Appearance Of Discoloration Research Articles

TAPHONOMIC INDICATORS OF DEAD OCEAN QUAHOG (ARCTICA ISLANDICA) SHELL AGE IN THE DEATH ASSEMBLAGE OF THE MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT CONTINENTAL SHELF

ABSTRACT Taphonomic indicators are often used to assess time-since-death of skeletal remains. These indicators frequently have limited accuracy, resulting in the reliance of other methodologies to age remains. Arctica islandica, commonly known as the ocean quahog, is a relatively widespread bivalve in the North Atlantic, with an extended lifespan that often exceeds two hundred years; hence, their shells are often studied to evaluate climate change over time. This report evaluates taphonomic age using 117 A. islandica shells collected from the Mid-Atlantic Bight offshore of the Delmarva Peninsula with radiocarbon dates extending from 60–4,400 cal years BP. These shells had varying degrees of taphonomic alteration produced by discoloration and degradation of periostracum. To determine if a relationship exists between taphonomic condition and time-since-death, radiocarbon ages were compared with the amount of remaining periostracum and type of discoloration. Old shells (individuals that died long ago) were discolored orange with no periostracum while younger shells (individuals that died more recently) had their original color, with some periostracum. Both the disappearance of periostracum and appearance of discoloration followed a logistic process, with 50% of shells devoid of periostracum and 50% discolored in about 1,000 years. The logistic form of long-term taphonomic processes degrading shell condition is first reported here, as are the longest time series for taphonomic processes in death assemblages within the Holocene record. This relationship can be utilized for triage when deciding what shells to age from time-averaged assemblages, permitting more efficient application of expensive methods of aging such as radiocarbon dating.

THE ILLUSTRATION GROW OF CONTAMINANT FUNGI AT WHITE BREAD BASED ON TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

Introduction: Food is a basic need for every living creature. Bread is one of the processed foods that is consumed by many people as a staple food substitute for rice. The shelf life of white bread is usually not more than a week or even just three days. The appearance of bread that is not suitable for consumption is indicated by the appearance of discoloration on the bread due to being overgrown with fungus. The fungus that grows on white bread can produce mycotoxins during the storage process. Food poisoning can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
 Method: The purpose of this study was to determine the average percentage of white bread covered with contaminant fungi based on temperature and humidity. The method used is descriptive.
 Results: The results showed that white bread overgrown with contaminant fungi by steaming and not steaming which was placed at room temperature grew faster than white bread placed at refrigerator temperature. At room temperature (27°C - 30°C), contaminant fungi began to grow on the seventh day on white bread 1 and on the fourth day on white bread 2 with the steamed treatment, while for the non-steamed treatment the contaminant fungi began to grow on the fifth day. At refrigerator temperature (13°C - 16°C), white bread with steamed and unsteamed treatment was not covered with contaminant fungi.
 Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that white bread overgrown with contaminant fungi at room temperature with steam treatment was 3.33% on the fourth to fifth day, and 66.6% on the seventh day. Bread covered with contaminant fungi at room temperature with treatment not steamed as much as 3.33% on the fifth to the seventh day. Researchers hope that future researchers can conduct this research by adding a microscopic examination method.

A more accurate definition of water characteristics in stone materials for an improved understanding and effective protection of cultural heritage from biodeterioration

The water associated with cultural heritage materials is the most important factor before initiation microbial colonization and subsequent biodeterioration processes to occur. Since moisture or water in such materials is the key to life, a more refined characterization of water is needed to advance the basic understanding of the fundamental mechanisms, especially for the accurate assessment of bio-susceptibility or bio-receptibility of different materials. Water can be categorized to free, gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic to account for the physical states and sorption strength with the materials. Material porosity or water-holding capacity are fundamental criteria used in characterization of various types of materials on a common ground and basis, but pore connectivity has been largely ignored and must be addressed to establish the methods for assessment and also its relationship to bio-colonization and biodeterioration. When a threshold value of water in the relevant physical categories is available, microbial life can colonize and establish colonies as biofilms on materials surfaces to carry out the biochemical reactions leading to biodeterioration, from appearance of discoloration to physical damage of the materials. Microbial destruction of inorganic materials is mainly carried out by the biochemical reactions through carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Among material porosity characteristics, available water and microorganisms, mobility and movement of soluble salts under wet and dry cycles have significant impact on the durability of materials. Uptake of soluble salts and supersaturated salts in water into materials can result in crystallization and mineral formation under evaporation condition to initiate the internal stress and cracks, which eventually result in surface delamination and damage. From an architecture design point of view, it is clear that management of water is a basic and important strategy to prevent development of microbial issues in the long-term protection of cultural heritage.

Antimicrobial Activity of Tagetes (Marigold Flower) Hydroextract Infused Wet Wipes

Abstract: Medicinal flower marigold (tagetes) is been used and harvested for its medical properties both internally and externally. Which has beneficial impact such as lowers Inflammation and free radical damage, reduces eye Inflammation and conjunctivitis, has natural antiseptic properties, heals Skin wounds, burns and rashes, helps reduce hemorrhoid pain, eases cramps and spasms, naturally repels bugs and has antimicrobial properties. The aim of hydroextract of marigold flower(tagetes) infused in non woven cloth made to reduce diaper rashes and protect sensitive skin, decrease the appearance of discoloration due to scarring, treat fungal infection in skin, which also helps in preventing the skin infections. The hydroextract of tagetes is incorporated with fragrance such as lavender oil which also supports the clearance of infections. To increase the moisture content of the wipe coconut oil is also infused. The infused materials in non woven cloth is meant to be wet wipes which contains antimicrobial properties with fragrance of lavender and good moisture level in it. The developed product is objectively evaluated (antimicrobial activity) and that was found to be good. Keywords: Medicinal flower, Tagetes (marigold flower), Hydroextract, Antimicrobial activity.

Host-Plant Relations of the Hall Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Peaches and Nectarines in Israel

The population density of the Hall scale, Nilotaspis hall (Green), on peaches and nectarines in Israel showed 3 peaks during the year. Male nymphs were rare and present only in summer. Winged adult males were not present. Population density was significantly higher under buds closely attached (adpressed) to twigs compared with those that were more protruding. Cultivars with a higher proportion of adpressed buds had greater densities of scales than those with predominantly protruding buds. A good correlation between the number of scales in twig band traps and densities on buds suggests that the traps may be useful for monitoring. Winter buds infested by high densities of scales failed to sprout by spring. Scale feeding on nectarines causes red spots that become gradually darker over time; damage to peaches appears later, closer to picking time. The delayed appearance of discoloration in peaches suggests that late or light scale infestations may not result in economic damage. Egg development was suspended over winter, but resumed simultaneously on different early- and late-ripening varieties. The resumption of reproduction occurred at threshold temperatures that varied with the duration of exposure to low temperatures.