Appearance Of Tuberculosis Research Articles

Imaging Features of Female Genital Tuberculosis and its Mimics

AbstractTuberculosis involving the female genital tract causes significant morbidity in women in the reproductive age group, where it is often associated with infertility. The fallopian tube is the most common part to be affected by the disease. Since female genital tuberculosis is a paucibacillary disease, organisms are often not detected. Therefore, multimodality imaging features play an important role in the diagnosis. A gamut of radiological investigations including hysterosalpingogram, ultrasound, and cross-sectional modalities like computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are available in the evaluation of disease. The key imaging differentials vary depending upon the part of the genital tract affected. This review will discuss the imaging appearances of tuberculosis of the female genital tract on various imaging modalities and their differential diagnosis.

READING THE PAST: ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PREVALENT PANDEMICS ON CITIES

Throughout history, dozens of epidemics have appeared cyclically, often causing devastating effects. Some of them, such as plague, cholera, and tuberculosis, have led to significant social, economic, and political consequences, with evident repercussions on cities and architecture. In this regard, urban planning has played an essential role in improving life expectancy and limiting the spread of epidemics. This work aims to study the influence of prevalent pandemics on architecture and urbanism over the centuries to comprehend their response and adaption to new health and social requirements. Through a process of investigation and in-depth examination of the literature review, it has been possible to understand the impact of pandemics in cities. The appearance of the first preventive measures during the plague period, the urban interventions to combat the cholera outbreak, and the neat architectural features adopted following the appearance of tuberculosis are witnesses to this process. Professionals and academics are reflecting on the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic, which will affect the practice of architecture and urban design. Thanks to the results obtained, it will be possible to reflect on the impact of the pandemic on contemporary cities, understand their potential resilience and hypothesise future strategies.

Application of Multivariate Mapping in Classification of Diseases of Bunaji Cattle Slaughtered at Jos Abattoir, Plateau State, Nigeria

The study aimed at describing objectively, the interdependence among diseases of cattle slaughtered in Jos abattoir and mapping using multivariate techniques. In the study, slaughter health records of cattle slaughtered in Jos abattoir, Plateau State for ten years (2006-2016) was reviewed. The cases at ante-mortem and postmortem were based on examination of animals, organs and carcasses by Veterinary officers. We performed principal component and factor analysis using R 3.0.3 statistical software. Factor 1 was sensitive to lumpy skin disease, wound, mastitis, tuberculosis (TB), Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and jaundice while factor 2 had high scores for abscess, helminthosis and TB. The appearance of TB in both factors implies that TB was a major public health threat among the cattle slaughtered in Jos abattoir from the year 2006 – 2011. From 2012-2016, however, mastitis, splenomegaly, hardware disease and TB were diseases and conditions observed to be more prevalent in Jos abattoir slaughter records. Bovine tuberculosis has been mapped to be the most prevalent disease with significant animal-human interface on the Plateau. Testing using molecular tools and development of algorithm tracker for the detection of bovine tuberculosis should be of great significance to public health in attempt to mitigate the wave of transmission of zoonotic diseases between animals and humans.

Tuberculosis in medieval Iceland: evidence from Hofstaðir, Keldudalur and Skeljastaðir.

As part of a larger research project, 274 skeletons from three medieval Icelandic sites were evaluated for signs of infectious disease and 32 were found to have lesions at least consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB): eight non-adults ranging in age from infancy to up to 17 years of age, and 24 adults. A higher proportion of individuals from Skeljastaðir and Keldudalur were affected than at Hofstaðir, an observation which may be compatible with Hofstaðir's higher status. A higher number of male skeletons overall (n. 17) than female skeletons (n. 8) exhibited pathological change. The sample is unique for its high numbers of well-preserved infants, and the appearance of TB in children is indicative of continual transmission in a community. The changes recorded in infant remains are marked by destruction and minimal periosteal new bone formation, while one adult skeleton exhibits the classic sign of Pott's disease. Other signs on the skeletons include evidence for past lymphadenitis and iliopsoas (cold) abscess. These cases indicate that TB was likely introduced to Iceland soon after the settlement period and became endemic in different regions from at least the late 10th - mid 13th centuries.

Risk areas for tuberculosis among children and their inequalities in a city from Southeast Brazil

BackgroundThe objective of the study was to identify areas of risk for the appearance of tuberculosis in children and their association with social inequalities in a municipality in southeastern Brazil.MethodsEcological study conducted in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. To identify areas of spatial risk for tuberculosis in children, we used spatial scanning statistics. To analyze the association of cases of childhood tuberculosis with social vulnerability, we used the Social Vulnerability Index of São Paulo, and four explanatory statistical models were listed.ResultsThere were 96 cases of childhood tuberculosis, of which 90 were geocoded through a process of converting addresses to geographic coordinates. A risk area was identified in the municipality, where children under 15 years old have 3.14 times greater risk of contracting tuberculosis than those living outside this area. The variables identified as risk factors were: number of private and collective households, proportion of children aged 0 to 5 years in the population, proportion of households without per capita income, and the proportion of private households with monthly nominal incomes of up to one quarter of wage minimums. The variables identified as protection factors were the proportion of women under the age of 30 years responsible for the household under and women responsible for the household with an average income over BRL 2344.ConclusionThe study showed areas of risk for the occurrence of tuberculosis in children. The study is in line with the End TB Strategy and the 2030 Agenda, which aim to support strategic actions and, therefore, save the lives of children through the systematic, intensified, and comprehensive identification of children with tuberculosis respiratory symptoms in the community.

First detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in the Greater Kruger National Park Complex: Role and implications.

Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis has become endemic in some wildlife populations in South Africa. The disease has been reported in 21 wildlife species in the country. In this study, we report M.bovis infection in two female giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) from two different nature reserves within the Greater Kruger National Park Complex (GKNPC). Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from tissue lesions consistent with macroscopic appearance of tuberculosis (TB) and confirmed by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), targeting the RD4 region of difference on the genome of the isolates. Spoligotyping and variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) typing revealed infection of one giraffe with a strain (SB0294) previously not detected in South Africa, while a resident M.bovis strain (SB0121) was detected from the other giraffe. Our work is first to report M.bovis infection in free-ranging giraffes in South Africa. We have further demonstrated the existence of at least three genetically unrelated strains currently infecting wildlife species within the GKNPC. This finding suggests that the epidemiological situation of M.bovis within the GKNPC is not only driven by internal sources from its established endemic presence, but can be additionally fuelled by strains introduced from external sources. It further emphasizes that regular wildlife disease surveillance is an essential prerequisite for the timely identification of new pathogens or strains in ecospheres of high conservation value.

Vas deferens sonographic appearances of tuberculosis lesions of 19 cases of male genital systemic tuberculosis.

To investigate the sonographic findings of the vas deferens in male genital tuberculosis.The ultrasonographic findings of the vas deferens of 19 cases of genital tuberculosis were retrospectively analyzed.According to the pathological and ultrasound findings, the ultrasonographic appearances of the vas deferens tuberculosis could be divided into 4 groups, 1 of normal sonograms, 3 of abnormal sonograms. The abnormal ultrasonographic appearances of the vas deferens tuberculosis were considered 3 categories as follows: diffusely thickening of vas deferens, nodular thickening of vas deferens, and space-occupying lesions adjacent to the vas deferens.The ultrasound manifestations of vas deferens in tuberculosis of the male genital system have certain characteristics. Combination of clinical manifestations, history of tuberculosis, experimental antituberculosis treatment, and ultrasound examination of vas deferens can suggest tuberculosis of vas deferens. Furthermore, it can provide objective basis for the comprehensive and noninvasive evaluation of the impact of genital tuberculosis on the reproductive ability for further treatments.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ДЕЛЕЦИОННОГО ПОЛИМОРФИЗМА ГЕНОВ GSTM1 И NAT2 НА ПРОГНОЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА

The aim of the study. To determine the ffect of polymorphism of glutathione-S-transferase class M1 and NAT2 genes on the efficacy of tuberculosis treatment. Material and methods. The genes polymorphism of the xenobiotic detoxification system was determined with polymerase chain reaction. Results. The presence of deletion of the functional zone in GSTM1 gene polymorphic sites increased the risk of low efficacy of tuberculosis treatment and indicated lower chances of resorption of focal-infiltrative changes in the lungs. It was also associated with a low probability of termination of bacterial excretion [OR = 0.07, p = 0.002]. The 0-genotype of the GSTM1 gene was protective against the onset of PDTB. Conclusions. The 0-genotype of the GSTM1 gene is protective against the appearance of tuberculosis. The presence of deletion of the functional zone of the polymorphic site of the GSTM1 gene increases the risk of low efficacy of tuberculosis treatment, is associated with the lowest chances of resorption of focal-infiltrative changes in the lungs, and is accompanied by a low probability of early termination of bacterial excretion.

The appearance of tuberculosis in diabetic patients.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is one of the greatest causes of death caused by infectious diseases. Almost one third of the world population (meant 2 billion) are infected by tuberculosis and vulnerable to tuberculosis. Diabetes is one of the most common non contagious diseases in the world. This disease is the fourth or fifth cause of death in the most of developed countries. The relationship between tuberculosis and diabetes had been introduced years ago and diabetes is considered as a threatening factor in tuberculosis in the research history. Not only tuberculosis is prevalent among diabetic persons, but also diabetic can affect the appearances of imaging of tuberculosis. Material and methods: This is a kind of analytic study, a case control study, which was carried out between years 93-94 in Zabol. In this study, the radiographic findings from the patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic patients and not diabetic patients are compared. These radiographies handed in to a radiologist and the radiologic findings of these graphs from the anatomic location (upper and lower half of the right and left bellows), Presence or absence of cavities, nodules, density and pleural involvement were recoded and compared with diabetic and non-diabetic group. After gathering of the data using SPSS software, descriptive statistics was presented in the form of (frequency, percent) graphs and a chi-square test (p<0/05) was used to analysing and comparing of the results of diabetic and un-diabetic patients. Result: The population of the study was consisted of Chest radiograph for 124 TB patients which 61 (49/19%) were suffering from diabetics. In this study, 45 (71/43%) non-diabetic and 42 (65/85%) diabetic patients were women (p=0/7). There were 12 (19/67%) diabetic TB patients and 3 (4/76%) nondiabetic- TB patients with the consolidation of middle part of left lung (p=0/01) and 8 (13/11%) diabetic TB and 1 (1/59%) non-diabetic TB with reticulonoduler infiltration of lower part of left lung (p=0/02). There was no significant deference in rest of the radiographic results. Discussion and conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that reticulonoduler infiltration and consolidation of lower and middle part of lung in TB diabetic patients is more than TB non-diabetic patients and diabetes can affect findings of pulmonary tuberculosis radiography.

Thoracic manifestation of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is agranulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmission is via an airborne route by droplet infection. In the majority of cases patients have thoracic TB, which most frequently presents with hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary manifestation. Due to the rise in incidence of TB in central Europe to be expected over the coming years, it is essential to be acquainted with the radiological manifestations of pulmonary TB, particularly to be able to discriminate active from inactive TB. Due to the use of molecular techniques entailing DNA fingerprinting, the traditional classification of TB in primary and postprimary TB is being challenged. These genetic studies have revealed that variations in the clinical and radiographic appearance of TB are mainly affected by the immune status of the patients. Due to the low prevalence of TB in central Europe and the wide variation of radiological presentations, the diagnosis and therapy of TB is often delayed. In this article, the radiographic manifestations of thoracic TB are summarized and discussed. Together with the medical history and bacteriological tests, chest X‑ray imaging and computed tomography (CT) play amajor role not only in the detection of TB but also in the follow-up during and after therapy. Chest X‑radiographs should be the primary diagnostic method in patients with suspected TB in screening as well as for diagnosis and therapy monitoring. The use of CT is more sensitive than chest radiographs and is frequently performed after chest radiographs to obtain detailed information about subtle parenchymal changes or lymph node manifestation. When active TB is suspected CT should be performed. Tree in bud, lobular consolidations, centrilobular nodules, cavities and ground-glass opacification are typical changes in active TB.

Insilico Analysis of Phytoconstituents from Allium sativum as Potential Inhibitors of Inha in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is leading cause of death among the global bacterial infections. The main causative for tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which will survive in its host human being for decades in latent or chronic levels. In addition, the late multidrug resistance at a disturbing rate accompanies the appearance of tuberculosis. The quick spread of resistance to initial stage treatment medications has redirected the focus of the medical community in the creation of an array of new drug against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The InhA protein is a component of Fatty acid synthetase (FAS) II and exhibits an NADH reliant enoyl-ACP reductase activity. InhA is a vital enzyme of M.tuberculosis in control of cell wall synthesis, which can turn out to be a great focus for the synthesis of anti-tubercular treatment. Inspired from the offering biological actions of phytoconstituents from Allium sativum, the current research concentrates on looking at novel lead compounds from the plant. Molecular docking studies were carried out employing specific phytoconstituents from A.sativum with the protein InhA target. Ajoene shows much more encouragingresults with a Mol Dock rating of 80.6047Kcal/mol, as opposed to the typical initial line drug isoniazid (Moldock score: -58.7028 Kcal/mol). Molecular docking prediction indicate that Ajoene could be formulated into a possible treatment drug for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Genital Tuberculosis in Female Infertility: An Enigma.

Mycobacterial infection of the genital tract is a common etiology for female infertility in developing countries. Aim of this study is to evaluate plethora of laparoscopic and hysteroscopic appearances of tuberculosis, to correlate them with Endometrial TB PCR and BACTEC culture .

The risk factors and their influence in appearance of tuberculosis

Main point of prevention of tuberculosis is the existence of basic knowledge about risk factors (smoking habit, alchohol abuse) which contribute to appearance of tuberculosis and influence to therapy. In order to assess the influence of potential risk factors a cross-analysis was made for the years 2002-2004, 2007-2009 and 2012-2014 . During the period of 12 years, 230 cases of TB were included in the study. The mean age of all subjects was 45.81±16.98. There were (61.7-73.2%) males and this observation is supported by reports that males had significantly higher risk for more severe lung destruction (69.2-84.6%), as evidenced by bilateral lung cavitation (86.1-100%) than females. In total 45.6-76.7% were smear-positive. Alcohol use disorders increased (11.8-29.4%; p=0.02) as a smoking habit (44.1-47.1%). In cases with severe lung destruction as a lung cavitation increased cigarette smoking (46.6-60.0%) and alcoholism (19.4-50.0%; p=0.007). Linear regression analysis confirmed a statistically significant correlation between severe form of TB and smoking habit (>20 cigarettes per day, p=0.04) and alcohol use disorders (p=0.004). Successful control in reducing smoking, alcohol use disorders and, could favorably impact the TB morbidity rate.

Particularités de la tuberculose pulmonaire chez le tabagique

Tobacco smoking and tuberculosis (TB) are two major public health problems, and the former may affect the morbidity and mortality rates for the latter. This study sought to compare the clinical and radiologic aspects of pulmonary TB, as well as outcome, in smokers and nonsmokers. This retrospective case control study examined the files of 90 patients in our pulmonary department with active pulmonary TB, 45 of them smokers and 45, nonsmokers. To analyze the seriousness of the radiologic lesions, we used a score based on the International Labour Organization classification for simple pneumoconiosis, rating lesions in 4 grades according to severity and extent. The mean age of the patients, all men, was 29 years (range: 16-50 years). Symptoms were similar in both groups, with no significant clinical or bacteriological differences between the two groups. However, the highest severity score was found in 81% of the smoking group compared with 15% of the nonsmokers (p<0.001). Moreover, after patients were cured, only smokers had severe radiological sequelae (13.8% versus 0%, p<0.05). Our study is one of the few to compare the radiological appearance of TB in smoking and nonsmoking patients. Smoking is associated with much more extensive and severe radiological TB lesions and sequelae and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in TB patients. Therefore smoking prevention and cessation should be a priority in TB prevention programs.

Isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria at three rural settings in Zambia; a pilot study

To assess the role of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) as a cause of tuberculosis-like diseases in Zambia, 167 chronically ill patients, hospitalized in three rural hospitals in Katete, Sesheke and Chilonga, were examined by microscopy and liquid culture for the presence of NTM. The percentages of patients with a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were similar in the three geographical locations (19-25%). In contrast, the percentage of NTM ranged from 78% in Katete and 65% in Sesheke to 21% in Chilonga. Furthermore, the distribution of NTM species was different at the three geographical sites. In seven patients, true NTM-associated disease was suspected: five with Mycobacterium lentiflavum and two with Mycobacterium intracellulare. Analysis of possible risk factors indicated that the OR for NTM culture-positive sputum was significantly higher for patients living in Katete and Sesheke. Female gender and chest X-ray appearances of tuberculosis were independently associated with NTM culture-positive sputum. NTM colonization and disease in hospitalized, chronically ill patients in rural Zambia appear to be common.

Co-infection by Streptococcus anginosus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: three case reports.

IntroductionBacterial infections may appear as sequelae of remote tuberculous infections, especially thoracic infections. The simultaneous appearance of tuberculosis and bacterial infection is not common, and, to our knowledge, the association of infection by Streptococcus anginosus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis has not been reported previously in the literature.Case presentationWe report three cases of dual infection with Streptococcus anginosus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis that were first diagnosed as pyogenic abscesses because of an isolation of Streptococcus anginosus. Despite a course of antibiotics and drainage, the outcome of this initial treatment was unfavourable. A re-evaluation yielded a diagnosis of mixed infection with Streptococcus anginosus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.ConclusionIn a geographical area with a high prevalence of tuberculous disease, the rare possibility of dual infection with Streptococcus anginosus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be considered.

Tuberculose et diabète

We performed a retrospective case control study for the period between 1st January 1999 and 31st August 2004, comparing the radiological appearances of tuberculosis in 100 diabetics to those in patients matched for age and sex, with pulmonary TB alone presenting to The Chest clinic of the National Hospital of Fann. Diabetes was present in 4.7% of the 2116 patients hospitalized for pulmonary tuberculosis during the period of study and occurred more commonly in men (60%) with an average age of 51 years (73%). 82% had type II, non-insulin dependent diabetes. The various types of radiological lesions classically described in tuberculosis were found in nearly identical proportions in the two groups of patients, with parenchymal shadowing the most frequent appearance in both diabetics (N=86) and controls (N=88). Cavitation occurred significantly less frequently in diabetics (72%) than controls (88%) (p=0.04). Where radiological abnormalities were bilateral, they were worse on the left in the diabetics (27% versus 15% in controls). There was a trend for basal lesions to occur more frequently in diabetics (15%) than controls (3%) (p=0.06). Mortality was higher in diabetics (18%) than controls (6%), with death generally occurring within the first 24 hours of hospitalization.

Clinical and Radiographic Correlates of Primary and Reactivation Tuberculosis

The traditional teaching that pulmonary tuberculosis characterized by lymphadenopathy, effusions, and lower or mid lung zone infiltrates on chest radiography represents "primary" disease from recently acquired infection, whereas upper lobe infiltrates and cavities represent secondary or reactivation disease acquired in the more distant past, is not based on well-established clinical evidence. Furthermore, it is not known whether the atypical radiograph common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is due to a preponderance of primary progressive disease or altered immunity. To analyze the relationship between recently acquired and remotely acquired pulmonary tuberculosis, clinical and demographic variables, and radiographic features by using molecular fingerprinting and conventional epidemiology. A retrospective, hospital-based series of 456 patients treated at a New York City medical center between 1990 and 1999. Eligible patients had to have had at least 1 positive respiratory culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and available radiographic data. Radiographic appearance as measured by the presence or absence of 6 features: upper lobe infiltrate, cavitary lesion, adenopathy, effusions, lower or mid lung zone infiltrate, and miliary pattern. Radiographs were considered typical if they had an upper lobe infiltrate or cavity whether or not other features were present. Atypical radiographs were those that had adenopathy, effusion, or mid lower lung zone infiltrates or had none of the above features. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was most commonly associated with an atypical radiographic appearance on chest radiograph with an odds ratio of 0.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.31). Although a clustered fingerprint, representing recently acquired disease, was associated with typical radiograph in univariate analysis (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.99), the association was lost when adjusted for HIV status. Time from acquisition of infection to development of clinical disease does not reliably predict the radiographic appearance of tuberculosis. Human immunodeficiency virus status, a probable surrogate for the integrity of the host immune response, is the only independent predictor of radiographic appearance. The altered radiographic appearance of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV is due to altered immunity rather than recent acquisition of infection and progression to active disease.

Particularités de la tuberculose pédiatrique

Any tuberculosis of the child must be treated, whether it is a latent or a tuberculosis-disease. The treatment of pediatric tuberculosis is the same as the one for adults. The latter consists in a combination of several antimycobacterial drugs taken simultaneously per os in a single intake in the morning while fasting. The major problem is observance. Mediastinopulmonary tuberculosis: the treatment is six months long with in the first two months a combination of isoniazide (INH) 5 to 10 mg/kg per day, rifampicine (RMP) 10 to 20 mg/kg per day, and pyrazinamide (PZA) 20 to 30 mg/kg per day. The addition of ethambutol (EMB) 15 to 25 mg/kg per day is discussed. The four following months, the combination of INH and RMP is continued with the same dosage. The goal of treatment for tuberculosis–infection in the child is to prevent the appearance of tuberculosis–disease. INH in monotherapy for 12 months was first suggested. It allowed an 80% reduction of risk for ten years compared to a placebo group. In order to prevent the risks of failure related to a primary resistance to INH and to reduce the duration of treatment, a bitherapy (INH + RMP) has been proposed for six months. A recent study determines the efficiency of a three-month bitherapy.

Chest wall tuberculosis: a review of CT appearances.

Tuberculous abscesses of the chest wall, though uncommon are not infrequently encountered in countries endemic to the disease. This pictorial review of 14 patients highlights the varied appearance of tuberculosis (TB) of the chest wall on CT. The patients ranged in age from 9 to 55 years (a mean of 25 years) with a preponderance of chest wall lesions in young adults and in females (male to female ratio of 2:5). Cases in which there was no involvement of the chest wall other than of the spine have been excluded. In all cases CT demonstrated peripherally enhancing chest wall collections some of which were accompanied by changes in adjacent bone. Enlargement of intrathoracic lymph nodes with comparatively lesser involvement of lung parenchyma and pleura was also seen.