Application Of General Principles Research Articles

A biomimetic fruit fly robot for studying the neuromechanics of legged locomotion

For decades, the field of biologically inspired robotics has leveraged insights from animal locomotion to improve the walking ability of legged robots. Recently, 'biomimetic' robots have been developed to model how specific animals walk. By prioritizing biological accuracy to the target organism rather than the application of general principles from biology, these robots can be used to develop detailed biological hypotheses for animal experiments, ultimately improving our understanding of the biological control of legs while improving technical solutions. In this work, we report the development and validation of the robot Drosophibot II, a meso-scale robotic model of an adult fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster. This robot is novel for its close attention to the kinematics and dynamics ofDrosophila, an increasingly important model of legged locomotion. Each leg's proportions and degrees of freedom have been modeled afterDrosophila3D pose estimation data. We developed a program to automatically solve the inverse kinematics necessary for walking and solve the inverse dynamics necessary for mechatronic design. By applying this solver to a fly-scale body structure, we demonstrate that the robot's dynamics fit those modeled for the fly. We validate the robot's ability to walk forward and backward via open-loop straight line walking with biologically inspired foot trajectories. This robot will be used to test biologically inspired walking controllers informed by the morphology and dynamics of the insect nervous system, which will increase our understanding of how the nervous system controls legged locomotion.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS IN ADMINISTRATION

Numerous general principles are used in administrative enforcement proceedings, which mainly take a directival form. In the study, research has been focused on the description and analysis relating to general rules of law, principles of administrative law and principles of administrative procedure used in enforcement proceedings. However, special attention was paid to the general principles having their source in the Law of June 17, 1966, on Administrative Enforcement Proceedings.The aim of this research is an attempt to synthesize these principles and show their role in involuntary proceeding. When starting the research, a research hypothesis was put forward, which assumes that the application of general principles in enforcement proceedings in administration guarantees their correct course, and the principles themselves are a set of norms shaped mainly by legal provisions. The analyses carried out allowed to confirm the thesis and to identify a number of de lege ferenda conclusions, indicating the need to revise some rules. First of all, attention was drawn to the lack of terminological consistency regarding the general principles of enforcement proceedings. Further attention was paid to the need for legislative changes regarding the formation of the principle of conducting enforcement in a manner least burdensome for the obliged, which in the author’s opinion is too general. Another conclusion is the demand for a revision of the provisions of Articles 8 to 10 of the Law on Administrative Enforcement Proceedings. These provisions, which are a manifestation of the principle of respect for the minimum subsistence, are outdated and do not reflect the current situation, especially of farmers.

Does a deep learning inventory predict knowledge transfer? Linking student perceptions to transfer outcomes.

Students are often encouraged to learn 'deeply' by abstracting generalizable principles from course content rather than memorizing details. So widespread is this perspective that Likert-style inventories are now routinely administered to students to quantify how much a given course or curriculum evokes deep learning. The predictive validity of these inventories, however, has been criticized based on sparse empirical support and ambiguity in what specific outcome measures indicate whether deep learning has occurred. Here we further tested the predictive validity of a prevalent deep learning inventory, the Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire, by selectively analyzing outcome measures that reflect a major goal of medical education-i.e., knowledge transfer. Students from two undergraduate health sciences courses completed the deep learning inventory before their course's final exam. Shortly after, a random subset of students rated how much each final exam item aligned with three task demands associated with transfer: (1) application of general principles, (2) integration of multiple ideas or examples, and (3) contextual novelty. Wethen used these ratings from studentsto examine performance on a subset of exam items that were collectively perceived to demand transfer. Despite good reliability, the resulting transfer outcomes were not substantively predicted by the deep learning inventory. These findings challenge the validity of this tooland others like it.

Services of General Interest (EU) as Indicators of Public Functions in the Sense of Public Administrative Law

The article concerns the EU concept of 'Services of General Interest' (SGIs) which, due to their characteristics, are given special status in EU law. It connects these characteristics with public services that are carried out by private entities under service contracts, as well as the question of applicability of general principles of public administrative law to the relations between the providers and users of such services. The objective is to examine whether the definitions and examples of SGIs can help identify public functions in the sense of Icelandic administrative law. It examines whether they provide guidelines as to how services, carried out by private entities under service contracts with public authorities, may be singled out and so help identify public functions in the sense of Icelandic administrative law.

PRINCIPLES DEPARTMENTAL RULEMAKING

This scientific article reveals the system of principles of departmental rule-making. An analysis of scientific approaches to understanding the essence of lawmaking, which is a form of power and volitional activity of the state. Attention is focused on the fact that law-making is one of the stages lawformation. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature, the conclusion that rule-making and law-making are correlated as a part and a whole is substantiated. It is noted that rulemaking is a particular imperious state activity aimed at the implementation of the regulation of legal relations, providing proper conditions for realization of rights and freedoms. It is alleged that departmental rule-making is an integral part of rule-making. Based on the analysis of professional publications on the problems of understanding departmental rule-making, it is proposed to understand the latter as the activities of authorized government officials who, within their competence, create, change, supplement, repeal legal regulations aimed at regulating social relations. Emphasis is placed on the need to comply with the principles of law in the process of departmental rule-making. On the basis of the analysis of normative and scientific sources the general principles of departmental rule-making – legality, democracy, publicity, professionalism, scientificity, responsibility are allocated. Their analysis allowed us to conclude that the application of general principles in the process of departmental rule-making allows authorized entities to create the necessary, effective regulations. The necessity of allocating special principles of departmental rule-making is argued. Along with the special principles of departmental rule-making proposed by scientists, the latter are also proposed to include planning, forecasting, practical orientation. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in order to create proper legal regulation of public policy requires comprehensive compliance with both general and special principles in the implementation of departmental rule-making.

Applicability of General Principles of Insurance to Aviation Insurance: An Overview

Applicability of General Principles of Insurance to Aviation Insurance: An Overview

The future of contract law: Three conversations at the Cape

This contribution considers the future of the English law of contract in the form of three conversations that are alert to the disruptive impact of technologies on both the content of legal rules and the way that lawyers think – and indeed on the kind of conversations that lawyers have with one another. The first conversation is concerned with ‘coherence’ in contract law, with the application of general principles to novel fact situations and to new phenomena, with the smoothing of tensions within the law, and with the internal integrity of legal doctrine. The second conversation focuses on a tension between, on the one hand, what may be called a traditional private law ‘coherentist’ concern for doctrinal integrity and the primacy of principle over policy and, on the other hand, a more ‘regulatory’ approach to contracts, especially to consumer contracts, in which policy and instrumental rationality prevail. The third conversation focuses on the use of emerging transactional technologies (such as blockchain-supported smart contracts and AI) that have the potential to displace the rules and principles of contract law. Instead of legal code governing transactions, might we find that technological coding does all the work, making, performing and enforcing ‘contracts’? Each conversation suggests a different future for contract law. The first conversation suggests that contract law will have difficulty in living up to the private law ideal of coherence; the second suggests that coherentism will struggle to survive as it is challenged by an increasingly regulatory approach to the governance of transactions; and the third suggests that, in a world of smart transactional technologies, there is a serious question mark about the relevance of contract law as a body of rules that governs transactions.

Towards General Principles 2.0: The Application of General Principles of EU Law in the Digital Society

Digital technologies have undoubtedly changed the outline of the organization of the modern society and indicated an emergence of the new era of its governance. Such manifestations of digitalization as social media, platform economy, big data, AI, fintech, blockchain and internet of things have become an integral and sometimes even unnoticeable part of our life having brought up, on the one hand, new solutions to the long-running problems (for example, an increased possibility of dismantling arbitrariness in decision-making processes originally carried out by humans) and, on the other hand, new unresolved challenges that pose questions to the suitability of the current legal framework regulating the digital society that is characterized by high level of flexibility and unpredictability of the results that is, however, underpinned by partially identifiable initial risks. The peculiarities of hi-tech solutions require refashioning existing modes of regulation that in its turn has a drastic impact on the edifice of EU law, including one of its cornerstones, namely the doctrine of general principles. The general principles of EU law have always been notable for their capacity of being swiftly responsive to the transformations occurring in the society and being better equipped for addressing the alterations inevitably affecting the constitutional foundations of the EU. However, the multiple changes brought by the rise of the digital society may not only affect the application of the doctrine of general principles but also its very nature. Are the general principles flexible enough to adapt to this technological shift. Can one contend that the general principle of EU law are resilient? In this wrap-up Chapter inspired by the many contributions of this book, we will first assess the effects of the technological disruption on the doctrine of general principles (section 2). We will then study the resilience of the classical doctrine of general principles in the digital society (section 3). It is underlined that the doctrine of general principles faces important changes and that new types of general principles must be taken into consideration, the ‘general principles of EU law 2.0’ or ‘General Principles by Design’ (section 4). These changes also affect the architecture of the single market, with general principles needing to be harnessed not only to continue the establishment of a single market, but also to shape a new space, the infosphere, within which that market can operate. Can principles function as the iRule of Law that regulates that space? (section 5). We conclude on a cautiously optimistic note – general principles are able to play a role in European integration in the digital age, but it will be necessary to ensure that they become part of an architecture of ‘general principle’s by design’ which will allow us to remain in control of the technological developments and the new digital spaces which are being created.

The Application of General Principles of Law in a Competition Law Setting: A Glance at Contemporary Turkish Practice

The Application of General Principles of Law in a Competition Law Setting: A Glance at Contemporary Turkish Practice

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Stoichiography in Studying Solid-Phase Processes of Fabrication of Functional Materials

The application of general principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and stoichiography allows obtaining novel information on the solid-phase transformations of multielement and heterophase substances and materials. Without solid-phase standards, the use of stoichiography makes it possible to detect, identify, and quantify known and unknown crystalline and amorphous phases of constant or variable composition. For the first time, reliable results are presented concerning the evolution of solid products in the course of preparation of the Mo–V–Te–Nb–O catalyst of propane ammoxidation.

Implementation of the independence principle in the implementation of certain types of legal activities

This article is devoted to the modern problems of the implementation of the independence principle in the process of practical legal activity. Modern domestic science almost does not contain systematic and thorough researches of this problem. Scientific research is limited to specific branches of law or types of legal profession. Independence is one of the most important and significant legal principles that are embodied both in the process of creation and in the process of implementing legal norms. The analysis of the main provisions of legal acts devoted to the regulation of various types of legal activity shows the following. The independence principle has been formalized at the level of law. However, different legal acts have different interpretations and the scope of the concept. Consequently, there is a difference in understanding and application of this principle by practitioners of legal professions. This negatively affects the level of their effectiveness, increases the external influence and the possibility of pressure. The main problems in the process of implementing general legal principles are the following: the lack of legislative consolidation of certain principles of law, divergences in the definition of one and the same principle of law, in particular, the independence principle, in various normative legal acts, the contradictory nature of scientific positions regarding the concept and content of this principle of law , insufficient level of legal culture, skills and abilities, with which the legal practitioner can make logical conclusions regarding the separation and application of general principles of law, especially in the case of a gap in the right. Consequently, it is considered necessary to achieve scientific consensus on the concept and content of the principles of law. The achievement of such a consensus should take place on the basis of the involvement of a wide range of representatives of science and the practical legal profession

Unified approach to constructing the neural network models of real objects. Part 1

This article is a two‐part composition. It describes the basics of the methodology developed by the authors to construct approximate neural network solutions of ordinary and partial differential equations. The methodology is illustrated with the sample tasks, ie, for compound domains (with a different type of equations in the subdomains) in the first part, for a variable boundary (caused by phase transition), for a selected boundary, with some heterogeneous information, which includes differential equations, initial and boundary conditions, and experimental and other data in the second part. We show that these different tasks are solved uniformly with the application of general principles.

The Shareholderss Duty Not to Abuse Rights

The Shareholderss Duty Not to Abuse Rights

State Responsibility for the Destruction of Cultural Property

International cultural property law has significantly developed at the level of standard-setting and to some extent at the level of ‘secondary rules’ concerning the individual criminal responsibility for the damage and destruction of cultural objects (in particular when it is intentional). But a gap remains as to State responsibility, an issue carefully shunned in treaties concerning the conservation of cultural property (especially during peacetime). This article addresses the question of how this lacuna can be filled by the application of general principles governing State responsibility for internationally wrongful acts. The analysis highlights that in this field there is a constant interplay between the conduct of States and private actors, with the consequent need to devise some form of shared responsibility for cultural offences, especially when they affect properties of outstanding value. Although no peremptory norm has yet emerged in this field, practice has shown the tendency to make a distinction between ordinary and serious breaches entailing international crimes. This affects the question of who may invoke the responsibility for destruction of cultural objects of great importance to humanity, and raises the question of the applicability of the ‘responsibility to protect’ doctrine to prevent and suppress crimes against cultural property. Keywords: Cultural Property, Destruction, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes, State Responsibility, Shared Responsibility, Responsibility to Protect

A case of successful systemic thrombolysis in massive thromboembolia of pulmonary artery against the background of pregnancy

We present a clinical case of successful systemic thrombolysis in a pregnant patient with massive pulmonary embolism. A 29-year old patient at 28 weeks of pregnancy was hospitalized 2 hours after sudden suffocation in a presyncopal state and hypotension of 90/50 mm Hg. ECG showed the signs of overload of right heart chambers in the form of a typical S1-Q3-T3 (McGinn–White) syndrome, as well as the Kosuge sign. Echocardiography verified pulmonary 3 Grade hypertension (81 mm Hg), enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle, 3 Grade tricuspid regurgitation and paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum. Multislice computed tomography of the chest with contrast of the pulmonary artery revealed a defect of contrast in the right main pulmonary artery, occlusive clearance, and thrombotic mass, extending to the bifurcation of the left main pulmonary artery ("clot - rider"). Thrombolytic therapy was started with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase 10 mg bolus, then 90 mg for 2 hours). The patient was daily examined by a gynecologist. The viability of the fetus, monitoring of possible hemorrhagic complications of the placenta were evaluated. After thrombolysis, the patient began to note clinical improvement in the form of a regression of dyspnea. According to echocardioscopy control, the signs of overload of right heart chambers completely regressed. There were no complications both in the mother and in the fetus during the subsequent days until discharge. On 25.05.16 there was uncomplicated delivery vaginally of live full-term girl. Thus, when there is life-threatening massive pulmonary embolism, the application of General principles of diagnosis and treatment of this disease in patients with pregnancy is warranted. The carrying out of thrombolytic therapy in massive pulmonary embolism enables to reduce the manifestations of pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular failure, and to conduct births on time. Used intravenous thrombolytics have no teratogenic effect in the later stages of pregnancy.Received 18 April 2017. Accepted 5 June 2017.Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Zakres obowiązywania zasad ogólnych postępowania administracyjnego

The issue of applicability of general principles included in Articles 6–16 of the Code of Administrative Procedure is a controversial and a disputable one. Applicability of general principles in jurisdictional procedure, in other procedures regulated by the Code of Administrative Procedure and in the procedures regulated by provisions other than those included in the Code of Administrative Procedure, will be analysed. The doctrine presents different opinions concerning the force of applicability of general principles in those procedures. One thing is certain: general principles of the Code of Administrative Procedure are legal norms which have been singled out in jurisdictional administrative procedure where they fully apply. The range of applicability of general principles of the Code of Administrative Procedure is not limited only to jurisdictional administrative procedure; some principles apply fully to summary procedures due to their nature and specificity. Additionally, general principles of the Code of Administrative Procedure should be also applied to procedures not regulated by codes, which are regulated by other acts concerning administrative procedure.

The Future of International Investment Regulation: Towards a World Investment Organisation?

With growth in foreign investment and in the number of companies investing in foreign countries, the application of general principles of public international law has not been deemed adequate to regulate foreign investment and there is, as yet, no comprehensive international treaty on the regulation of foreign investment. Consequently, states have resorted to bilateral investment treaties (BITs), regional trade and international investment agreements (IIAs) and free trade agreements to supplement and complement the regime of protection for foreign investors. In the absence of an international investment court, states hosting foreign investment or investor states have opted for investor-state dispute settlement mechanism (ISDS). This mechanism has brought about its own challenges to the international law of foreign investment due to inconsistency in the application and interpretation of the key principles of international investment law by such arbitration tribunals, and further, there is no appellate mechanism to bring about some cohesion and consistency in jurisprudence. Therefore, there are various proposals mooted by scholars to address these challenges and they range from tweaks to BITs and IIAs, the creation of an appellate mechanism and the negotiation of a multilateral treaty to proposals for reform of ISDS only. After assessing the merits and demerits of such proposals, this study goes further, arguing for the creation of a World Investment Organisation with a standing mechanism for settlement of investment disputes in order to ensure legal certainty, predictability and the promotion of the flow of foreign investment in a sustainable and responsible manner.

Territorial Conflict and Territorial Rights: The Crimean Question Reconsidered

AbstractThis article focuses on contemporary theories of territorial rights in political and legal philosophy and explores their implications for the case of Crimea, focusing on three main accounts of territorial rights: Liberal nationalist, Lockean, and Kantian. The article advances the legal-political account of the “people” and its territorial rights as a promising approach to theorizing the corporate agents that have potentially valid territorial rights and claims. While normative theory does not yield a single unequivocal judgment that identifies one claimant as the solely justified territorial right-holder in Crimea, the application of general principles of territorial rights theory can help identify the pertinent considerations for the case, which clarify the normative implications of each potential resolution. While no party has an absolutely just territorial claim to Crimea, this article offers a qualified defense of the existence of a distinct “Crimean people,” defined by the distinct political history of Crimea and its long-standing legacy of autonomous legal-political institutions, which may constitute a shared political project for the culturally diverse population.

The new rules of procedure on the review procedure and the application of general principles in EU civil service law and litigation: Strack

The new rules of procedure on the review procedure and the application of general principles in EU civil service law and litigation: <i>Strack</i>

La arquitectura del swing: sutilezas y perturbaciones de la forma urbana

Swing is made of delicate musical movements on a constant rhythmic support, light and vibrant. The rigid pattern of tempo is diluted under the subtle variations which write the musical argument. Similarly, there is also an architecture which plays swing and likes to do it far away from the noise of the soloist, sheltered by the urban form. We discover this architecture in its aim to extend its gaze beyond the constructed limits, a way to build the city that still relies on the inductive reasoning rather than on the application of general principles. An urbanism that allows deformation and shocks, a perfectly irregular city.&#x0D; &#x0D; We discover this swing in the five degrees of rotation of the Stockholm Library by E. G. Asplund - error or subtlety? It manifests itself in the subtle inflections of repetitive and sober K. Fisker housing blocks - standard or intent? It appears strongly at the Particolareggiato per l’area di corso del Popolo by M. Ridolfi and W. Frankl in Terni - delirium or formalism? We can find it in the ripples of the Bonjour Tristesse ghost.&#x0D; &#x0D; “ ... To tear , to chip, to split, to cut ... “ wrote Richard Serra in his 1967 Verb list concerning the manipulation of urban form. Are these subtle deformations of urban architecture a strong argument in the definition of our cities? Once the swing discovered that silence was also music. Is not this silent architecture both a reflection and a model of the urban form?