Applicable International Standards Research Articles

Optimized gap positions for improved leakage impedance in dry-type transformer design

The power and distribution transformers must be properly designed to operate in a variety of conditions and manufactured following all applicable international standards to provide a reliable energy supply to consumers. The transformer can fail if it is improperly designed, and it cannot withstand the short-circuit condition if the short-circuit current is not calculated properly. Short-circuit current can be easily calculated by evaluating the leakage impedance. Customers can also demand the transformer companies to increase or decrease the leakage impedance. This paper evaluates the effect of the gap's position in the four different sections of the high voltage winding on the leakage impedance of the two-winding transformer and proposes effective design options for minimizing the leakage impedance. The accuracy of the finite element models was also investigated using an experimental laboratory transformer model specially designed for optimizing the leakage impedance. The experimental and finite element methods results show that the leakage impedance can be changed to the desired value and limits and easily assessed by the finite element analysis technique. The results indicate that even with the same use of the winding and core material, there was a considerable difference in the leakage impedance for each of the conditions.

Bio Water Based Liquid Penetrants and Magnetics: a safer and cost-efficient solution for today

The objective of this paper is to present a study on the contribution of the superficial methods (Liquid Penetrants and Magnetic Testing (MT) liquids) in the NDT industry to the European Union and International targets of achieving climate neutrality. Bio water based liquid penetrants and MT liquids are available since some years in the NDT industry and are already widely used by medium and large companies worldwide, but their use has been limited in the past due to: higher costs, lower sustainability awareness, practical application process. (Please see previous contributions here: https://www.ndt.it/uk/documents.asp for technical papers presented on water-based liquid penetrants and MT liquids). Recently, the combination of higher oil and solvents prices internationally and an increased environmental consciousness by most Companies worldwide have turned the situation, so nowadays more and more Companies use safer Bio water-based products in their everyday work to achieve better operator and environment safety and lower overall costs. This paper will present effectively the advantages for the operator, the environment, and the Companies’ global costs of using Bio water based liquid penetrants and MT liquids in their NDT quality control process, through: a) A review of the updated applicable International Standards; b) An analysis of the safety and costs advantages of using Bio water based liquid penetrants and MT liquids compared to VOCs-containing alternatives; c) Real Companies case studies in the NDT industry; d) Examples of indications using Bio water based penetrants and MT liquids on metal pieces and on artificial defects as described in the International Standards.

Effectiveness of Implementing the Automatic Exchange of Information Policy in Efforts to Increase Tax Revenue

The Automatic Information Exchange policy implemented in Indonesia since 2018 has found obstacles in the utilization and processing of AEoI data. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness and factors that influence the effectiveness of AEoI policy implementation. This research uses a post-positivism approach and descriptive research type. Data collection was carried out using in-depth interviews and literature studies. The informants in this research were the Directorate General of Taxes and Tax Academics—the effectiveness of AEoI policy implementation using Richard Steers' theory. The results of the study found that the performance of the AEoI policy was quite adequate based on system perspective indicators and the emphasis on human behavior, which can be seen from the increase in the number of participants every year, the implementation of the AEoI policy according to applicable international standards, the cooperation and coordination carried out by the DJP so far has been established even though Problems found in indicators of optimization/achievement of objectives include human resource constraints, potential tax disputes, quality of data exchange, time constraints, and financial population constraints. Factors that influence the effectiveness of AEoI policy implementation include organizational characteristics, environmental characteristics, and management policies and practices. This shows that these factors influence the effectiveness of AEoI policy implementation on tax revenue efforts. However, some workers need to improve the effectiveness of implementing AEoI.

Penilaian Kualitas Gas SF6 Pada GISTET 500/150 kV

The number of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) in operation is increasing in Indonesia. GIS failure requires expensive costs andextensive blackouts. Asset reliability management such as SF6 is needed to ensure GIS performance. Several studies have tested thequality of SF6 gas to assess the feasibility and operation of the GIS. However, a complete GIS feasibility study based on SF6 gas qualityparameters has not found. In this study, a condition assessment of the GISTET Kembangan 500/150 kV was carried out based on applicableinternational standards. There is an interesting phenomenon in the form of dew point anomaly and moisture content in severalcompartments, indicating that the gas is moist. The results of this study indicate the operational feasibility of the GISTET Kembangan500/150 kV , the effect of high humidity on GIS operations, and maintenance recommendations.

Advisory opinion of the AWMF Ad hoc Commission In-vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices regarding in-vitro diagnostic medical devices manufactured and used only within health institutions established in the Union according to Regulation (EU) 2017/746 (IVDR).

In view of the approaching application date of Regulation (EU) 2017/746 („IVDR“) and the resulting EU-wide, harmonized requirements for in-vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVD) manufactured and used within European health institutions, the Ad hoc Commission IVD of the German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF) takes a national position on the details of the requirements and conditions related to the use of these IVD products.The Ad hoc Commission IVD emphasizes the relevance of examination procedures developed in medical laboratories, especially in the field of orphan diseases and new diagnostic markers. The IVDR sets an adequate regulatory framework for IVD manufactured and used within health institutions as long as these requirements are fulfilled with reliability and in accordance with the current state of the art in medical laboratory sciences. At the same time, the IVDR requirements have to be regarded under a pragmatic view and in accordance with the quality management systems approved within the different EU Member States. On the one hand, the mandatory requirements of the RiLiBÄK play an essential role in Germany. On the other hand, elements of voluntarily applicable international standards may support the fulfilment of product requirements for safety and performance according to Annex I of the IVDR. Both the complexity and possible solutions for the implementation of the IVDR requirements are discussed on the basis of examples such as the required documentation, performance evaluation and software validation.The Ad hoc Commission IVD recommends that, while aiming at a preferably EU-wide harmonized interpretation of the IVDR requirements, the flexibility in medical laboratory diagnostics necessary for patient care, including the use of IVD from in-house production, should be emphasized.

Legal Measures Undertaken by Public Authorities in Poland for Prevention and Combating COVID-19

The state is a special purpose organization and the directions of its activities are determined by public tasks. One of them is to ensure an efficient health care system, also effective in emergency situations such as those caused by an infectious disease pandemic COVID-19. In particular, legal instruments are used to create it, selected by the rulers within the limits set by law, including the applicable international standards, at the discretion of local governing authorities. The whole system is completed with organizational, medical and finally financial solutions. However, it is due to the fact that public authorities move around in the public space, due to the legality of their operation, that the legal instruments used are of significant importance for the assessment of the effectiveness of the performance of tasks related to combating infectious diseases, and thus ensuring health safety.

Rasio Kecukupan Pemenuhan Modal Minimum (KPPM) terhadap Eksposur Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Resiko (ATMR) Bank Syariah

The banking world is inseparable from the aspect of capital. In running a business, capital is needed. Capital is a driving factor of various sectors of activity. In order for banks to develop healthily and be able to compete in international banking, bank capital must always follow the applicable international standards, which are determined by Banking For Internasional Sattlement (BIS) i.e. (CAR) by 8%. The purpose of this study is to review or analyze the Minimum Capital Adequacy Ratio (KPPM) to the Risk Weighted Assets (ATMR) of BNI Syari'ah 2018. To find out the bank can meet its capital well or not with the risk constraints that may arise from the assets owned. The results showed that the BNI Syariah Capital Adequacy Ratio Percentage was 19.24% from the comparison of Capital and Reserves with Risk Weighted Assets (ATMR). In need of an increase in the Minimum Capital Adequacy Ratio (KPPM) in BNI Syariah banks so that the bank can fulfill all obligations or minimize losses from the risks that occur.

Bases of audit of receivables in the organizations of the telecommunication sector

The methodology for the audit of receivables in telecommunications sector organizations needs to be constantly developed and improved. The significance of checking receivables in organizations of the telecommunication sector has been considered in the article. The main tasks, which are set during the audit of receivables, have been examined. The content of audit procedure in accordance with applicable International Standards on Auditing has been described. The main risk areas during the audit of this article of the accounting (financial) statements have been revealed.

A Study on Shielding Effects for Electromagnetic Waves of the Sheet Heating Elements

Exposure of human bodies to the electromagnetic waves emitted in various ways in our daily lives has become a growing concern. The extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves generated from ordinary products and electric power facilities are closely related to our daily lives. Nevertheless, there has been no clear solution suggested to shield the ELF electromagnetic waves from electronic products used by the general public. This study investigated the electromagneticwave shielding effects when exposed to ELF-emitting heating products. We (i) installed an actual surface heater on the floor of the classroom, (ii) measured the electromagnetic wave exposure at different settings (shielding/non-shielding/isolation distance), (iii) compared the measured results with the applicable international standards, and (iv) suggested a solution to shield electromagnetic waves and underscored the importance of isolation distance.

Disability discrimination in the South African workplace: the case of infertility

ABSTRACTInfertile employees who utilise surrogacy or adoption to expand their family need time off from work to meet their statutory parental obligations. However, South African law does not provide leave for these unique circumstances at present. The disparity in available leave to conventional and unconventional parents demonstrates differential treatment, and possibly unfair discrimination. Since infertility is not a specified ground in South African discrimination laws, an employee would have to argue discrimination on an unspecified ground which imposes a heavier burden of proof. To provide better protection to employees, it would be desirable to consider infertility as a disability – which is a specified ground. In considering relevant national laws and applicable international standards, this study aims to establish whether infertility could be regarded as a disability for purposes of the South African labour law and if so, whether it could be argued that the disparity in the provision of leave amounts to indirect disability discrimination. Should the risk of discrimination arise, it would require that a measure of reasonable accommodation be afforded to infertile employees by providing leave in surrogacy and adoption circumstances. A failure to do so could lead to a finding that unfair indirect disability discrimination occurred.

Simulation of durability the evaluation of relief-dot braille images

The paper presents a model of factors that influence on the quality of relief-dot Braille inscriptions in their intensive use by blind people. It was constructed matrix of depending and distancing by using a directed graph. It allowed establish a hierarchy between studied criteria’s of impact the on durability of relief prints. It was developed a basic structure of digital system of assessment the conformity of Braille symbols to applicable international standards and definition of operational stability.

Challenges To The Implementation Of Institutional Reform In The Lithuanian General Education System

Abstract The educational system of Lithuania has undergone transformation conditioned by the radical change of the political situation in the region after the restoration of independence on March 11, 1990. The new educational system was gradually developed, changing and denying the former Soviet educational framework. The main goal of the new educational system is to provide education compatible with the newly applicable international standards and create an effective network of schools. The article aims to present an overview of the reform of the institutional system of general education of Lithuania that began in 1988 and was to be completed in September 2015; however, the completion of the reform was recently postponed until September 2017. The article also reviews key challenges to the reform implementation and discusses the compatibility of the reform with societal expectations and standards of international educational law.

Internal rules of the extraordinary chambers in the courts of Cambodia (ECCC): Setting an example of the rule of law by breaking the law?

This paper encapsulates an in-depth examination of the legality of the authority invoked by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) to create a set of rules of procedure and evidence known as the Internal Rules (IRs). In the void of public information pertaining to the ECCC’s rationale for creating the IRs, this paper, in part, seeks to reconstruct the relevant judicial arguments and, to the greater extent, focuses on answering the question of which of the arguments put forward during the adoption process of the IRs should have been but were not entertained and accepted by the judicial panel to ensure the legality of the actions associated with the creation of the IRs. To this end, the paper extracts a statutory test which is used as the litmus test of the provisions of the IRs analyzed throughout the narrative. The application of this test, in the end, results in the separation of the provisions of the IRs ab initio identified as suspect into those for the adoption of which authority exists at the international level and those which the ECCC has invented ultra vires the law on the establishment of the ECCC and applicable international standards. Key words: Extraordinary chambers in the courts of Cambodia (ECCC), hybrid tribunals, ultra vires actions, internal rules (IRs), rules of procedure and evidence (RPE), international criminal law.

Modernisation of the CDTN IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor instrumentation and control

In the IPR-R1 TRIGA control room, analogue system based on relay-based logic was used, and mechanical strip chart recorders are used to measure, monitor and record the operational parameters. The same variables of the original control system are measured, although the reactor power was upgraded to 250 kW. For this new power the fuel heat transfer becomes important and new parameters should be used as safety operational limits. A state-of-the-art control system using microprocessor technology is proposed to replace the present analogical systems. The new system eliminates most manual data logging, provides automatic or manual reactor operation modes, provides complete real-time operator display, replays historical operating data on monitor or printer, eliminates spare parts replacement problems and meets all applicable international standards. This paper describes the research project in process in CDTN (Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear) that has as objective the modernisation of the IPR-R1 instrumentation and control.

The Role of Transparency in Financial Regulation

Transparency is a prerequisite for good governance and sound financial regulation. The article expounds the different foundations and functions of transparency. The first dimension refers to institutional aspects, i.e. procedures and decision-making. By providing legal certainty, transparency serves as an anchor for financial regulation. It is the basis for establishing trust, which is the key element of any financial system. In its second dimension, transparency is understood as the substantive backbone of financial regulation. It lays open the values and goals of financial policy and regulation. The third dimension is accountability of actors as an essential element for rebuilding confidence in the financial system. Finally, the concept of transparency as suggested here cannot be isolated from international developments. The article proposes that turning to the principles applied under the General Agreement on Trade in Services for defining a set of applicable international standards for financial services may be an avenue to be pursued and explored in the future.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY LEGISLATION FOR THE OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS SECTOR IN KAZAKHSTAN: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Kazakhstan has shown an increase in its offshore oil and gas (O&G) prospection and operation activities in the Caspian Sea since 1998, so far with a limited number of operators, but which is about to increase significantly. This is of concern, considering that the environmental and industrial safety regulatory framework is still inadequate for the prevention of pollution from a large number of operators in a very sensitive aquatic ecosystem. This paper reports on the results of a study undertaken for the European Commission Tacis programme aimed at enhancing the environmental and industrial safety regulatory framework in order to align it with EU and international best practice. Based on a comprehensive analysis of applicable international standards and regulations, as well as those of Kazakhstan, ten issues are identified which require urgent attention. These issues are discussed and recommendations made on how to address them in order to improve the regulatory system.

Demonstrating Data and Test Result Validity for Diagnostic Aquatic Animal Health Laboratories

AbstractThe information in this article is aimed towards the managers in laboratories that conduct testing in support of aquatic animal disease diagnosis or the determination of health status. This includes laboratories that do regulatory work—directly or indirectly—those who do testing for trade, and those who will be required to respond swiftly and effectively in the case of a national animal health emergency. The ability to demonstrate validity is essential for national security, protection of public and animal health, minimization of liability, and support of business and trade. Veterinarians, wildlife specialists, and aquatic animal health specialists may also find it valuable, as many points are directly pertinent to the establishment of a quality program in a clinical or individual practice laboratory. Data and test result validity are critical to timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment, effective disease and health management, reliable surveillance, and quick, appropriate responses in the event of an animal health emergency. There are currently four general areas of importance regarding the demonstration of data and test result validity: The conduct of testing; the use of valid, approved test methods; proficiency testing; and the use of reference materials. Demonstration of validity is achieved via the implementation and use of appropriate and documented technical, operational, and managerial policies, systems, procedures, and specifications that are scientifically sound, that meet the requirements of relevant third‐party consensus standards, and that can be verified by recognized, third‐party accreditation. The basis for the requirements of laboratory accreditation and accreditation body recognition programs in the United States and internationally that address these areas of analytical endeavor is discussed. Recent legislation and activities in establishing a unified national system of accreditation that meets applicable international standards may assist in creating national laboratory systems capable of effectively addressing data and test result validity and credibility in critical diagnostic areas.

Evaluación de bibliotecas: su necesidad e importancia.

The concept of library evaluation and the context in which it becomes topical are exposed, as well as some basic definitions, the main areas and activities to be evaluated, criteria and factors for selecting indicators, the steps in evaluation process, and the applicable international standards. Some proposals to drive library evaluation are submitted.

NIST transmission density instrument

The Optical Technology Division of NIST has developed a new instrument for measuring ISO standard visual diffuse transmission densities using the diffuse influx mode. This instrument is used to calibrate both X-ray and photographic film step tablet Standard Reference Materials. The design, characterization, and operation of the instrument are detailed. The instrument was fully characterized both to verify compliance with the applicable international standards and to determine the combined uncertainty in transmission density associated with the calibrations. Results from comparisons with other laboratories are also presented.