Appearance Of Poles Research Articles

The suspending appearance of poly(acrylic acid)‐based rheology modifier in high‐content surfactant: The effect of polymer structure and molecular weight on the rheological properties of the complex systems

AbstractThe “all in one” multifunctional and concentrated daily chemical products are required by the market, such as the long‐term release of anti‐bacterial, medical, or perfume agents. These functions mainly rely on the microcapsules, which could encapsulate these functional and unstable molecules, and then release them in the long term. To stabilize these functional solid particles in a high‐content surfactant, it is necessary to add a suspending rheological modifier. The poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)‐based rheology modifier is one of the most common additives in the industry of daily chemicals, for thickening or suspending. In this paper, linear PAA, and branched PAA polymers (Carbomer 941 and Carbomer 940) were selected to study the suspending ability of PAA‐based rheology modifier in high‐content surfactant and to investigate the effect of PAA polymer structure and Mw on the complex solution's rheological properties. The yield and viscosity test of the complex solutions of linear PAA and high‐content surfactant revealed that the addition of linear PAA could lead to lower yield stress and viscosity, and failed to suspend the polystyrene (PS) model microspheres due to its smaller mean square radius of gyration. The branched PAA polymer, Carbomer 940 and Carbomer 941 were more stable than the linear PAA in these two kinds of surfactant. More specifically, Carbomer 940 with a higher Mw, would exhibit higher yield stress and viscosity than Carbomer 941 with a lower Mw in nonionic surfactant alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO) solvent with content less than 5 wt%. When the content was higher than 5 wt%, Carbomer 941 presented higher yield stress and viscosity than Carbomer 940, and successfully suspended PS microspheres in the 20 wt% AEO solution. This could depend on the polymer chain's elongation state of these two PAA‐based branched rheology modifiers. The same trend happened in the appearance of Carbomer 940 and Carbomer 941 in alcohol ether sulphate (AES) solution. However, the electrostatic repulsive force between the AES and PAA‐based rheology modifier could further make the polymer chain curl up and restrain the suspending ability in a lower content surfactant solution. Therefore, this fundamental research could guide the application of the anionic polyelectrolytes in the concentrated daily chemical product for stable suspending particles.

Analytic structure of nonhydrodynamic modes in kinetic theory

How physical systems approach hydrodynamic behavior is governed by the decay of nonhydrodynamic modes. Here, we start from a relativistic kinetic theory that encodes relaxation mechanisms governed by different timescales thus sharing essential features of generic weakly coupled nonequilibrium systems. By analytically solving for the retarded correlation functions, we clarify how branch cuts arise generically from noncollective particle excitations, how they interface with poles arising from collective hydrodynamic excitations, and to what extent the appearance of poles remains at best an ambiguous signature for the onset of fluid dynamic behavior. We observe that processes that are slower than the hydrodynamic relaxation timescale can make a system that has already reached fluid dynamic behavior to fall out of hydrodynamics at late times. In addition, the analytical control over this model allows us to explicitly demonstrate how the hydrodynamic gradient expansion of the correlation function can be resummed such that the complete and exact non-analytic form of the correlation function can be recovered.

Cluster adjacency beyond MHV

We explore further the notion of cluster adjacency, focussing on non-MHV amplitudes. We extend the notion of adjacency to the BCFW decomposition of tree-level amplitudes. Adjacency controls the appearance of poles, both physical and spurious, in individual BCFW terms. We then discuss how this notion of adjacency is connected to the adjacency already observed at the level of symbols of scattering amplitudes which controls the appearance of branch cut singularities. Poles and symbols become intertwined by cluster adjacency and we discuss the relation of this property to the overline{Q} -equation which imposes constraints on the derivatives of the transcendental functions appearing in loop amplitudes.

GRANICE PRZYRODY. NATURA POGRANICZA POLSKO-NIEMIECKIEGO W PERSPEKTYWIE IMAGOLOGICZNEJ

Polityczna decyzja o zmianie granicy pociąga za sobą lawinę konsekwencji, spośród których przesiedlenie ludności (jeśli wówczas następuje) jest najbardziej dramatyczne. Konieczność wytworzenia poczucia wspólnoty narodowej na nowozamieszkałym terytorium wymusza wiele różnorakich działań w sferze zarówno politycznej, jak i społecznej. Pojawienie się Polaków na tzw. Ziemiach Odzyskanych po II wojnie światowej wiązało się z nadaniem temu obszarowi znaczeń potwierdzających jego polskość. Pisma historyków, geografów, językoznawców, ekonomistów czy wreszcie przyrodników publikowane bezpośrednio po wojnie pokazują, w jaki sposób włączano fizyczną, geograficzną przestrzeń i przyrodę w sferę wyobrażoną polskiego narodu. Dekonstrukcja opisów natury tzw. Ziem Odzyskanych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem granicy polsko-niemieckiej na Odrze pozwala przeanalizować nierozerwalność argumentów przyrodniczych i historycznych jako takich, które warunkują konstytuowanie się narodowej tożsamości Polaków po wojnie.

Poles in the SAID NN analysis

The SAID approach to partial-wave analysis of nucleon-nucleon scattering data is reviewed. This has been applied to recent COSY np scattering data. The appearance of poles (dibaryons) is discussed in light of these new fits.

TAT-Mediated Delivery of p27 in Tumor Cell Lines as a Potential Therapeutic Peptide

TAT-fusion proteins (TAT-wt-p27, TAT-pt-p27, TAT-N'-p27) were introduced into the cells by protein transduction method. The mechanism by which transduced 27 influences on the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, were explored. TAT-p27-fusion proteins affected the proliferation of examined cell lines depending on type of the cells and protein. Transduced p27 induced accumulation of cyclin D1 and D3, with slight differences among the form of protein. Expression of cyclin D2 and E was mainly unchanged. Furthermore, TAT fusion proteins promoted apoptosis, which resulted in activation of caspase 3, appearance of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and DNA fragments, as well as the activation of apoptosis-inducing factor. The results pointed that transduced p27 activates apoptosis through activation of different signal transduction pathways. Thus, the molecule of p27 could be appropriate for treatment of tumors with deregulated its function. Also, the protein transduction method could find the application in specifically targeted cancer therapy.

APLF (C2orf13) Is a Novel Component of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Signaling in Mammalian Cells

APLF is a novel protein of unknown function that accumulates at sites of chromosomal DNA strand breakage via forkhead-associated (FHA) domain-mediated interactions with XRCC1 and XRCC4. APLF can also accumulate at sites of chromosomal DNA strand breaks independently of the FHA domain via an unidentified mechanism that requires a highly conserved C-terminal tandem zinc finger domain. Here, we show that the zinc finger domain binds tightly to poly(ADP-ribose), a polymeric posttranslational modification synthesized transiently at sites of chromosomal damage to accelerate DNA strand break repair reactions. Protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is tightly regulated and defects in either its synthesis or degradation slow global rates of chromosomal single-strand break repair. Interestingly, APLF negatively affects poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in vitro, and this activity is dependent on its capacity to bind the polymer. In addition, transient overexpression in human A549 cells of full-length APLF or a C-terminal fragment encoding the tandem zinc finger domain greatly suppresses the appearance of poly(ADP-ribose), in a zinc finger-dependent manner. We conclude that APLF can accumulate at sites of chromosomal damage via zinc finger-mediated binding to poly(ADP-ribose) and is a novel component of poly(ADP-ribose) signaling in mammalian cells.

Guided Modes and Continuous Modes in Parallel-Plate Waveguides Excited by a Line Source

We describe a new physical picture inside a parallel-plate waveguide excited by a line current source. Generally, the electromagnetic (EM) fields inside the waveguide are represented in closed forms of Sommerfeld-like integrals. When the waveguide is filled with air or lossless layered media, we show that EM fields are contributed by both continuous spectra and poles, which correspond to 'continuous modes' and guided modes inside the waveguide. Due to the pairing appearance of poles, the guided modes are composed of physical and unphysical components. We have further shown that the continuous modes contain propagating and evanescent waves, where the former eliminates exactly the unphysical guided modes and the later contributes the near-field effect of the source. Hence the existence of continuous modes makes the wave propagation inside the waveguide physical. When the guidance condition is not satisfied, only evanescent waves are included in continuous modes, which represents the storage of energies near the source. Theoretical analysis and numerical results are given to validate our conclusions.

Graphical analysis of electron inertia induced acoustic instability

Recently, the practical significance of the asymptotic limit of me∕mi→0 for electron density distribution has been judged in a two-component plasma system with drifting ions. It is reported that in the presence of drifting ions with drift speed exceeding the ion acoustic wave speed, the electron inertial delay effect facilitates the resonance coupling of the usual fluid ion acoustic mode with the ion-beam mode. In this contribution the same instability is analyzed by graphical and numerical methods. This is to note that the obtained dispersion relation differs from those of the other known normal modes of low frequency ion plasma oscillations and waves. This is due to consideration of electron inertial delay in derivation of the dispersion relation of the ion acoustic wave fluctuations. Numerical calculations of the dispersion relation and wave energy are carried out to depict the graphical appearance of poles and positive-negative enegy modes. It is found that the electron inertia induced ion acoustic wave instability arises out of linear resonance coupling between the negative and positive energy modes. Characterization of the resonance nature of the instability in Mach number space for different wave numbers of the ion acoustic mode is presented.

Migration and urbanization in the Ruhr Valley, 1821-1914

The author analyzes the human consequences of urbanization and geographical mobility for residents of Duisburg in the Ruhr Valley of Germany during the century-long transition from an agrarian order to the industrial era. By documenting the dynamism of Duisburgs population before the arrival of heavy industry the continued interdependence of urban and rural life into the industrial era and the importance of households and social networks during the entire nineteenth and early twentieth centuries this study reshapes the conventional understanding of central European migration patterns. It also reveals social realities that were apparent neither to contemporaries nor to many historians--for instance that the highly visible movement of ethinc minorities and foreigners to Duisburg was actually dwarfed by the migrations of regional folk that local migration had far more impact than either emigration to North America or the appearance of Poles in the Western regions and that a powerful ideology of return impelled migrants to maintain rural contacts. (EXCERPT)

On spontaneous symmetry breakdown in dynamical systems

The author describes implications of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) in the context of far-from-equilibrium transitions. He shows that the SSB of continuous symmetries leads to the appearance of poles in the Fourier transforms of response functions in complete analogy with the Goldstone theorem in Hamiltonian systems.

Spatial distribution of mRNA during pre-fertilization ovule development in Capsella bursa-pastoris

In situ hybridization of sections of the ovary and ovule of Capsella bursa-pastoris with 3H-polyuridylic acid [3H-poly(U)] showed the presence of polyadenylic acid-containing RNA [poly(A) + RNA] in the cells of the placenta and nucellus. During megasporogenesis there was a decrease in 3H-poly(U) binding activity of the nucellar cells concomitant with the appearance of poly(A) + RNA in the integuments. As the typical eight-nucleate embryo sac was formed, 3H-poly(U) binding was not apparent around the quartet of nuclei at the chalazal end, while it persisted at the micropylar end. Both the egg and synergids as well as the chalazal proliferating tissue showed high concentrations of poly(A) + RNA in their cytoplasm. The results suggest a role for transient localizations of poly(A) + RNA during female sporogenesis and gametogenesis in C. bursa-pastoris.

Electromagnetic and acoustic resonance scattering theory

The excitation of the eigenfrequencies of finite radar or sonar targets, of inhomogeneities in elastic materials, of geological strata or of the entire earth by the impact of propagating waves (of electromagnetic or acoustic nature, or of ultrasonic, elastic, or seismic character, respectively) manifests itself in the appearance of poles in the resulting wave amplitudes, as described by the Resonance Scattering Theory (RST). In the complex frequency plane, these poles relate to the ringing of the scattering resonances. In the complex mode number plane, corresponding poles are connected with circumferential or creeping waves. An analytic relation between these two descriptions is indicated here, and a number of examples from the above-mentioned fields will be discussed. We introduce the concepts of ‘ Acoustic Spectroscopy’ and of ‘ Radar Spectroscopy’, respectively, by exhibiting the target's resonance frequency spectrum in a form familiar from atomic spectroscopy, in order to study the shifting and splitting of resonances ‘levels’ under changes of target shape, and to provide us with possible solutions for the ‘inverse problem’ (i.e., determination of target properties from echo properties - here, resonant echoes).

Localization of (dA-dT)-rich sequences in the membrane-bound DNA and their possible role in sporulation of Bacillus polymyxa

The appearance of poly(A)RNA species at the onset of sporulation has been demonstrated in B. polymyxa. These RNA species, characterized by short oligo(A) stretches, are synthesized at the end of exponential growth (t0) and their level reaches a maximum two hours later (t2 of sporulation). This new feature of sporulation appears relevant to this process as indicated by the lack of formation of poly(A)RNA in mutants blocked at the early stages of sporulation. In addition, the antibiotic netropsin, which is known to inhibit sporulation without affecting the vegetative growth of B. subtilis, also inhibits poly(A) RNA synthesis and sporulation in B. polymyxa. The selective inhibitory effect of netropsin on the poly(A)RNA formation, as reflected in the reduced incorporation of [3H]-adenosine into RNA by sporulating cells, is traced to the inhibition of sporulation-specific RNA polymerase under in vitro conditions. The inhibition of transcription concerns mainly the DNA regions that are firmly associated with membranes. Moreover, [32P]-labeled poly(A)RNA isolated from sporulating cells at t2 hybridizes preferentially with membrane bound DNA (mDNA). Further evidence that the mDNA is enriched in d(AT) sequences was obtained by demonstration of the resistance of the mDNA-netropsin complex to DNase action. Based on the property of netropsin to bind to AT sequences in DNA, it is proposed that early spore genes might be enriched in d(AT) sequences and are localized in mDNA.

Biosynthesis and utilization of extensively undermethylated poly(A)+ RNA in CHO cells during a cycloleucine treatment.

The role of RNA methylations in the control of mRNA maturation and incorporation into polysomes has been investigated through a study of the effects in vivo of cycloleucine, a specific inhibitor of S-adenosyl-methionine mediated methylation. During the cycloleucine treatment, the rate of biosynthesis of hnRNA and its subsequent polyadenylation were only slightly reduced as compared with untreated cells. However a significant lag-time in the cytoplasmic appearance of poly(A)+ undermethylated molecules was observed, in parallel with a transient shift in the average size of hnRNA towards higher molecular weight. Nevertheless, the total amount of pulse-labelled poly(A)+ mRNA transferred to cytoplasm after a long chase time (3 h.) was approximately the same for both cycloleucine-treated and control cells. Extensively undermethylated poly(A)+ cytoplasmic RNAs, possessing a 5' terminal cap were incorporated into polysomes in proportions very similar to control messenger molecules. These results suggest that a normal level of methylation is not stringently required for the production of the functional mRNA molecules although it appears to be of importance for the kinetics of the maturational process.

RNA synthesis in cells infected with herpes simplex virus. XII. Sequence complexity and properties of RNA differing in extent of adenylation

Fractionation of polyadenylated RNA from cells infected with herpes simplex virus by affinity chromatography on columns of poly (U) immobilized on glass-fiber filters yielded three major classes of RNA-containing poly(A) chains with average lengths of 30, 50, and 155 adenylate residues [poly(A)30, poly(A)50, poly(A)155]. In contrast, nitrocellulose membranes bound predominantly a fraction of RNA containing poly(A)155. The distribution of cytoplasmic RNA in the three classes was found to be independent of the labeling interval, ranging from 10 min to 6 h. Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA consisted mainly (57 to 68%) of the poly(A)155 class; this was also the major class (68%) of polyadenylated RNA found in polyribosomes. Nuclear poly(A) RNA consisted largely (42 to 50%) of poly(A)30 class, whereas high-molecular-weight nuclear RNA sedimenting at greater than 45S contained almost exclusively the poly(A)30 tracts. Hybridization experiments involving unlabeled RNA and labeled viral DNA demonstrated the presence of viral RNA sequences complementary to approximately 40% of viral DNA in all polyadenylated RNA classes. Inasmuch as unfractionated cytoplasmic RNA arises from approximately 40% of the viral DNA, we conclude that most, if not all, viral RNA species present in the cytoplasm are adenylated. In contrast to these results, only a fraction of poly(A)155 RNA, complementary to 21% of viral DNA, bound to nitrocellulose filters. The selective binding of poly(A)155 sequences to nitrocellulose filters might be related to its secondary structure, since transcripts homologous to 40% of viral DNA bind to nitrocellulose membranes, provided the RNA is denatured prior to filtration. The data suggest that poly(A) tracts arise by at least two separate steps. The first involves the appearance of poly(A)30 tracts in the high-molecular-weight nuclear transcripts. The second involves polyadenylation to ply(A)50 and poly(A)155 RNA classes concomitant with processing and transport to the cytoplasm.

A comparison of the effects of alkylating agents 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and nitrogen mustard on nuclear RNA synthesis/and processing

The effect of three alkylating agents on the RNA metabolism of HeLa cells were compared. The agents, nitrogen mustard (HN 2), 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, are quite different in their modes of inhibition and relatively specific in their effects on RNA synthesis and processing. Nitrogen mustard severely inhibits the formation of 45 S ribosomal RNA precursor in the nucleolus by producing shortened RNA chains. The remnant 45 S RNA that is produced appears to process normally at least as far as 32 S. The drug produces shortened nucleoplasmic RNA (HnRNA) molecules. Cytoplasmic messenger RNA is completely inhibited, presumably as a result of the aberrant nucleoplasmic synthesis. 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea has little immediate effect on ribosomal precursor RNA synthesis in the nucleolus. However, subsequent processing of the 45 S precursor RNA is severely inhibited. Prolonged exposure to the drug leads to an inhibition of 45 S RNA synthesis, possibly because of the block in the processing step. The drug has little effect on HnRNA synthesis. The addition of poly(A) to HnRNA is normal. However, the subsequent appearance of poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic mRNA is severely inhibited. 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea directly inhibits the synthesis of 45 S precursor RNA in the nucleolus. The processing of such RNA as is formed is also inhibited. In contrast, it has little or no effect on HnRNA synthesis and does not affect the appearance of poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic message.

An early cordycepin-sensitive event in the action of glucocorticoid hormones on rat thymus cells in vitro: evidence that synthesis of new mRNA initiates the earliest metabolic effects of steroid hormones.

Evidence is presented that the synthesis of poly A is essential for the progression of the sequence that follows binding of glucocorticoid hormones to nuclear receptor-complex and leads, after 20–30 min, to the well-known hormonal inhibition of glucose transport. Action of dexamethasone or cortisol on glucose is prevented by amounts of Cordycepin (3′deoxyadenosine) that rapidly block, by 40%, the appearance of poly A in polysomal fractions. Sensitivity to Cordycepin is limited to the first 10 min following hormone addition. In dose-response studies a parallelism is found between degrees of blockade of hormone action and blockade of poly A formation.Studies of possible actions of Cordycepin on: binding of hormones to nuclear receptors, levels of ATP, and synthesis of protein, DNA and nuclear non-poly A RNA are all consistent with the interpretation that the antibiotic blocks hormone action either through its selective effects on poly A synthesis or disturbances in RNA metabolism related to reduced poly A s...

Semiclassical approximations for scattering by nonlocal potentials. II Simple applications to atomic collisions

The effective-mass method for treating scattering by nonlocal potentials described in a previous publication. is applied to some problems in atomic collision theory. The applications are based on an effective equation for scattering in the elastic channel when coupling with other channels is included, giving rise to a nonlocal effective potential. We use the effective-mass theory to analyze the influence of coupling with closed channels on the elastic scattering in atom-atom collisions and point out that this may lead to a new type of rainbow effect. We show that strong interchannel coupling results in the appearance of poles and zeros in the effective mass and that the latter may lead to compound-state resonances and orbiting effects. It is observed that the occurences of Fesbach resonances in molecular encounters is always reflected in the presence of zeroes in the corresponding effective mass. We also employ the effective-mass method to deal briefly with the familiar problem of curve crossing and nonadiabatic transitions in atomic collisions.