Appearance Of Such States Research Articles

Modelling Nonlinear Supply Chains Using Methods of System Dynamics

This paper treats a three level nonlinear supply chain, which consists from a manufacturer, a distributor and a retailer as a dynamical system. The dynamic behavior of supply chain is modelled by using the continuous Lorenz-like model with disturbances. The Lorenz model is known from physics in the study of dissipative hydrodynamical systems with excitation and represents a paradigmatic example of the deterministic system, which is able to exhibit chaotic motions. Very complex supply chain relationships are modelled due to the information flow distortion at the distributor, caused by disturbances, which appear at the retailer. By using the proposed nonlinear supply chain model, the steady state, the saturation and the chaotic state of the supply chain are analyzed, respectively. The range of parameter values, which are characteristic for the appearance of such states are determined. In the paper, the meaning of the regular state in which the supply chain cannot keep due to the disturbances and the risk of the saturation state are explained. In the analysis of such states, the multistage homotopic perturbation method is used. The gained results are checked analyticaly or by the help of standard numerical integration, such as the Runge-Kutta method.

One-dimensional topological metal

We propose a type of topological states of matter exhibiting topologically nontrivial edge states (ESs) within gapless bulk states (GBSs) protected by both spin rotational and reflection symmetries. A model presenting such states is simply comprised of a one-dimensional reflection symmetric superlattice in the presence of spin-orbit (SO) coupling containing an odd number of sublattices per unit cell. We show that the system has a rich phase diagram including a topological metal (TM) phase where nontrivial ESs coexist with nontrivial GBSs at Fermi level. Topologically distinct phases can be reached through a subband gap closing-reopening transition depending on the relative strength of inter- and intraunit cell SO couplings. Moreover, the topological class of the system is AI with an integer topological invariant called $\mathbb{Z}$ index. The stability of TM states is also analyzed against Zeeman magnetic fields and on-site potentials resulting in that the spin rotational symmetry around the lattice direction is a key requirement for the appearance of such states. Also, possible experimental realizations are discussed.

Cosmic censorship and stationary states of half-spin particles in the field of Reissner-Nordström naked singularity

The paper explores quantum mechanics of half-spin particle motion in the field of Reissner-Nordström (RN) naked singularity. It is shown that for any quantum mechanical Dirac particle, irrespective of availability and sign of its electrical charge, the RN naked singularity is separated by an infinitely high positive potential barrier. With like charges of a particle and the source of the RN naked singularity, near the origin there exists the second completely impenetrable potential barrier. It has been proved that in the field of the RN naked singularity, bound states of half-spin particles can exist. The conditions for appearance of such states were revealed and computations were performed to find energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.

Existence of nontrivial topologically protected states at grain boundaries in bilayer graphene: signatures and electrical switching.

Recent experiments [L. Ju, et al., Nature, 2015, 520, 650] confirm the existence of gapless states at domain walls created in gated bilayer graphene, when the sublattice stacking is changed from AB to BA. These states are significant because they are topologically protected, valley-polarized and give rise to conductance along the domain wall. Current theoretical models predict the appearance of such states only at domain walls, which preserve the sublattice order. Here we show that the appearance of the topologically protected states in stacking domain walls can be much more common in bilayer graphene, since they can also emerge in unexpected geometries, e.g., at grain boundaries with atomic-scale topological defects. We focus on a bilayer system in which one of the layers contains a line of octagon-double pentagon defects that mix graphene sublattices. We demonstrate that gap states are preserved even with pentagonal defects. Remarkably, unlike previous predictions, the number of gap states changes by inverting the gate polarization, yielding an asymmetric conductance along the grain boundary under gate reversal. This effect, linked to defect states, should be detectable in transport measurements and could be exploited in electrical switches.

States of a dispersed nonwetting liquid in a disordered nanoporous medium

Three different states of a dispersed nonwetting liquid (water) in the Fluka 100 C8 and Fluka 100 C18 disordered porous media, as well as transitions between these states under variation of the temperature and the degree of filling, have been revealed. It has been shown that the appearance of such states is due to the broadening of the pore size distribution function f(R), fluctuations of configurations of neighbors in the system of pores and fluctuations in the configuration of a pore and its environment consisting of filled and empty pores in the percolation cluster. These states and transitions are caused by the competition between the effective repulsion of the nonwetting liquid from the wall of the pore, which is responsible for the "extrusion" of the liquid from the pore, and the effective collective "multiparticle" attraction of the liquid cluster in the pore to clusters in the neighboring connected pores. The observed difference in the behavior of the Fluka 100 C8/water and Fluka 100 C18/water systems and the previously studied Libersorb-23 (L23)/water system indicates a significant dependence of the state of these systems on the type of disorder in them.

Multiplicity of metastable nonergodic states of a dispersed nonwetting liquid in a disordered nanoporous medium

Three different metastable nonergodic states of a dispersed nonwetting liquid (water) in the Fluka 100 C8 and Fluka 100 C18 disordered porous media, as well as transitions between these states under variation of the temperature and the degree of filling, have been qualitatively described. It has been shown that the appearance of such states is due to spatial variations of the number of the nearest neighbors because of the broadening of the pore size distribution function f(R), fluctuations of various local configurations of neighbors in the system of pores, and fluctuations of a configuration of a pore and its environment consisting of filled and empty pores on a percolation cluster. These states and transitions are caused by the competition between the effective repulsion of the nonwetting liquid from the wall of the pore, which is responsible for the “extrusion” of the liquid from the pore, and the effective collective multiparticle attraction of the liquid cluster in the pore to clusters in the neighboring connected pores. The theoretical dependences obtained make it possible to qualitatively describe experimental data.

Nonequilibrium steady states in a model for prebiotic evolution.

Some statistical features of steady states of a Kauffman-like model for prebiotic evolution are reported from computational studies. We postulate that the interesting "lifelike" states will be characterized by a nonequilibrium distribution of species and a time variable species self-correlation function. Selecting only such states from the population of final states produced by the model yields the probability of the appearance of such states as a function of a parameter p of the model. p is defined as the probability that a possible reaction in the the artificial chemistry actually appears in the network of chemical reactions. Small p corresponds to sparse networks utilizing a small fraction of the available reactions. We find that the probability of the appearance of such lifelike states exhibits a maximum as a function of p: at large p, most final states are in chemical equilibrium and hence are excluded by our criterion. At very small p, the sparseness of the network makes the probability of formation of any nontrivial dynamic final state low, yielding a low probability of production of lifelike states in this limit as well. We also report results on the diversity of the lifelike states (as defined here) that are produced. Repeated starts of the model evolution with different random number seeds in a given reaction network lead to final lifelike states which have a greater than random likelihood of resembling one another. Thus a form of "convergence" is observed. On the other hand, in different reaction networks with the same p, lifelike final states are statistically uncorrelated. In summary, the main results are (1) there is an optimal p or "sparseness" for production of lifelike states in our model-neither very dense nor very sparse networks are optimal--and (2) for a given p or sparseness, the resulting lifelike states can be extremely different. We discuss some possible implications for studies of the origin of life.

Recombination-nonequilibrium plasma in low-inductance discharge

Numerical simulations of a high-power low inductance capillary discharge show that states with recombination-nonequilibrium ion composition can be obtained in the stage of plasma compression by shock wave at a sufficiently high initial gas pressure (p 0 > 10 Torr) in the capillary. The appearance of such states is caused by several interrelated synergistic factors, including compression in a radial converging shock wave, compression-induced increase in the recombination rate, and increased specific power of the radiative cooling of plasma.

Theoretical aspects and experimental consequences of multiple photon-dressed discrete states in the atomic or molecular continuum.

The creation of multiple photon-dressed discrete states in the continuum by coupling N levels to a single resonance (atomic or molecular) is discussed. The conditions for the appearance of such states are established along with the experimental consequences that would reveal their presence. These include time-resolved ionization measurements as well as analysis of ionization yield as a function of frequencies.

Spurious states in boson mapping

The possible occurrence of spurious states in boson mapping is discussed. By a concrete example it was found that the appearance of such states is a result of the choice of interactions.