Appearance Of New Objects Research Articles

The impact of digital transformation on changing legal nature of information in digital form

The article examines the legal nature of digital information in the context of the development of the digital economy and the digitalization of public life. The author draws attention to the fact that information in digital form forms the basis for the emergence of new objects involved in turnover. Turnover, taking into account the need to meet the various needs of the individual, exists both in fact – in everyday reality and in virtual space – through information systems. In modern circulation in everyday life and the electronic environment, information can be presented in various forms. It is noted that in the conditions of rapid development of information technologies, the right to access information becomes important, and the information carrier loses its previously known importance in legal relations. In the conditions of digitalization, the division of new turnover objects into two varieties is proposed. The first group consists of objects that exist in the usual real form, but acquire an electronic form. Transformation accelerates turnover and allows us to work out optimal ways to exercise rights to such objects. The second group is formed by objects that arise and exist in virtual space within the framework of information systems. The possibilities of using such objects are determined by the level of development of information technologies. It is impossible to predict the appearance of new objects of economic value in the digital economy, and the choice of legal economy tools is not always a suitable way of law-making. Special attention is paid to information as a basis for turnover objects in the context of the theory of absolute and relative rights. The attempt to establish the ownership of information and limited property rights is analyzed, and the conclusion is made about the problematic existence of such structures. At the same time, the author shows a change in the understanding and essential meaning of information as a category in the conditions of digital transformation. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a concept of digital information regulation.

Interdisciplinarity in the structure of modern methodology of history

The integration of humanitarian research has greatly expanded the range of related disciplines involved in the process of historical cognition. The article examines the epistemological aspects of interdisciplinaryism as the main principle of the development of modern history methodology. The consequence of strengthening inter-subject relationships in historical studies was the complexity of vocabulary, the emergence of new concepts borrowed from related disciplines. The modern conceptual system is caused by the appearance of new objects of study, which were not in the “classical” historical science, so called “event history.” Some of them (gender, historical memory, totalitarianism, childhood, the environment, etc.) are established in their status of “historical” and interdisciplinary. At the same time, there appeared new objects of “non-event” history studies (history of emotions, violence, etc.) which require an appeal to evolutionary psychology, historical sociology, anthropology and other areas of humanitarian knowledge.

Procès de civilisation et transformations sociales; une discussion de la théorie de Norbert Elias dans le domaine du sport

Norbert Elias’ theory of the civilizing process is still relevant in the social sciences of sport, as evidenced by the many current references. However, the numerous studies carried out over the past thirty years show some limitations in this area. How can we explain its persistence? After recalling the plan of the German sociologist to explain the creation of English sport in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by a transformation of morals which, after experiencing the violent time of the Antique Games, committed itself at the end of the Middle Ages, this study reflects some inconsistencies through the historical and epistemological analysis of key concepts such as sport, sportivization, configuration and violence. A profoundly ambiguous approach is then highlighted between, on the one hand, the process of transformation which, purporting to be linear, is based on apparently solid socio-political and economic analyses and, on the other hand, the appearance of new objects to be highlighted by epistemic ruptures. If this blind point, therefore, opens up many erroneous interpretations, also often participating in strengthening the theory of the civilizing process, its analysis should make it possible not to deny the validity of the Eliasian scheme, but to enrich it and to overcome it.

Structural transformations on an oxidized Ag(111) surface

The structure of the Ag(111) surface after the adsorption of molecular oxygen at a temperature of 300 K is studied by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. It is established that local surface oxide is formed at the first stage of adsorption. The subsequent adsorption of O results in the appearance of new objects with a size of 3–8 A and a height of 1.0–1.5 A on the Ag(111) surface, which form quasi-ordered structures with increasing degree of coating. The heating of the system obtained up to 500 K leads to a structural transition resulting in the formation of single islands of the p (4×4) phase on the surface. Surface structures are identified by a simulation based on the density functional theory.

The rubrication of new areas of research in connection with the needs of the national economy based on the example of spintronics in physics

This article deals with problems of rubrication of dynamically developing directions associated with the permanent appearance of new objects, processes, methods, and technologies. These problems are considered based on the example of spintronics, a new field of solid-state physics that concerns the preservation and transmission of information according to electron spins in addition to or instead of their charge. We described a multi-level rubrication for spintronics, which includes all its major development directions at the moment, in accordance with which the publications are distributed in issues of the Physics. Spintronics AJ. A comparison of the proposed rubrication with the one that was proposed several years ago during the creation of a profile AJ was made. Among others, two new and promising branches of spintronics were allocated in the new rubrication: valley electronics (or valleytronics) and magnonics, and rubrics were introduced that reflect the roles of nano-objects and nano-technology in spintronic devices. The bibliometric analysis allowed us to evaluate the extent and distribution on different criteria of a publication flow in spintronics and to determine the adequacy of the developed rubrication.

Detection of object onsets and offsets: Does the primacy of onset persist even with bias for detecting offset?

Onset primacy is a robust visual phenomenon in which appearance of new objects (onsets) in a scene more effectively captures observers' attention compared with disappearance of previously viewed objects (offsets). We hypothesized that the human attentional system is programmed by default to prioritize the processing of onsets, because quick detection of them is advantageous in most situations. However, the attentional priority may be able to flexibly adapt to the detection of object offsets depending on observers' behavioral goals. To test these hypotheses, two experiments were conducted in which participants were biased toward finding offset of an existing object through top-down and bottom-up manipulations. Results showed that although onset primacy was reduced to some degree under strong offset bias, in general participants continued to detect onsets efficiently. These findings did not eliminate the possibility of attentional flexibility, but they do demonstrate the robustness of onset primacy, suggesting that environmental demands or motivational factors would need to be sufficiently strong for people to switch to an adaptive attentional mode.

ACCOUNTING ASPECTS OF THE PECULIARITIES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF INTERNET-SHOPS IN MODERN CONDITIONS

Under modern conditions, characterized by the development of information technologies, the approach to trade activity has been changing fundamentally as its movement to the virtual reality brings changes in the sphere of management and determines the organization of accounting. The current pace of development of computer systems and technologies has led to the development of e-commerce, the possibility of function of which is provided by the information systems. Methodology of research, analysis of last researches and publications. Rapid growth of e-commerce market and the existence of practical issues concerning the organization and the peculiarities of functioning of the appropriate entities have been formed a scientific interest in the task solving. The need for accounting approach to e-commerce activity subjects has been identified the relevance of research. The purpose of research is to generalize the researches regarding the e-commerce and its components, formation of a common understanding of organization and the features of e-commerce business entities with the definition of the accounting aspects in order to ensure efficiency. Subject of research. In the article the essence of e-commerce and peculiarities of its implementation in connection with the development of e-commerce in Ukraine and in the world has been considered. The activity of Internet-shops as one of the most popular e-commerce systems has been researched. Advantages, disadvantages and feasibility of functioning of Internet-shops compared to other systems have been identified. The place and role of accounting as well as the features of its organization in creating of Internet-shop have been determined. The features of accounting according to the different ways of payment have been considered. Results of research. The development of e-commerce in Ukraine and in the world contributed to the development of the activities of Internet-shops as one of the most common of its systems. The ability to save money and time when buying goods contributed to factors of this kind of e-commerce system in Ukraine. However, during the organization of this type of trade it is important to take into account the negative impacts, one of them – the need to develop electronic payment systems. Organization of operation of Internet-shops has a number of features and in the first place it is provided by the Internet-site that initially requires an investment, but in the future development minimizes costs and is more efficient and less expensive way of doing business in the modern world. In the research the different aspects of Internet-shops, taking into account the methods and organization of accounting, have been considered, the possible expenses at the beginning of activity and in the further development of this type of trade have been identified, the various ways of purchase by customers, that determine in complex the characteristics of functioning of the Internet-shop, have been considered. Thus, accounting in modern conditions being still a source of high-quality (accurate, timely) information for management system has been developing and transforming in parallel with changes in the types of business, appearance of new objects and requests for information by appropriate users. In the article the peculiarities of the activities of the online shops in modern conditions have been considered, in further research the other types of such business models should be more studied. In addition, as e-trade is actively growing, the analysis of problematic issues becomes the main tasks: pricing, product range, delivery and payment.

Semi-automated object tracking methods in biological imaging.

Time-lapse imaging is a rich data source offering potential kinetic information of cellular activity and behavior. Tracking and extracting measurements of objects from time-lapse datasets are challenges that result from the complexity and dynamics of each object's motion and intensity or the appearance of new objects in the field of view. A wide range of strategies for proper data sampling, object detection, image analysis, and post-analysis interpretation are available. Theory and methods for single-particle tracking, spot detection, and object linking are discussed in this unit, as well as examples with step-by-step procedures for utilizing semi-automated software and visualization tools for achieving tracking results and interpreting this output.

Moving object segmentation in Daubechies complex wavelet domain

Motion segmentation is a crucial step in video analysis and is associated with a number of computer vision applications. This paper introduces a new method for segmentation of moving object which is based on double change detection technique applied on Daubechies complex wavelet coefficients of three consecutive frames. Daubechies complex wavelet transform for segmentation of moving object has been chosen as it is approximate shift invariant and has a better directional selectivity as compared to real valued wavelet transform. Double change detection technique is used to obtain video object plane by inter-frame difference of three consecutive frames. Double change detection technique also provides automatic detection of appearance of new objects. The proposed method does not require any other parameter except Daubechies complex wavelet coefficients. Results of the proposed method for segmentation of moving objects are compared with results of other state-of-the-art methods in terms of visual performance and a number of quantitative performance metrics viz. Misclassification Penalty, Relative Foreground Area Measure, Pixel Classification Based Measure, Normalized Absolute Error, and Percentage of Correct Classification. The proposed method is found to have high degree of segmentation accuracy than the other state-of-the-art methods.

Services for Content Creation and Presentation in an Iconographical Digital Library

Content creation and presentation are key activities in a multimedia digital library (MDL). The proper design and intelligent implementation of these services provide a stable base for overall MDL functionality. This paper presents the framework and the implementation of these services in the latest version of the “Virtual Encyclopaedia of Bulgarian Iconography” multimedia digital library. For the semantic description of the iconographical objects a tree-based annotation template is implemented. It provides options for autocompletion, reuse of values, bilingual entering of data, automated media watermarking, resizing and conversing. The paper describes in detail the algorithm for automated appearance of dependent values for different characteristics of an iconographical object. An algorithm for avoiding duplicate image objects is also included. The service for automated appearance of new objects in a collection after their entering is included as an important part of the content presentation. The paper also presents the overall service-based architecture of the library, covering its main service panels, repositories and their relationships. The presented vision is based on a long-term observation of the users’ preferences, cognitive goals, and needs, aiming to find an optimal functionality solution for the end users.

Attentional capture by unique temporal change

The time course of attentional capture was measured in the preview search paradigm (Yantis & Joinides, 1984). Participants were first presented a circular preview display of figure eights. After one second two to four line segments of each figure eight were deleted to reveal a search display of letters, with two letters arbitrarily designated as targets. The participant's task was to press one of two keys as rapidly as possible to report target identity. Attentional capture was indexed by the relative ratio of RT slopes, taken over the display size, for targets that appear in unchanged versus unique display item locations. This is based on the assumption that when a unique item draws attention to itself, it will slow search if it happens to be one of the distractor letters. The current study points to a temporal factor, over and above the importance of new objects and relative signal speed, which is critical for attentional capture. Attention is captured by temporally unique events. The results of three experiments show that feature changes capture attention as effectively as new objects provided they occur during a period in which the display is static. Conversely, these same feature changes do not capture attention when they occur simultaneously with other display changes, such as the sudden onset of all items or the deletion of some line segments in all items. Importantly, the results show that this unique event hypothesis applies to changes in color (Experiment 1), in motion (Experiment 2) and even to the sudden appearance of new objects (Experiment 3). These findings highlight the importance of considering both space and time in studies of attentional capture.

The attentional influence of new objects and new motion

Previous research on the attentional influence of new objects and new motion in the environment has focused on studying these two visual features in isolation. In the present study, we examined new objects and new motion when they co-occurred within one scene. In addition, we evaluated the extent to which low-level luminance changes can contribute to the attention-capturing properties of each of these dynamic events. Results suggest that new objects have a larger impact on the allocation of attention than new motion and, under certain circumstances, the appearance of new objects may suppress the attentional benefit typically afforded to new motion. Lastly, our findings indicate that low-level factors account for some, but not all, of the attentional effects observed for new objects and new motion.

Integration of Exogenous Input into a Dynamic Salience Map Revealed by Perturbing Attention

Although it is widely accepted that exogenous and voluntary factors jointly determine the locus of attention, the rules governing the integration of these factors are poorly understood. We investigated neural responses in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) to transient, distracting visual perturbations presented during task performance. Monkeys performed a covert search task in which they discriminated the orientation of a target embedded among distractors, and brief visual perturbations were presented at various moments and locations during task performance. LIP neurons responded to perturbations consisting of the appearance of new objects, as well as to abrupt changes in the color, luminance, or position of existing objects. The LIP response correlated with the bottom-up behavioral effects of different perturbation types. In addition, neurons showed two types of top-down modulations. One modulation was a context-specific multiplicative gain that affected perturbation, target, and distractor activity in a spatially nonspecific manner. Gain was higher in blocks of trials in which perturbations directly marked target location than in blocks in which they invariably appeared opposite the target, thus encoding a behavioral context defined by the statistical contingency between target and perturbation location. A second modulation reflected local competitive interactions with search-related activity, resulting in the converse effect: weaker perturbation-evoked responses if perturbations appeared at the location of the target than if they appeared opposite the target. Thus, LIP encodes an abstract dimension of salience, which is shaped by local and global top-down mechanisms. These interacting mechanisms regulate responsiveness to external input as a function of behavioral context and momentary task demands.

Change blindness and the primacy of object appearance

A large body of work suggests that the visual system is particularly sensitive to the appearance of new objects. This is based partly on evidence from visual search studies showing that onsets capture attention whereas many other types of visual event do not. Recently, however, the notion that object onset has a special status in visual attention has been challenged. For instance, an object that looms toward an observer has also been shown to capture attention. In two experiments, we investigated whether onset receives processing priority over looming. Observers performed a change detection task in which one of the display objects either loomed or receded, or a new object appeared. Results showed that looming objects were more resistant to change blindness than receding objects. Crucially, however, the appearance of a new object was less susceptible to change blindness than both looming and receding. We argue that the visual system is particularly sensitive to object onsets.

Appearing and disappearing stimuli trigger a reflexive modulation of visual cortical activity

From the vast array of stimuli continually inundating our senses, only a very small portion is selected for higher-order processing. This selection is influenced by voluntary and reflexive mechanisms that may act at multiple stages of analysis. Extensive research has revealed that top–down voluntary mechanisms modulate information processing at both “early” (e.g., perceptual) and “late” (e.g., semantic) stages. Bottom–up sensory-driven mechanisms, however, are less well understood. Previous investigations of bottom–up mechanisms may have been influenced by top–down mechanisms because the stimuli were task-relevant and required overt responses. Here, we directly measured bottom–up influences on visual information processing by recording event-related brain potentials (ERP) to sequences of task-irrelevant visual stimuli. We found that abrupt visual events triggered an automatic enhancement of extrastriate visual activity (the P1 ERP component) to subsequent visual stimuli occurring at the same location. In contrast to theories suggesting that the abrupt appearance of a new object is unique in being able to trigger bottom–up effects, we found that disappearing objects triggered the same enhancement of subsequent stimulus processing as did appearing objects. The present data, however, also provide new electrophysiological evidence for a level of analysis in the brain that may be specific to the appearance of new objects. These data thus provide evidence that abruptly appearing objects may evoke specialized processing at certain stages of analysis in the brain but that, despite this difference, appearing and disappearing objects both trigger reflexive mechanisms that bias neural activity in human extrastriate visual cortex.

Object Onset and Parvocellular Guidance of Attentional Allocation

The parvocellular visual pathway in the primate brain is known to be involved with the processing of color. However, a subject of debate is whether an abrupt change in color, conveyed via this pathway, is capable of automatically attracting attention. It has been shown that the appearance of new objects defined solely by color is indeed capable of modulating attention. However, given evidence suggesting that the visual system is particularly sensitive to new onsets, it is unclear to what extent such results reflect effects of color change per se, rather than effects of object onset. We assessed attentional capture by color change that occurred as a result of either new objects appearing or already-present "old" objects changing color. Results showed that although new object onsets accrued attention, changing the color of old objects did not. We conclude that abrupt color change per se is not sufficient to capture attention.

Prioritization of New Objects in Real-World Scenes: Evidence From Eye Movements.

The authors examined the prioritization of abruptly appearing objects in real-world scenes by measuring the eyes' propensity to be directed to the new object. New objects were fixated more often than chance whether they appeared during fixations (transient onsets) or saccades (nontransient onsets). However, onsets that appeared during fixations were fixated sooner and more often than those coincident with saccades. Prioritization of onsets during saccades, but not fixations, were affected by manipulations of memory: Reducing scene viewing time prior to the onset eliminated prioritization, whereas prior study of the scenes increased prioritization. Transient objects draw attention quickly and do not depend on memory, but without a transient signal, new objects are prioritized over several saccades as memory is used to explicitly identify the change. These effects were not modulated by observers' expectations concerning the appearance of new objects, suggesting the prioritization of a transient is automatic and that memory-guided prioritization is implicit.

Perceptual conditions necessary to induce change blindness

Change blindness is a failure to detect a change in an scene when the change occurs along with some visual disturbances. Disturbances are thought to play a delocalizing role that affects the saliency of the “target” transient signal coming from the change location, which would otherwise capture attention and render the change visible. For instance, it is hypothesized that the appearance of new objects in the “mudsplashes” paradigm generates transient signals that compete with the target object's transient signal for attracting attention. Thus, experiments using the mudsplashes paradigm do not rule out a possible role of object changes in capturing attention. Here, by reversing image contrast polarity, we develop a new paradigm to produce change blindness when a real global transient signal is the only visual event occurring, with no edges added or deleted except in the target object. The results show that transient signals, per se, are able to prevent change detection. However, abrupt transients are not necessary if object change occurs in the zero-contrast phase of a smoothly fading and reappearing image, leaving attention as the only common factor affecting all cases of change blindness.

Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation–state building, migration and the social sciences

Methodological nationalism is understood as the assumption that the nation/state/society is the natural social and political form of the modern world. We distinguish three modes of methodological nationalism that have characterized mainstream social science, and then show how these have influenced research on migration. We discover parallels between nationalist thinking and the conceptualization of migration in postwar social sciences. In a historical tour d’horizon, we show that this mainstream concept has developed in close interaction with nation–state building processes in the West and the role that immigration and integration policies have played within them. The shift towards a study of ‘transnational communities’— the last phase in this process — was more a consequence of an epistemic move away from methodological nationalism than of the appearance of new objects of observation. The article concludes by recommending new concepts for analysis that, on the one hand, are not coloured by methodological nationalism and, on the other hand, go beyond the fluidism of much contemporary social theory.

Attentional and oculomotor capture by onset, luminance and color singletons

In three experiments we investigated whether attentional and oculomotor capture occur only when object-defining abrupt onsets are used as distractors in a visual search task, or whether other salient stimuli also capture attention and the eyes even when they do not constitute new objects. The results showed that abrupt onsets (new objects) are especially effective in capturing attention and the eyes, but that luminance increments that do not accompany the appearance of new objects capture attention as well. Color singletons do not capture attention unless subjects have experienced the color singleton as a search target in a previous experimental session. Both abrupt onsets and luminance increments elicit reflexive, involuntary saccades whereas transient color changes do not. Implications for theories of attentional capture are discussed.