously limit its application in construction materials. In this paper, RCA was strengthened by pre-coated nano-silica (NS) slurry to improve RAC performance. The effect of nano-modified recycled coarse aggregate (MRCA) on concrete compressive strength and chloride ion penetration after replacing ordinary RCA or natural coarse aggregate (NCA) was studied. The SEM, MIP and nano-indentation techniques were used to evaluate the effect of MRCA in concrete. The results show that the replacement of NCA with RCA or MRCA reduces the mechanical property and chloride ion penetration of concrete. Under the same conditions, the mechanical property and chloride ion penetration of nano-modified recycled aggregate concrete (MRAC) are better than those of RAC. Compared with RAC, the width of interface transition zone (ITZ) and indentation modulus of MRAC increased by 23.1% and 89.4%. This is mainly attributed to the filling effect of NS slurry, which reduces the number of pores and microfractures on the surface of RCA, and the pozzolanic effect of NS consumes part of calcium hydroxide to produce more calcium silicate hydrate gel, which improves the ITZ of RAC. In addition, the use of NS slurry pre-coating modified RCA has good economic and environmental benefits.

Superhydrophobic SiO2/Trimethylchlorosilane Coating for Self-Cleaning Application of Construction Materials

This study has demonstrated, for the first time, the potential application of coatings to protect bricks or architectures against detrimental atmospheric effects via a self-cleaning approach. In this research, a facile fabrication method was developed to produce amorphous SiO2 particles and their hierarchical structures via applying trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). They were fully characterized by various surface analytic tools, including a goniometer, SEM, AFM, zeta sizer, and a spectroscopic technique (FTIR), and then applied as super hydrophobic coatings on glass and sand. The characterization results revealed that the SiO2 particles are amorphous, quasi-spherical particles with an average diameter of 250–300 nm, and the hierarchical structures in the film were assembled from building blocks of SiO2 and TMCS. The wettability of the films can be controlled by changing the pH of the SiO2/TCMS dispersion. A super hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of 165° ± 1° was achieved at the isoelectric point of the films. The obtained translucent super hydrophobic SiO2/TMCS coatings show good self-cleaning performances for glass and sand as construction materials. This study indicated that the superhydrophobic coatings may have potential applications in the protection of buildings and construction architectures in the future.

Microstructural analysis to understand the strength of teak wood using experimental methods

Teak wood is a widely used material for construction applications. However, microstructural and micromechanical behavior is still unknown. This study aims to determine the micromechanical properties of teak wood using an experimental study. For strength prediction, tensile, bending, and compressive testing has been performed on micro samples of teak wood at different loading rates, i.e., 1 mm/min, 0.5 mm/min, and 0.25 mm/min. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) technique has been adopted for microstructural analysis, and nanoindentation proceeded for local properties. This study shows that the mean value of ultimate tensile, bending, and compressive strength of teak wood is 71.15 MPa, 59.72 MPa, and 39.36 MPa, respectively, at a 1 mm/min loading rate. The tensile and compressive strength decreases with decreasing loading rate, showing direct dependence on loading rate. In contrast, the bending strength does not relate to the loading rate. Therefore, we cannot directly compare the loading rate and bending strength results. Using the SEM technique, the fracture patterns of samples have been studied. Nanoindentation of specimens shows that the cell wall plays a more crucial role in forming good mechanical properties than the material present inside the cell wall.

Compressive Strength Estimation of Geopolymer Composites through Novel Computational Approaches.

The application of artificial intelligence approaches like machine learning (ML) to forecast material properties is an effective strategy to reduce multiple trials during experimentation. This study performed ML modeling on 481 mixes of geopolymer concrete with nine input variables, including curing time, curing temperature, specimen age, alkali/fly ash ratio, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio, NaOH molarity, aggregate volume, superplasticizer, and water, with CS as the output variable. Four types of ML models were employed to anticipate the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete, and their performance was compared to find out the most accurate ML model. Two individual ML techniques, support vector machine and multi-layer perceptron neural network, and two ensembled ML methods, AdaBoost regressor and random forest, were employed to achieve the study’s aims. The performance of all models was confirmed using statistical analysis, k-fold evaluation, and correlation coefficient (R2). Moreover, the divergence of the estimated outcomes from those of the experimental results was noted to check the accuracy of the models. It was discovered that ensembled ML models estimated the compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete with higher precision than individual ML models, with random forest having the highest accuracy. Using these computational strategies will accelerate the application of construction materials by decreasing the experimental efforts.

Characterization of Fly Ash Cenosphere – Capric acid composite as phase change material for thermal energy storage in buildings

ABSTRACT Energy demand in buildings has been steadily increasing in the recent past. The majority of energy is used to heat and cool the building envelope to maintain a conducive thermal environment for habitation. Integration of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in buildings has improved the structure’s energy efficiency by absorbing and discharging energy as latent heat. In this work, Cenosphere–Capric Acid (CeCA) composite PCM was developed by the technique of impregnating capric acid (CA) into the hollow core of the cenosphere (Ce) under vacuum followed by sealing it with SiO2. The morphology of the prepared CeCA composite was investigated by FESEM. Mineralogical characterization by XRD suggested that the mineral structure of the CeCA composite has remained unaltered. Phase change temperature and latent heat of CeCA composite were evaluated as 27.60°C and 69.07 J/g for melting and 23.16°C and 71.30 J/g for freezing, respectively. Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) of CeCA indicated the enhanced thermal stability of the composite. CeCA composite indicated good chemical compatibility between Ce, CA, and SiO2; hence, the composite is chemically stable, as revealed by FTIR analysis. Accelerated thermal cycling of CeCA composite indicates a relatively modest change in phase change temperature of 0.6°C for melting and 0.1°C for solidification. Further characterization by TGA and FTIR, suggested that the CeCA composite is reliable for the long term. It implies that the CeCA composite has significant potential as a PCM for thermal energy storage application in construction materials and structures.

Red Mud from the Aluminium Industry: Production, Characteristics, and Alternative Applications in Construction Materials—A Review

About 120 million tons of red mud is produced worldwide each year. Due to its high basicity and potential leaching, its storage is a critical environmental problem. This material is typically stored in dams, which demands prior care of the disposal area and includes monitoring and maintenance throughout its useful life. Consequently, it is crucial to figure out an industrial solution able to consumes large volumes of this material. At this moment, there are several studies, the majority in metallurgical procedures, building materials, and in the chemical industry, discussing how to reuse red mud. This paper provides a review of the aluminium process, including metal importance, its global production, and the environmental impact due to its manufacture process. It presents a review of the potential application of red mud showing its overall generation, some relevant characterisation results collected from the literature, and its utilisation in diverse areas of engineering. The study aimed to highlight applications where red mud characteristics may be favourable.

Acid resistance of metakaolin-based, bamboo fiber geopolymer composites

This study focuses on calcined kaolin, commercial sodium silicate, and Amazonian bamboo to make geopolymer. The durability of geopolymer matrix (GP) and bamboo fiber geopolymer composite (GPBF) materials was analyzed by studying the resistance to the exposure to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids at concentrations from 0 to 15 wt%, testing two different geometry of samples. The microstructure of the raw and composite materials was investigated by X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Geopolymer formation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction with a characteristic amorphous hump at 28° two theta and a few crystalline peaks of quartz. Visual appearance, mass change, and compressive strength behavior of all GP and GPBF samples immersed in 0, 5, 15 wt% of H2SO4 and HCl for 7, 28, and 112 days were investigated. GP and GPBF did not change in appearance, and no mass loss was observed in 0% acid (100% water) solution pH 12, an alkali solution due to partial dissolution of NaOH from the GP matrix, denoting durability in water. GP mass loss increased with varying sulfuric acid concentrations from 5, 10, and 15 wt%, resulting in values of 2.7%, 3.5%, and 4.4%, respectively. In general, the GP and GPBF specimens experienced higher compressive strength degradation when exposed to H2SO4 than to HCl. GP and GPBF can safely be applied as construction materials in applications exposed up to 15 wt% sulfuric or hydrochloric acid environments, including in sewage systems.

Review on carbon capture and storage for construction engineering.

Global warming and climatic changes due to pollution have triggered the global efforts to reduce the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide capture and storage method is considered as a strategy or plan of action for meeting carbon dioxide emission reduction targets. This paper aims at providing an intensive review of various carbon capture and storage techniques, transportation of carbon dioxide & the utilization of this captured carbon dioxide in the construction industry. It also provides a huge perception of the manufacturing process of various construction materials using carbon dioxide. This review may present a clear understanding of the carbon upcycling technologies & everything we do is geared towards a goal of creating a circular economy & awaken new ideas to promote its practical application in construction materials.
 Keywords-Carbon abatement technology, Carbon capture, Carbon storage, Carbon transportation, Safety and tracking.

Foundation Piles-A New Feature for Concrete 3D Printers.

Foundation piles that are made by concrete 3D printers constitute a new alternative way of founding buildings constructed using incremental technology. We are currently observing very rapid development of incremental technology for the construction industry. The systems that are used for 3D printing with the application of construction materials make it possible to form permanent formwork for strip foundations, construct load-bearing walls and partition walls, and prefabricate elements, such as stairs, lintels, and ceilings. 3D printing systems do not offer soil reinforcement by making piles. The paper presents the possibility of making concrete foundation piles in laboratory conditions using a concrete 3D printer. The paper shows the tools and procedure for pile pumping. An experiment for measuring pile bearing capacity is described and an example of a pile deployment model under a foundation is described. The results of the tests and analytical calculations have shown that the displacement piles demonstrate less settlement when compared to the analysed shallow foundation. The authors indicate that it is possible to replace the shallow foundation with a series of piles combined with a printed wall without locally widening it. This type of foundation can be used for the foundation of low-rise buildings, such as detached houses. Estimated calculations have shown that the possibility of making foundation piles by a 3D printer will reduce the cost of making foundations by shortening the time of execution of works and reducing the consumption of construction materials.