Appearance Of Air Research Articles

KUALITAS FOTO POLOS PASIEN DENGAN DAN TANPA LAVEMENT

ABSTRACT
 Introduction: Patient preparation aims to minimize the appearance of air and feces which can interfere with doctors assessing anatomy and pathology on radiographs, and in some cases can even cause a delay in IVP examination. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between KUB examination patients with and without patient preparation (Abbasi A, Siyal A and Soomro M.I, 2015). Preparation of IVP patients between outpatients and inpatients at Prof. Hospital. Dr. Margono Soekardjo Purwokerto differs in the presence or absence of lavement.
 Method: This type of research is descriptive research. The population of the study was request sheets for photos and plain photo radiographs for BNO IVP examination with indications of hydronephrosis. The exclusion criteria for this study were patients aged ≥ 50 years to avoid the effects of constipation. The assessment uses a questionnaire that refers to The European Commission Guideline For Evaluation Of Radiographic Images and the assessment criteria determined by the researcher.
 Results: up to 6 patients came from the Inpatient Installation and 6 patients came from the Outpatient Installation. Inpatient installation has a higher total score for renal outline. Inpatient installation has a lower total score for visualization of the right psoas line and bone system, but gives the same score for the left psoas line. The Inpatient Installation has a higher total score for visualizing a lot of air and feces than the Outpatient Installation for the proximal colon area, while the distal colon area has the same score. In the distal colonic area, more radiographs from inpatient settings show air and stool features that may interfere with diagnosis than outpatient settings. This can be caused by visits from guests when visiting patients. The tendency of guests to bring food and chat with patients can affect this.
 Conclusion: In general, radiographs from outpatients and inpatients can clearly show the organs which include, the entire urinary tract area from the upper pole of the kidney to the basal bladder, renal outline, psoas line and bone system, but visualization of a lot of air and feces is more higher than the Outpatient Installation for the proximal colon area, while the distal colon area has the same score.

Unusual appearance of air in soft tissue on ultrasound.

Unusual appearance of air in soft tissue on ultrasound.

Air Pollution Exposure and Risk of Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Children: A Longitudinal, Nationwide Study.

Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) involves the spontaneous appearance of air in the pleural space. Atmospheric pressure, temperature change, and seasonal factors may precipitate SP, but its association with air pollution remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted this nationwide, retrospective population-based study to evaluate the risk of SP in Taiwanese children exposed to air pollution. We collected data on SP incidence from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database; the Taiwan Air Quality-Monitoring Database provided daily concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and hydrocarbons in 2000–2012. SP risk was evaluated for four quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4). The NO adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for Q2, Q3, and Q4 compared to Q1 were 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77–1.61), 1.24 (95% CI: 0.88–1.76), and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.17–2.34), respectively. The NO2 aHRs for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 1.12 (95% CI: 0.77–1.64), 1.31 (95% CI: 0.0.90–1.90), and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.04–2.19), respectively. Hydrocarbons aHRs for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.64–1.18), 1.16 (95% CI: 0.90–1.49), and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.06–1.85), respectively. Increased exposure to NO, NO2, and hydrocarbons is associated with increased SP risk in Taiwanese children.

Influence of selected parenteral drugs on tightness and morphological parameters of enteroanastomosis in rats

During the past few years many scientific investigations regarding the status of enteroanastomoses after surgical resections have been performed all over the world. General surgery wards perform intestinal resections on patients with neoplastic processes or with advanced nonspecific intestinal inflammation. Partial resections of the intestines are also performed on patients with necrotic changes caused by intestinal torsion or embolism of the branches of the mesenteric artery. These types of surgeries often require additional treatment which should cause a minimal strain for the patient in the postoperative period in order to obtain the highest percentage of recoveries. In proliferative diseases chemo- and radiotherapy are the most commonly used methods of treatment whereas general and local steroid therapy are used in inflammatory diseases. Additionally, immunomodulating agents are used with conventional therapy to improve the therapeutic effect. In a few studies, the influence of drugs on the local status of the intestine and wound healing status after surgeries was examined. The influence of selected agents on the status of experimental enteroanastomoses performed on the large intestine of rats was evaluated based on physical and morphometric tests. The study was performed on 60 Wistar rats, all of whom were male, of a similar body weight (250-350 grams) and the same age (2 months old). The rats were operated on to create an experimental anastomosis of the ascending colon. Then we administered selected drugs to evaluate their effect on the status of the newly created intestinal anastomosis. Selected parameters were evaluated after 4, 7 and 14 days after the surgery. In our experimental cycle animals were divided into 4 groups with 15 individuals in each group. The first group (I) was given physiological saline intraperitoneally (control group). Animals in the second group (II) were given the immuno-modulating drug interferon (Intron A) (45.000 IU/kg of b.w./day) after the surgery. Animals in the third group (III) were given the steroid Dexaven (0.5 mg/day) after the surgery. Animals in the fourth group (IV) were given a cytostatic agent (5-fluoroauracil) after the surgery (20 mg/kg/day). All of the drugs were administered in the same form as intra-peritoneal injections with the same amount of fluid. The study was planned for 5 cycles. 12 animals participated in one experimental cycle: 3 animals each from groups I, II, III and IV were operated on. The drugs were given for 5 days starting from the second day after the surgery. The rats were dissected after the 4th, 7th and 14th days of the experimental cycle to evaluate the status of the enteroanastomosis and the skin, according to previously mentioned parameters. Macroscopic changes of the enteroanastomosis were examined. Swabs were taken from all individuals with features of inflammation around this location. Next, the tightness of the anastomosis was evaluated by examining the appearance of air in the area of the anastomosis. The most important and last part of the experiment was amorphometric analysis of the large intestine with the anastomosis. In preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin the following parameters were evaluated: amount of active intestinal crypts/mm, amount of non-active intestinal crypts/mm, total amount of intestinal crypts/mm, thickness of the mucous membrane, thickness of the submucous membrane, thickness of the muscular layer, fractal dimension of the mucosal membrane, fractal dimension of conjunctive tissue. Under the influence of steroid agents tightness disorders of the anastomosis were observed. Evaluation of the influence of the used substances on the morphometry of the enteroanastomosis revealed evident changes in the later days of the trial. In the days following the dissection of the animals from the control group histological changes were also observed that can suggest that the surgical intervention in itself influenced the morphometric parameters and caused disorders in the activity of intestinal crypts, decreased the dimension of the submucous membrane and altered the regeneration of the mucous membrane of the large intestine. Generally, agents used in the study caused disorders in the healing of the anastomosis, which significantly decreased particular dimensions of analyzed parameters. The substances examined influenced the thickness of the submucous membrane by making it thinner. Steroid and immunotherapy changed the reconstruction of conjunctive tissue which significantly affected the status and the resistance of the anastomosis. Intraperitoneal administration of selected therapeutical substances, especially Dexaven and Intron A have influenced the complete healing process of the anastomosis by disturbing the regenerative processes.

Modernization of the cooling system for diesel engines of the YAMZ family with the aim of reducing cavitation damages

The article deals with issues related to the modernization of diesel engines to reduce their cavitation damages. During the operation of diesel engines, local fractures can occur, as a rule, the causes of these disruptions can be the vibrations of the walls of cooling cavities of diesel engines, resulting in ruptures of the liquid, which leads to higher pressures, temperatures and potential differences in the cooling sphere. These factors have a destructive effect on the surface of parts, washed with coolant. To maintain a normal thermal regime, it is necessary to remove excess heat from heated parts, that is why the cooling system is designed. One of the promising trends in the development of this system is the increase in the average temperature of the cooling liquid in the water path of internal combustion engines above 100 ° C with a corresponding increase in pressure in the jacket space, which eliminates the boiling of water. As the temperature of the coolant rises, the fraction of heat carried away with the cooler decreases, and the period of self-ignition delay decreases, and the degree of increase in pressure during combustion decreases, which has a positive effect on the operation period of engine parts. Analyzing the reliability of the liquid circuit, it must be taken into account that the efficiency of the pump depends largely on the temperature of the coolant. At a coolant temperature close to the boiling point of the coolant, cavitation phenomena occur, which are manifested in a sharp drop in the productivity of the pump due to the appearance of air and steam bubbles in the liquid. It becomes difficult to ensure the non-cavitation operation of the water pump. Cavitation in the flowing part of the pump often leads to a violation of the circulation of coolant in the circuit and overheating of the diesel. The inclusion of a high-temperature cooling system in the water system of the mixing and supporting device parallel to the water pump is one of the simplest and most effective ways to increase the pump's available cavitation supply.

Chilaiditiʼs Syndrome: Unusual Cause of Abdominal Pain

Background: Chilaiditi syndrome is the association of Chilaiditi sign with clinical symptoms including gastrointestinal, respiratory, or cardiac systems. Chilaiditi sign is the finding of colon between the diaphragm and liver on radiographic imaging, mimicking the appearance of air under the diaphragm. Clinical symptoms typically seen include nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, and constipation. Here, we present a case of Chilaiditi syndrome that was diagnosed during workup for vague abdomen pain. Case Description: An 83 year old female with medical history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, deep vein thrombosis with an IVC filter who complained of diffuse abdominal pain with occasional non-bloody vomiting for the 1 month duration. She also complained of chronic constipation and usually has only 1 to 2 bowel movements a week. Patient did not complain of any other symptoms. Initial exam revealed abdomen that was soft with diffuse tenderness upon palpation without any guarding or rebound. Rectal vault was full of formed stool. Vital signs and all other parts of physical exam were within normal limits. Initial abdominal x-ray showed possible air under the diaphragm. A follow-up CT scan of the abdomen/pelvis showed dilated rectum measuring 9.7 cm. The hepatic flexure was noted to be between the liver and the right diaphragm, suggestive of Chilaiditi syndrome (Fig. 1 and 2). Patient was manually disimpacted, which improved her symptoms. She declined additional workup with colonoscopy. Finally, she was given polyethylene glycol17 mg PO daily or BID, high fiber diet and was discharged home. Discussion Abdominal pain and emesis for a month along with finding of hepatic flexure located between the right diaphragm and the liver makes this case presentation a rare case of Chilaiditi syndrome. The exact etiology of this condition is not fully understood, however it is more commonly noted in patients with dolichocolon, COPD, hepatic atrophy. The plain x-ray findings of pneumoperitoneum could be confused for bowel perforation and CT scan of abdomen will help to differentiate it from Chilaiditi syndrome. Complications of Chilaiditi syndrome include volvulus or perforation of the transverse colon, ascending colon and cecum and can also lead to sub-diaphragmatic appendicitis. Management of Chilaiditi syndrome includes intravenous fluids, decompression of the bowel, stool disimpaction and enemas.FigureFigure: Hepatic flexure located between the liver and the right diaphragm.

A Necrotizing Fasciitis Fake Out on Point-of-Care Ultrasound—Watch the Shadow

BackgroundPoint-of-care ultrasound has an increasing role in characterizing soft-tissue infections and has been described previously in the evaluation of necrotizing fasciitis (NF). The identification of air within the soft tissues can be very suggestive of NF in the correct clinical context. Case ReportA 78-year-old male presented to the emergency department with extensive lower-extremity redness and edema. A point-of-care ultrasound revealed hyperechoic areas within the soft tissues consistent with air, and the patient was taken to surgery and found to have NF. A 60-year-old female presented to the emergency department with physical examination findings consistent with severe cellulitis and associated sepsis. A point-of-care ultrasound revealed hyperechoic areas within the soft tissue that were very similar to the prior case. An emergent surgical consultation was placed due to concern for soft-tissue air and NF. However, these hyperechoic areas were found to be subcutaneous calcifications on subsequent imaging. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Air within the soft tissue is easy to identify on point-of-care ultrasound and can expedite surgical evaluation in cases of suspected NF. Calcifications can mimic the appearance of air on ultrasound and the distinction between these objects can often be made based on the echotexture of the posterior acoustic shadow. Attention to the posterior acoustic shadow can facilitate correct identification of various structures and pathologies in a variety of clinical settings.

Dynamics of Big Bubble (BB) formation in DALK: in vitro studies

AbstractPurpose Dua’s layer (DL) has considerable relevance to DALK procedure and the hitherto clinically observed but unexplained formation of Types 1, 2 and mixed BB. In this study we explored the dynamics of the formation of different types of BBMethods 50 human sclerocorneal discs were injected with air under BSS and recorded. Videos were studied for leakage of air and formation of BB. Height and diameter of BB were measured. Specimens were subjected to electron microscopy and immunohistology for collagens & matricellular proteins. Age ranged from 3wk‐80yrResults Air injected in the cornea preferentially reached the limbus and moved circumferentially in a clockwise & anticlockwise direction as bands of 2‐3mm till they met, irrespective of direction of needle tip. The air then migrated centripetally to fill the stroma. Air leaked from the TM area at one or more points. Small bubbles formed in the centre and coalesced into a Type‐1BB. This rapidly expanded to attain a height of 5mm and a diameter of ≤9mm. The anterior stomal wall of Type‐1BB showed multiple 'holes' through which air leaked to lift DL. DL was impervious to air. Type‐2BB always started at the periphery. Distinct pores were seen in the peripheral stroma of DL. Most of these were located distal to attachment of DM and explained the leakage of air from TM. Some were located centrally to the attachment and explained formation of Type‐2BB. More than 80% of BB were Type‐1 Immunohistology did not offer an explanation for DL being impervious to airConclusion DL is a distinct part of the surgical anatomy of the cornea. Identification of pores in DL periphery is novel and explains the formation of a Type‐2BB and the clinical observation of appearance of air in AC during DALK. Leakage is not through the TM

Tumor Fistulization Associated With Targeted Therapy

To describe the computed tomographic (CT) appearances and clinical consequences of tumor fistulization as a complication of targeted therapy for cancer. The committee on human research approved this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study and waived written informed consent. Based on the records of the senior author and our multidisciplinary Tumor Boards, we retrospectively identified 4 patients (1 man and 3 women with a mean age of 55.25 years; range, 47 to 64 years) who developed tumor fistulization while being treated with targeted therapy consisting of sunitinib (n = 2); bevacizumab (n = 1); and XL184, an investigational c-Met inhibitor (n = 1). All available clinical, imaging, and histopathological records were reviewed, with particular emphasis on treatment administered, CT findings, and clinical course. All 4 patients developed fistulae from large metastatic deposits in the abdomen (mean size before treatment, 10.55 cm; range, 7.4-13.4 cm) to the gastrointestinal tract, and one patient also developed fistulae from a lung metastasis of undetermined size to the bronchial tree. All fistulae manifested as the appearance of air within a pre-existing tumor mass. At the time of fistula detection, disease at other sites in the 4 patients showed signs of regression (n = 1), progression (n = 2), or stability (n = 1). Currently, one patient is alive without evidence of disease, and the 3 other patients are deceased. Targeted therapy can be associated with tumor fistulization to the gastrointestinal tract or tracheobronchial tree; familiarity with the CT findings should facilitate the diagnosis of this complication, which seems to be of variable and patient-specific prognostic significance.

Perigraft air is not always pathological: a case report

BackgroundThe presence of perigraft air is a common finding in the immediate post-operative phase following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair whilst the later appearance of air, in association with elevated inflammatory markers, is regarded as being indicative of the serious complication of graft infection. What is not known is at what timepoint following surgery does the perigraft air become a significant finding.Case PresentationWe report the case of a 71 year old man who underwent a computed tomography scan 15 days following repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm because of the presence of unexplained pyrexia. The scan showed the presence of perigraft air and a small haematoma. The patient was managed conservatively and after 6 weeks the air and haematoma had resolved completely.ConclusionThe presence of perigraft air in the early postoperative phase is probably a normal finding, is not associated with graft infection and can be managed non-operatively.

Sonographic Features of Mesenteric Gas

To describe the sonographic appearance of air in the mesentery of the small bowel. Sonography was performed with convex and linear array transducers in 2 patients with acute abdomen. In 1 patient, sonography revealed fluid and air in the peritoneal cavity. A thick-walled small-bowel loop with a thick echogenic mesentery was seen. Air was seen in the mesentery as linear bright echoes with acoustic shadowing. An uncomplicated diverticulum was seen. In the second patient, air was seen in the thick and echogenic mesentery of a thick-walled small bowel. An inflamed diverticulum was also seen. Sonographic features of mesenteric air due to perforated diverticulitis of the jejunum are described.

Clostridium perfringens: : A rare cause of postoperative spinal surgery meningitis

BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens is a rare cause of central nervous system infections, particularly meningitis. The case of a 76-year-old man who developed fatal C. perfringens meningitis after routine decompressive laminectomy for spinal stenosis is described. CASE REPORT Twelve days after surgery the patient presented with pain and serosangiunous drainage from the surgical incision site. A swab of the drainage revealed Gram-positive bacilli; MRI of the lumbosacral spine showed the appearance of air around the laminectomy site. The patient died within 6 hours of presentation. Autopsy revealed acute cranial and spinal meningitis and choroid plexitis with organisms consistent with C. perfringens. CONCLUSION No significant enteral pathology or source of endogenous infection was determined, suggesting postoperative wound contamination and meningeal seeding with this ubiquitous organism. Clostridial infection, although rare, should be considered in any patient with meningitis with a history of surgical intervention. Survival with minimal neurological deficits was achieved in half of the previously reported cases.

Ozone and meteorology during the 1994 Polar Sunrise Experiment

Observations of ozone mixing ratios in the lower troposphere of Arctic Canada in April 1994 are summarized. Except during a brief period of anomalous transport from high altitude, air depleted in ozone was always observed above sea ice and snow throughout the northern Ellesmere Island/Lincoln Sea region, or whenever air was sampled which had been in recent contact with sea ice and snow. Ozone mixing ratios observed at a camp on the sea ice north of Alert were consistent with a 1992 study. Observations at the ice camp confirmed that ozone was depleted more frequently (74% of all observations <5 ppbv) than at coastal and inland sites near Alert (10% of observations <5 ppbv). Mixing ratios briefly attained a maximum of 36 ppbv at the ice camp but were normally completely depleted or below typical free tropospheric levels of 35–45 ppbv observed elsewhere in the region. Aircraft measurements and vertical profiles of ozone and meteorological parameters from balloon sondes confirmed that ozone depletion existed in a layer above the sea ice, from the surface up to heights of 200–400 m. Some observations showed a very abrupt transition between depleted and nondepleted conditions at the upper boundary of the layer. The occurrence of a layer of fully depleted ozone was well correlated with surface high‐pressure systems. At Alert the appearance of air that was fully depleted in ozone was driven by advection from ocean areas to the north. A fortuitous set of meteorological conditions allowed the use of a simple model for testing general aspects of some proposed hypotheses for ozone destruction, during a period when it is believed the depleted layer was forming. It was found that the observed rate of ozone destruction would require levels of HO and Cl atoms much higher than would be expected for the prevailing conditions but reasonable concentrations of Br atoms. It was also found that an effective ozone deposition velocity of 0.1–0.2 cm s−1 could account for the observed depletion rate during this period. That is, the observed rate of ozone depiction during formation of a depleted layer was consistent with either a volume sink or a surface sink for ozone.

Radiological appearance of air introduced during equine regional limb anaesthesia.

Twelve horses were injected intra-articularly into the metacarpophalangeal joint and extra-articularly in the region of the lateral palmar digital nerve with 1 ml air and local anaesthetic to simulate gas accidentally introduced during regional anaesthesia. Half the horses underwent limited exercise after which all horses were radiographed at 15 and 45 min and then every 24 h until all evidence of gas had disappeared. Intra-articular gas appeared as gas capped radiolucencies (GCR) in the proximal aspect of the joint. Extra-articular gas appeared as linear radiolucencies (LR) which initially tended to migrate proximally. There was no significant difference in gas resorption in exercised and nonexercised horses. All gas was resorbed within 96 h with most of the gas already gone at 48 h.

Subarachnoid-pleural fistula after resection of a pancoast tumor with hyponatremia

Resection of superior sulcus neoplasms is associated with a number of complications resulting from the extensive nature of the resection and the necessity to sacrifice certain adjacent structures. One of the complications of resection is the development of subarachnoid-pleural fistula, with the subsequent appearance of air in the cerebrospinal fluid circulation. We report a case in which a subarachnoid-pleural fistula led to persistent pneumocephaly in a patient who exhibited postoperative hyponatremia, confusion, and gait disturbance.

Home nutrition survey in the UK: The patient's perspective

A detailed survey questionnaire compiled by the executive committee of Patients on Intravenous and Nasogastric Nutrition Therapy (PINNT) was circulated in November 1991 to the postal addresses of all full (patient) members of PINNT in the UK. The objective of the survey was to identify current practices and problems of home nutrition support as seen from the patients perspective. 128 questionnaires were distributed. 87 (68%) analysable questionnaires were completed and returned. 77 were for parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients and 10 for patients on enteral nutrition (HEN). Areas of concern for patients include the practicalities of administration of lipid and additives, and problems associated with the appearance of air in infusion bags. Although most patients appeared happy with the home nutrition support services 18% commented on particular negative aspects. This survey highlights such areas which may not be identified during routine patient/clinician contact.

Pneumo-omentum following perforated greater curvature gastric ulcer

Two cases are presented which demonstrate the unusual and, to our knowledge, previously undescribed appearance of air within the greater omentum following perforation of benign gastric ulcers directly into the greater omentum.

Trauma craneoencefálico penetrante por objeto de madera. Descripción de dos casos

Two cases of open head trauma with penetrating wound by a wood piece are presented. Vegetal foreign bodies may ron misdiagnosed as they are radiolucent in roentgen examination and show the appearance of air in computerized tomography (CT) scanning. By using different CT windows it is possible to determine the nature of a foreign body when it is completely retained inside the skull. The high risk of infection carried by wooden penetrating wound is emphasized.

Tension pneumocephalus.

Sixteen patients with intracranial air under tension and severe neurological symptoms following trauma and neurosurgical procedures were reviewed. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in cadavers following selective air injections into the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. The characteristic CT appearance of air in the various intracranial compartments is illustrated. The typical "peaking" of the frontal lobes in subdural tension pneumocephalus is explained by bridging veins entering the superior sagittal sinus. Stretching and rupturing of these veins may be implicated as a cause for a concomitant subdural hematoma. The various mechanisms causing tension pneumocephalus and its appropriate therapy are discussed.

Experimental study of separation-zone pressure pulsation

We examine extremely nonuniform separated water flow in the initial segment of a penstock of rectangular section resulting from the separated flow past a two-dimensional gate. The meansquare deviations p', one-dimensional frequency spectra S(ω), spatial correlations r(x), and distribution functions F(p) of the pressure pulsation are determined experimentally at points of the solid stationary boundary above the roll zone for significantly different absolute pressures in the stream. Changes in the structure of the hydrodynamic action on the boundary resulting from phase transformations in the fluid—the appearance of air and air-vapor inclusions—are noted. The measurement data are compared with the results of theoretical calculations.