Appetite Hormones Research Articles

Postprandial plasma aminoacidemia and indices of appetite regulation following pea-rice blend, pea isolate and whey protein ingestion in healthy young adults.

Plant-derived proteins are often deficient in essential amino acids and have lower rates of digestibility than animal-derived proteins. Blending different plant-derived proteins could compensate for these deficiencies and may augment postprandial aminoacidemia over single-source plant proteins. This study assessed plasma amino acids and appetite hormones, appetite sensations and ad libitum energy intake following ingestion of a pea-rice protein blend (BLEND), compared with pea-only (PEA) and whey (WHEY) protein. In a randomised, double-blind, crossover design, ten healthy adults (M n 4, F n 6; mean (sd) age 22 (sd 3) years; BMI 24 (sd 3) kg·m2) ingested 0·3 g·kg·body mass-1 of BLEND, PEA or WHEY. Arterialised venous blood samples and appetite ratings were obtained in the fasted state and over 240 min postprandially. Energy intake was measured via an ad libitum buffet-style test meal. Mean plasma essential amino acid incremental AUC was higher in WHEY, compared with PEA (P < 0·01; mean diff (95 % CI): 44218 (15806, 72631) μmol·240 min·l-1) and BLEND (P < 0·01; 14358 (16031, 101121) μmol·240 min·l-1), with no differences between PEA and BLEND (P = 0·67). Plasma ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1, appetite ratings and ad libitum energy intake responses did not differ between treatments (P > 0·05 for all). Ingestion of a pea-rice protein blend did not augment postprandial aminoacidemia above pea protein, perhaps attributable to marginal differences in essential amino acid composition. No between-treatment differences in appetite or energy intake responses were apparent, suggesting that the influence of protein ingestion on perceived appetite ratings and orexigenic hormonal responses may not be solely determined by postprandial plasma aminoacidemia.

Effects of different intensity resistance training on fat level, energy intake, and appetite among overweight and obese female college students

This study examines how different intensity resistance exercises impact fat, energy intake, and appetite regulation in overweight and obese female college students in Jiangsu Province, China. This study used a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design that investigates resistance training intensity-target result causation. The study determines the impact of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Moderate-Intensity Resistance Training (MIRT) on body composition, fat level/body composition, and muscle mass them. In Jiangsu Province, China, 515 overweight and obese female college students aged 18–25 were sampled. Intervention groups were assigned randomly to campus recruits based on demographic and anthropometric. This study demonstrated significant correlations between resistance training intensity, body composition, diet, and appetite regulation in overweight and obese colleagues. MIRT and HIIT outperformed Control in weight loss and diet and used valid measures like DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry), blood tests and food diaries to regulate appetite hormones. Increased protein and muscle mass minimize resistance exercise intensity-metabolic consequences. The study analyzes these impacts to show how exercise intensity, food, and metabolic health are interconnected. These findings help build evidence-based obesity prevention and treatment strategies for this demographic. Healthcare providers, legislators, and university stakeholders use this study to tackle college student obesity. The results suggest that campus wellness initiatives should focus on resistance exercise and diet to combat obesity. This research promotes exercise science and health behavior change theory for cross-cultural lifestyle interventions.

Nicotine addiction and the influence of life adversity and acute stress on PYY: Prediction of early smoking relapse.

Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with earlier initiation and maintenance of tobacco smoking and with a greater risk of subsequent relapse. There is growing evidence that appetite hormones, including peptide YY (PYY), which modulates craving and satiety responses, play a role in stress and addiction processes. This study employed a quasi-experimental design to examine the association between ELA and circulating PYY stress responses in smokers and nonsmokers (N = 152, ages 19-73 years) to examine the effects of nicotine addiction. Smokers initiated a quit attempt as part of the study and were classified as either abstinent smokers or relapsed smokers based on their nicotine use during the follow-up period. PYY levels were measured at five timepoints during three lab sessions and compared between nonsmokers and the two smoking groups (abstainers, relapsers): while smokers were using nicotine adlibitum, 24 h after smokers initiated a quit attempt, and 4 weeks after smokers initiated a quit attempt. Multivariate analyses showed the main effects of time on PYY, which decreased over time within each session. The main effects of ELA during the first (ad libitum smoking) and second (24-h post-cessation for smokers) sessions indicated that experiencing ELA was associated with lower PYY. No systematic effect of nicotine addiction or relapse was observed in this study. These findings suggest that adults with higher ELA may experience lower PYY. Additional research is needed to further explore the role of PYY in stress and addiction processes.

Effects of time-restricted eating and low-carbohydrate diet on psychosocial health and appetite in individuals with metabolic syndrome: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Background & aimsTime-restricted eating (TRE) and low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) can improve multiple cardiometabolic parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), but their effects on psychosocial health and satiety are unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of TRE, LCD, and their combination (TRE+LCD) on quality of life (QoL), sleep, mood, appetite, and metabolic hormones in patients with MetS. MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of a single-center, 3-month, open-label, randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of TRE, LCD, and TRE+LCD on weight and cardiometabolic parameters in individuals with MetS. This secondary analysis examined QoL, sleep, mood, and appetite using the Rand 36-Item Short Form (SF-36); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; and Eating Behavior Rating Scale, respectively, as well as measured levels of metabolic hormones including leptin, amylin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and peptide YY. Between-group comparisons were conducted via one-way ANOVAs and post hoc LSD tests for normally distributed variables or Kruskal‒Wallis H tests and the Nemenyi test for abnormally distributed variables. P < 0.017 was considered significant in multiple comparisons following Bonferroni adjustment. ResultsA total of 162 participants (mean [SD] age, 41.2 [9.9] years; mean [SD] body mass index, 29.3 [3.4] kg/m2; 102 [63%] men) who started the intervention were analyzed. After 3 months, only the TRE group decreased GLP-1 levels (-0.9 [95% CI, -1.9 to -0.3] pg/mL; P = 0.002), increased PP levels (8.9 [95% CI, -7.6 to 71.8] pg/mL; P = 0.011), physical functioning in the SF-36 (5.2 [95% CI, 1.9 to 8.5]; P = 0.001), social functioning in the SF-36 (9.1 [95% CI, 2.5 to 15.6]; P = 0.005), role-physical in the SF-36 (24.1 [95% CI, 11.8 to 36.4]; P < 0.001), role-emotional in the SF-36 (22.4 [95% CI, 12.6 to 32.2]; P < 0.001), and sleep efficiency in the PSQI (0.29 [95% CI, 0.03 to 0.55]; P = 0.021). Compared with changes in LCD, TRE further increased general health in the SF-36 (9.7 [95% CI, 3.3 to 16.0]; P = 0.006). Relative to the changes of TRE+LCD, TRE significantly increased role-emotional in the SF-36 (19.9 [95% CI 4.9 to 34.8]; P = 0.006). Changes in sleep quality, mood status, appetite, and metabolic hormones did not differ among three groups. Greater weight loss was associated with decreased leptin levels (r = 0.538), decreased amylin levels (r = 0.294), reduced total appetite scores (r = 0.220), and improved general health (r = -0.253) (all P ≤ 0.01). ConclusionsTRE, LCD, and TRE+LCD all could improve psychosocial health and reduce appetite. Notably, TRE yielded greater benefits in QoL compared with LCD or TRE+LCD in individuals with MetS. Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04475822.

Long-term Metabolic Dysfunction Programming in Female Mice by Serial Moderate Restriction of a High-fat High-sucrose Diet.

While intermittent fasting leads to weight loss and improved glucose metabolism, food insecurity, the insufficient access to food for a healthy life, is associated with obesity and adverse cardiometabolic health, especially in women. We aimed to characterize the effects of intermittently restricted feeding on energy balance and glucose tolerance in female mice. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet and intermittently food restricted to 60% of control littermates' ad libitum intake, starting at weaning and until week 19. Restricted mice were subsequently allowed ad libitum access to the same diet. Body composition and energy balance were measured at weeks 18.5, 19, 30, and 40. At week 42, mice underwent an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and plasma appetitive hormones measurements after nutrient gavage. During the food restriction phase, restricted mice accrued lower weight and fat mass than controls despite periodic ad libitum food access. Reintroduction of continuous ad libitum food caused increased food intake during the light phase and increased body mass in restricted mice. Minor differences in body composition-adjusted energy expenditure between groups were observed at week 40. At week 42, glucose tolerance was impaired in restricted mice compared to controls, and trends toward lower levels of postprandial anorexigenic hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and pancreatic polypeptide were observed. Our findings suggest that repeated intermittent food restriction leads to changes in eating behavior that predispose to glucose intolerance when food is freely available. Future studies are needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these changes.

Appetite hormones, neuropsychological function and methylphenidate use in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Appetite hormones may play a significant role in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity and may also affect brain function development. This study aimed to explore the role of appetite hormones in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including aspects of pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy, and side effects. We recruited 119 patients with ADHD who were undergoing methylphenidate treatment (ADHD+MPH), 77 unmedicated ADHD patients (ADHD-MPH), and 87 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected from all participants to examine serum levels of orexin A, ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin. Behavioral symptoms were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale, and visual and auditory attention were evaluated using computerized neuropsychological tests. The side effects of methylphenidate treatment were measured using Barkley's Side Effects Rating Scale. Orexin levels in the control group were significantly higher than in the ADHD-MPH (p=0.037) and ADHD+MPH (p<0.001) groups; additionally, orexin levels in the ADHD-MPH group were significantly higher than in the ADHD+MPH group (p=0.032). Leptin levels in both the ADHD+MPH (p=0.011) and ADHD-MPH (p=0.011) groups were significantly lower than in the control group. Ghrelin levels were positively associated with auditory attention across all ADHD groups (p=0.015). Furthermore, ghrelin levels were positively correlated with methylphenidate dosage (p=0.024), and negatively correlated with methylphenidate side effects (p=0.044) in the ADHD+MPH group. These findings provide further insight into the relationships between appetite hormones, pharmacotherapy, and ADHD. Orexin A and leptin are associated with the etiology of ADHD, while orexin A and ghrelin play important roles in attention deficits and methylphenidate usage in ADHD.

A study on the effects of metacinnabar (β-HgS) on weight and appetite recovery in stressed mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDepression is a prevalent stress disorder, yet the underlying physiological mechanisms linking stress to appetite and weight loss remain elusive. While most antidepressants are associated with excessive weight and appetite gain, sertraline (SER) exhibits a lower risk of these side effects. Metacinnabar (β-HgS), the primary component of Tibetan medicine Zuotai, has been shown to enhance mice's resilience against external stress without causing excessive increases in weight or appetite. However, the precise physiological pathway through which β-HgS restores appetite and weight in stressed mice remains unclear. Aim of the studyThe objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of β-HgS in ameliorating weight loss and appetite suppression induced by pressure stimulation in mice, as well as elucidate its potential mechanisms of action. MethodsThe present study employed chronic restraint stress (CRS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) as experimental models to simulate environmental stress encountered in daily life. Subsequently, a series of experiments were conducted, including behavior tests, HE staining of rectal and hippocampal pathological sections, detection of depression-related biological indicators, analysis of intestinal flora diversity, as well as metabolomics analysis of hippocampal and intestinal contents. ResultDysregulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism may represent the principal pathway underlying reduced appetite, body weight, neurotransmitter and appetite hormone levels, heightened inflammatory response, hippocampal and rectal tissue damage, as well as altered composition of intestinal microbiota in stressed mice. Following intervention with SER and β-HgS in stressed mice, the deleterious effects induced by stress can be ameliorated, in which the medium-dose β-HgS exhibited superior performance. ConclusionThe aforementioned research findings suggest that the stress-induced decrease in appetite and body weight in mice may be associated with dysregulation in glycerophospholipid metabolism connecting the gut-brain axis. β-HgS exhibits potential in ameliorating depressive-like symptoms in mice subjected to stress, while concurrently restoring their body weight and appetite without inducing excessive augmentation. Its therapeutic effect may also be attributed to its ability to modulate glycerophospholipid metabolism status and exert influence on the gut-brain axis.

Gut-derived appetite hormones do not explain energy intake differences in humans following low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets.

The objective of this study was to explore how dietary macronutrient composition influences postprandial appetite hormone responses and subsequent energy intake. A total of 20 adults (mean [SEM], age 30 [1] years, BMI 27.8 [1.3] kg/m2, n = 8 with normal weight, n = 6 with overweight, n = 6 with obesity) consumed a low-fat (LF) diet (10% fat, 75% carbohydrate) and a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet (10% carbohydrate, 75% fat) for 2 weeks each in an inpatient randomized crossover design. At the end of each diet, participants consumed isocaloric macronutrient-representative breakfast test meals, and 6-h postprandial responses were measured. Ad libitum energy intake was measured for the rest of the day. The LC meal resulted in greater mean postprandial plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1; LC: 6.44 [0.78] pg/mL, LF: 2.46 [0.26] pg/mL; p < 0.0001), total glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; LC: 578 [60] pg/mL, LF: 319 [37] pg/mL; p = 0.0004), and peptide YY (PYY; LC: 65.6 [5.6] pg/mL, LF: 50.7 [3.8] pg/mL; p = 0.02), whereas total ghrelin (LC: 184 [25] pg/mL, LF: 261 [47] pg/mL; p = 0.0009), active ghrelin (LC: 91 [9] pg/mL, LF: 232 [28] pg/mL; p < 0.0001), and leptin (LC: 26.9 [6.5] ng/mL, LF: 35.2 [7.5] ng/mL; p = 0.01) were lower compared with LF. Participants ate more during LC at lunch (244 [85] kcal; p = 0.01) and dinner (193 [86] kcal; p = 0.04), increasing total subsequent energy intake for the day compared with LF (551 [103] kcal; p < 0.0001). In the short term, endogenousgut-derived appetite hormones do not necessarily determine ad libitum energy intake.

Diet shapes the metabolite profile in the intact human ileum, which affects PYY release.

The human ileum contains a high density of enteroendocrine L-cells, which release the appetite-suppressing hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in response to food intake. Recent evidence highlighted the potential role of food structures in PYY release, but the link between food structures, ileal metabolites, and appetite hormone release remains unclear owing to limited access to intact human ileum. In a randomized crossover trial (ISRCTN11327221; isrctn.com), we investigated the role of human ileum in GLP-1 and PYY release by giving healthy volunteers diets differing in fiber and food structure: high-fiber (intact or disrupted food structures) or low-fiber disrupted food structures. We used nasoenteric tubes to sample chyme from the intact distal ileum lumina of humans in the fasted state and every 60 min for 480 min postprandially. We demonstrate the highly dynamic, wide-ranging molecular environment of the ileum over time, with a substantial decrease in ileum bacterial numbers and bacterial metabolites after food intake. We also show that high-fiber diets, independent of food structure, increased PYY release compared with a low-fiber diet during 0 to 240 min postprandially. High-fiber diets also increased ileal stachyose, and a disrupted high-fiber diet increased certain ileal amino acids. Treatment of human ileal organoids with ileal fluids or an amino acid and stachyose mixture stimulated PYY expression in a similar profile to blood PYY concentrations, confirming the role of ileal metabolites in PYY release. Our study demonstrates the diet-induced changes over time in the metabolite environment of intact human ileum, which play a role in PYY release.

Role of gastrointestinal appetite hormones in the success of body mass loss during interventions based on exercise combined with restricted energy intake diets with different fat and carbohydrate content

Restriction of energy intake is an effective strategy for achieving body mass loss(1). However, it leads to gastrointestinal appetite hormonal changes, which are expected to enhance hunger, reduce satiety, and possibly impair the ability to comply with prescribed intervention(2). Exercise interventions, on the other hand, did not modify gastrointestinal appetite hormones(3) and there is some evidence that postprandial appetite hormone responses after a low carbohydrate-high fat meal (LCHF) are more favorable than after high carbohydrate-low fat meal (HCLF) meal (4). This study investigated how energy-restricted diets based on LCHF and HCLF meals and combined with exercise affect body weight, and gastrointestinal appetite hormones and explored the relationship between body mass changes and changes in gastrointestinal appetite hormones.Twenty-seven overweight and obese females (age: 35 ± 9.35 years, BMI: 31.64 ± 5.08 kg/m2) completed a randomized parallel design study and underwent a 4-week intervention consisting of brisk walking combined with either consumption of calorie-restricted HCLF or LCHF diet. Participants underwent a 5-hour experimental trial before and after the interventions, which included body weight measurements and fasting and postprandial blood sample collection for gastrointestinal appetite hormone measurements.Both interventions significantly reduced body mass (HCLF group, −2.1 ± 1.7 Kg: LCHF group, -1.7 ± 1.7 Kg, P &lt; 0.05 for both groups), but changes between the groups were not significant (P&gt;0.05). Body mass changes were individual and ranged from -0.4 kg to −5.3 kg and from +1 kg to −4.4 kg in the HCLF and LCHF groups, respectively. The interventions had no impact on mean values of time- averaged postprandial concentrations of ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 but there was large individual variability in changes of these hormones. Results combined from both groups revealed that changes in ghrelin ranged from +549.3 to -407.7 pg/ml, in PYY from −132.5 to + 96.4 pg/ml and in GLP-1 from −6.6 to +19.5 pg/ml. Correlation, investigated on the data from both groups combined, between changes in body mass and changes in ghrelin (r = −0.18, P= 0.41), PYY (r = −0.04, P =0.87), and GLP-1 (r = 0.11, P = 0.64) were not significant.In conclusion, the extent of body mass loss during interventions based on restricted energy intake diets combined with exercise is not related to the carbohydrate and fat content of the diet. Our findings also suggest that the success of body mass loss cannot be predicted by changes in postprandial concentrations of gastrointestinal appetite hormones.

Beta-glucan intake with energy and carbohydrate restricted meals: impact on subjective appetite and gastrointestinal appetite hormones in overweight adults

Energy restriction is commonly used as body weight-loss interventions (1). However, it modifies secretion of gastrointestinal appetite hormones, which might be expected to upregulate appetite and thus impair the ability to comply with prescribed intervention(1). Supplementation with soluble fibre may potentially counteract this matter (2). This study aimed to investigate whether addition of β- glucan to energy and carbohydrate-restricted meals impacts postprandial responses of gastrointestinal appetite hormones and subjective appetite in overweight adults.Twenty-three sedentary individuals living with overweight or obesity (age: 36 ± 8.5 years, BMI: 31.12 ± 4.04 kg/m2) participated in a double-blind randomised crossover study with two experimental arms, each lasting over two days. On day 1, participants consumed Counterweight PRO800 meal replacement shakes/soups for breakfast and dinner at home, each providing ~200 kcal and a carbohydrate-restricted lunch providing 35% of their habitual energy intake. On day 2, participants attended the metabolic investigation room where they consumed the same breakfast and lunch as on day 1. On both days, each meal was taken with either 3g β-glucan (Oat Well) or cellulose (Comprecel) as placebo. On Day 2, fasting and postprandial appetite scores were recorded, and fasting and postprandial blood samples were obtained for the measurements of plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1. The study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05981404.Two-way ANOVA showed that the postprandial concentrations of acylated ghrelin (β-glucan arm, 383 ± 23 pg/ml; placebo arm, 428 ± 23 pg/ml, P=0.02, treatment effect) and composite appetite scores (P=0.003, treatment effect) were significantly lower and PYY concentrations (β-glucan arm, 132 ± 5 pg/ml; Placebo arm, 110 ± 4 pg/ml, P= 0.003, treatment effect) significantly higher in the β- glucan arm than in the Placebo arm. The concentrations of GLP-1 were not different between arms (β-glucan arm, 29 ± 1 pM; placebo arm, 28 ± 0.9 pM, P=0.36, treatment effect).The obtained data suggests that consuming β -glucan with energy and carbohydrate-restricted meals can be expected to attenuate reduction in satiety and diminish increase in hunger. Therefore, supplementation with β-glucan during energy restriction intervention applied to body weight loss might lead to improve compliance and reduce discomfort of negative energy balance.

Appetite, food intake, and gut hormone responses to glycomacropeptide protein ingestion in older adults: A feasibility, acceptability, and pilot study

Glycomacropeptide (GMP) has a unique amino acid profile which may make less satiating than other dietary proteins. This study assessed the feasibility and likely acceptability of a leucine-enriched GMP drink and determined appetite response in older adults (OA). Thirteen OA (11f; 70 ± 4 years) were recruited for sensory assessments of a leucine-enriched GMP drink when mixed with water and with fruit smoothie, compared with whey protein isolate (WHEY). Participants also partook in a single focus group exploring acceptability to protein and supplementation. Separately, a counterbalanced, double-blind study with twelve OA (8f; 69 ± 3 years) was conducted to determine appetite and gut hormone responses. Fasting subjective appetite was recorded using visual analogue scales and a fasted venous blood sample was collected (to measures acyl-ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, and CCK) before participants consumed either: GMP protein (27g + 3g leucine, 350 mL water), WHEY (30g, 350 mL water), or water. Participants rested for 240 min, with appetite measures and blood sampling throughout. An ad libitum pasta-based meal was then consumed. Sensory testing revealed low pleasantness rating for GMP in water vs. WHEY (16 ± 14 vs 31 ± 24, p = 0.016). GMP addition to smoothie reduced pleasantness (26 ± 21 vs. 61 ± 29, p = 0.009) and worsened the aroma (46 ± 15 vs. 69 ± 28, p = 0.014). The focus group revealed uncertainty of protein needs and a scepticism of supplements, with preference for food. Gut hormone response did not differ between GMP and WHEY (nAUC for all gut hormones p > 0.05). There was no difference between conditions for lunch ad libitum intake (549 ± 171 kcal, 512 ± 238 kcal, 460 ± 199 kcal for GMP, WHEY, and water, p = 0.175), or for subjective appetite response. Leucine-enriched GMP was not less satiating than WHEY, and low palatability and scepticism of supplements question the likely acceptability of GMP supplementation. Providing trusted nutritional advice and food enrichment/fortification may be preferred strategies for increasing protein intake in OA.

A case control study investigating the methylation levels of GHRL and GHSR genes in alcohol use disorder.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a relapsing disease described as excessive use of alcohol. Evidence of the role of DNA methylation in addiction is accumulating. Ghrelin is an important peptide known as appetite hormone and its role in addictive behavior has been identified. Here we aimed to determine the methylation levels of two crucial genes (GHRL and GHSR) in ghrelin signaling and further investigate the association between methylation ratios and plasma ghrelin levels. Individuals diagnosed with (n = 71) and without (n = 82) AUD were recruited in this study. DNA methylation levels were measured through methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM). Acylated ghrelin levels were detected by ELISA. The GHRL rs696217 polymorphism was analyzed by the standard PCR-RFLP method. GHRL was significantly hypermethylated (P < 0.0022) in AUD between 25 and 50% methylation than in control subjects but no significant changes of GHSR methylation were observed. Moreover, GHRL showed significant positive correlation of methylation ratio between 25 and 50% with age. A significant positive correlation between GHSR methylation and ghrelin levels in the AUD group was determined (P = 0.037). The level of GHRL methylation and the ghrelin levels showed a significant association in the control subjects (P = 0.042). GHSR and GHRL methylation levels did not change significantly between control and AUD groups. However, GHRL and GHSR methylations seemed to have associations with plasma ghrelin levels in two groups. This is the first study investigating the DNA methylation of GHRL and GHSR genes in AUD.

THE EFFECT OF CAFETERIA DIET AND SOCIAL ISOLATION ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGIGAL AND BEHAVIOR PARAMETERS IN MICE

Recent studies have shown that social isolation can impact weight regulation and eating patterns in mice. Isolated mice tend to consume more food, especially high-calorie palatable foods, engage in less physical activity, and exhibit dysregulation in appetite hormones like leptin and ghrelin. Aim. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of cafeteria diet and social isolation on physiological and biochemical indicators in mice. Methods. Female C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: group-housed on regular diet, group-housed on cafeteria diet (high-fat, sugary foods), socially isolated on regular diet, and socially isolated on cafeteria diet. Body mass, food/water intake were measured over 12 weeks. Blood glucose, behavior in an open field test, protein levels, paraoxonase and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in the end of experiment. Results showed that cafeteria diet and social isolation each led to increased body mass, food intake, and blood glucose levels compared to group-housed mice on regular diet. Socially isolated mice on cafeteria diet exhibited the greatest weight gain and food consumption. In behavior tests, only the isolated cafeteria diet group showed increased locomotor activity suggestive of depression-like behavior. Biochemical analysis revealed metabolic dysregulation, heightened oxidative stress, and inflammatory changes in cafeteria diet and socially isolated groups compared to controls. Conclusion. Social isolation combined with unhealthy diet exacerbated physiological disruptions related to weight gain, feeding behavior, metabolic health, and depressive symptoms in mice.

Twenty four-hour passive heat and cold exposures did not modify energy intake and appetite but strongly modify food reward.

Effects of acute thermal exposures on appetite appear hypothetical in reason of very heterogeneous methodologies. The aim of this study was therefore to clearly define the effects of passive 24-h cold (16°C) and heat (32°C) exposures on appetitive responses compared with a thermoneutral condition (24°C). Twenty-three healthy, young and active male participants realised three sessions (from 13.00) in a laboratory conceived like an apartment dressed with the same outfit (Clo = 1). Three meals composed of three or four cold or warm dishes were served ad libitum to assess energy intake (EI). Leeds Food Preference Questionnaires were used before each meal to assess food reward. Subjective appetite was regularly assessed, and levels of appetitive hormones (acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptite-1, leptin and peptide YY) were assessed before and after the last meal (lunch). Contrary to the literature, total EI was not modified by cold or heat exposure (P = 0·120). Accordingly, hunger scores (P = 0·554) were not altered. Levels of acylated ghrelin and leptin were marginally higher during the 16 (P = 0·032) and 32°C (P < 0·023) sessions, respectively. Interestingly, implicit wanting for cold and low-fat foods at 32°C and for warm and high-fat foods at 16°C were increased during the whole exposure (P < 0·024). Moreover, cold entrées were more consumed at 32°C (P < 0·062) and warm main dishes more consumed at 16°C (P < 0·025). Thus, passive cold and hot exposures had limited effects on appetite, and it seems that offering some choice based on food temperature may help individuals to express their specific food preferences and maintain EI.

Differential changes in appetite hormones post-prandially based on menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use: A preliminary study

This was a preliminary study that examined whether appetite regulation is altered during the menstrual cycle or with oral contraceptives. Ten naturally cycling females (NON-USERS) and nine tri-phasic oral contraceptive using females (USERS) completed experimental sessions during each menstrual phase (follicular phase: FP; ovulatory phase: OP; luteal phase: LP). Appetite perceptions and blood samples were obtained fasted, 30, 60, and 90 min post-prandial to measure acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and total peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Changes were considered important if p < 0.100 and the effect size was ≥medium. There appeared to be a three-way (group x phase x time) interaction for acylated ghrelin where concentrations appeared to be greater in USERS versus NON-USERS during the OP 90-min post-prandial and during the LP fasted, and 90-min post-prandial. In USERS, ghrelin appeared to be greater 90-min post-prandial in the OP versus the FP with no other apparent differences between phases. There were no apparent differences between phases in NON-USERS. There appeared to be a three-way interaction for PYY where concentrations appeared to be greater in USERS during the FP 60-min post-prandial and during the OP 30-min post-prandial. In USERS PYY appeared to be greater 60-min post-prandial during the OP versus the LP with no other apparent differences. There were no apparent differences between phases in NON-USERS. There appeared to be no effect of group or phase on GLP-1, or appetite perceptions. These data demonstrate small effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on the acylated ghrelin and total PYY response to a standardized meal, with no effects on active GLP-1 or perceived appetite, though more work with a large sample size is necessary.

Substituting carbohydrate at lunch for added protein increases fat oxidation during subsequent exercise in healthy males.

How pre-exercise meal composition influences metabolic and health responses to exercise later in the day is currently unclear. Examine the effects of substituting carbohydrate for protein at lunch on subsequent exercise metabolism, appetite, and energy intake. Twelve healthy males completed three trials in randomized, counterbalanced order. Following a standardized breakfast (779 ± 66 kcal; ∼08:15), participants consumed a lunch (1186 ± 140 kcal; ∼13:15) containing either 0.2 g·kg-1 carbohydrate and ∼2 g·kg-1 protein (LO-CARB), 2 g·kg-1 carbohydrate and ∼0.4 g·kg-1 protein (HI-CARB), or fasted (FAST). Participants later cycled at ∼60% V̇O2peak for 1 h (∼16:15) and post-exercise ad-libitum energy intake was measured (∼18:30). Substrate oxidation, subjective appetite, and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and acylated ghrelin (AG) were measured for 5 h post-lunch. Fat oxidation was greater during FAST (+11.66 ± 6.63 g) and LO-CARB (+8.00 ± 3.83 g) than HI-CARB (p < 0.001), with FAST greater than LO-CARB (+3.67 ± 5.07 g; p < 0.05). NEFA were lowest in HI-CARB and highest in FAST, with insulin demonstrating the inverse response (all p < 0.01). PYY and GLP-1 demonstrated a stepwise pattern, with LO-CARB greatest and FAST lowest (all p < 0.01). AG was lower during HI-CARB and LO-CARB versus FAST (p < 0.01). Energy intake in LO-CARB was lower than FAST (-383 ± 233 kcal; p < 0.001) and HI-CARB (-313 ± 284 kcal; p < 0.001). Substituting carbohydrate for protein in a pre-exercise lunch increased fat oxidation, suppressed subjective and hormonal appetite, and reduced post-exercise energy intake.

Exploring the impact of lifestyle and environmental exposures on appetite hormone levels in children and adolescents: An observational study

BackgroundAppetite hormones are considered a promising target in fighting obesity as impaired appetite hormone levels have already been associated with obesity. However, further insights in the drivers of appetite hormone levels are needed. ObjectivesIn this study, we investigated the associations of fasting appetite hormone levels with lifestyle and environmental exposures in children and adolescents. MethodsA total of 534 fasting blood samples were collected from children and adolescents (4-16y,50% boys) and appetite hormone levels (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), leptin and ghrelin) were measured. Exposures included dietary quality (fiber-rich food intake, sugar propensity, fat propensity), psychosocial stress (happiness, negative emotions, negative life events and emotional problems), sleep duration, physical activity and environmental quality (long term black carbon (BC), particulate matter <2.5 μM (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure, and green space in a 100 m and 2000 m radius around the residence). A multi-exposure score was calculated to combine all the exposures at study in one measure. Associations of individual exposures and multi-exposure score with appetite hormone levels were evaluated using linear mixed regression models adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, waist-to-height ratio and multiple testing. ResultsGLP-1 was associated with air pollution exposure (NO2 β* = -0.13, BC β* = -0.15, PM2.5 β* = -0.16, all p < 0.001). Leptin was associated with green space in a 100 m radius around the residence (β* = -0.11; p = 0.002). Ghrelin was associated with negative emotions (active ghrelin β* = -0.16; p = 0.04, total ghrelin β* = -0.23; p = 0.0051) and happiness (active ghrelin β* = 0.25; p < 0.001, total ghrelin β* = 0.26; p < 0.001). Furthermore, total ghrelin levels were associated with the multi-exposure score, reflecting unhealthy exposures and lifestyle (β* = -0.22; p = 0.036). DiscussionOur findings provide new insights into the associations of exposures with appetite hormone levels, which are of high interest for preventive obesity research. Further research is crucial to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the observed associations.

No difference in fat oxidation, postexercise energy expenditure or energy intake following ingestion of a protein-based breakfast compared to carbohydrate breakfast.

Background: Manipulation of macronutrient intake and exercise can alter overall energy consumption and potentially body composition. Aim: The purpose of this study was to manipulate the macronutrient content of breakfast before exercise to investigate the impact on exercise energy expenditure and postexercise energy intake (EI). Methods: Twelve active men were recruited, 11 finished the study protocol (age: 28 ± 9 years; VO2max: 56 ± 5 ml·kg-1·min-1). In a randomized crossover design, each participant completed 4 trials, 3 consisting of a specific breakfast (protein, PRO; carbohydrate, CHO; noncaloric; NON-CAL) followed in 1 h by a 45 minutes moderate intensity treadmill exercise protocol. The fourth trial consisted of breakfast and no exercise (CON). An ad-libitum lunch and food for the rest of the day were provided and assessed for EI. Measures included resting metabolic rate pre- and postbreakfast along with oxygen uptake (VO2) during and after exercise, along with hunger scales, and blood measures of glucose, insulin and plasma-PYY prebreakfast, pre-exercise, postexercise, and 60 minutes postexercise. Results: Fat oxidation was highest during exercise in the NON-CAL (0.57 g·min-1) trial with similar levels of fat oxidation between PRO (0.50 g·min-1) and CHO trials (0.48 g·min-1). Hunger was not affected by PRO intake or exercise, nor was appetite hormones and glucose. EI at lunch and dinner was not significantly different between trials. Conclusion: Pre-exercise PRO intake did not modify fat oxidation during exercise, did not lead to a larger VO2 versus CHO, nor did it attenuate EI postexercise.

Effect of Diet before Bariatric Surgery on Ghrelin Level through DNA Methylation

Introduction: The ghrelin system, which generates the appetite hormone, is harmed by obesity, a problem of worldwide public health. An efficient way to cure obesity is through bariatric surgery. This randomized controlled study’s objective was to assess preoperative diet-related DNA methylation of Ghrelin (GHRL) levels in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: The 50 patients who volunteered to participate in the trial were randomly divided into two groups. The study group followed the very low-calorie diet for 2 weeks. The control group did not follow any diet. The physiological parameters, weight, and DNA methylation levels of the patients were assessed. Results: The percentage of excess weight loss (EWL) in the control and study groups was determined as 47.1% and 51.5%, respectively. The study group’s GHRL percentage of methylated reference was 76.8%, whereas the control group’s was 67.3%. It was concluded that the EWL and GHRL gene DNA methylation of the diet-treated study group were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, the pre-op diet had a favorable effect on the patient’s behavior modification. It has also been shown to increase postoperative weight loss and DNA methylation of the Ghrelin gene. The ghrelin gene has been muted by methylation, making hunger regulation more manageable.