Apparent Violation Research Articles

Some Warners Musicals and the Spirit of the Production Code

Warners backstage musicals of 1933 appear regularly in accounts of “pre-Code Hollywood” that highlight their apparent violations of the Production Code. Those films are often contrasted with the RKO Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers romantic dance musicals, largely produced after the Code's supposed “enforcement” from 1934. This article argues, however, that the apparently dramatic contrast between the decade's two major cycles and their relationship to the Code is better understood as a process that Richard Maltby argues was characteristic of early 1930s Hollywood: “the more gradual, more complex and less melodramatic evolution of systems of convention in representation.” Placing the aesthetics of Warners musicals in dialogue with Production Code files and internal studio documents, this article contends that the musical's shift towards a romantic model was a pragmatic response to the Code, one that was already in progress before July 1934. Genre—if understood as an historical process rather than one essential definition or a set of monolithic subgenres—can make such aesthetic shifts and institutional renegotiations visible.

Complementarity for a dynamical black hole

Black hole complementarity posits that the interior of a black hole is not independent from its Hawking radiation. This leads to an apparent violation of causality: the interior can be acausally affected by operators acting solely on the radiation. We argue that this perspective is misleading and that the black hole interior must be viewed as existing in the causal past of the Hawking radiation, despite the fact that they are spacelike separated in the semiclassical description. Consequently, no operation on the Hawking radiation—no matter how complex—can affect the experience of an infalling observer. The black hole interior and the radiation only appear spacelike separated in the semiclassical description because an infalling observer’s ability to access complex information is limited; the chaotic dynamics on the horizon, as viewed from the exterior, then converts any effect caused by such an observer to information in the Hawking radiation which cannot be accessed at the semiclassical level. We arrive at the picture described above by considering a unitary exterior description in which the flow of information is strictly causal, which we extend to apply throughout the entire history of black hole evolution, including its formation. This description uses the stretched event horizon as an inner edge of spacetime, on which the information inside is holographically encoded. We argue that the global spacetime picture arises from coarse graining over black hole microstates, and discuss its relationship with the exterior description. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Apparent Parity Violation in the Observed Galaxy Trispectrum.

Recent measurements of the four-point correlation function in large-scale galaxy surveys have found apparent evidence of parity violation in the distribution of galaxies. This cannot happen via dynamical gravitational effects in general relativity. If such a violation arose from physics in the early Universe it could indicate important new physics beyond the standard model, and would be at odds with most models of inflation. It is therefore now timely to consider the galaxy trispectrum in more detail. While the intrinsic four-point correlation function, or equivalently the trispectrum, its Fourier counterpart, is parity invariant, the observed trispectrum must take redshift-space distortions into account. Although the standard Newtonian correction also respects parity invariance, we show that subleading relativistic corrections do not. We demonstrate that these can be significant at intermediate linear scales and are dominant over the Newtonian parity-invariant part around the equality scale and above. Therefore when observing the galaxy four-point correlation function, we should expect to detect parity violation on large scales.

Numerical simulations of equilibrium, kinetics, and chain length distribution in linear polycondensation proceeding in nano-scale small volumes: An apparent violation of the law of mass action

A simple polycondensation process Mi + Mj ⇄ Mi+j + Z, proceeding in dispersion of nano-scale droplets was described by analytical solutions and differential equations giving insight into equilibrium and kinetics of the process. Stochastic and deterministic simulations show that the statistical nature of polycondensation, both irreversible and reversible one, affects the way the macromolecules of different lengths are formed and distributed among droplets. The droplet distributions in respect to the number of reacting chains and the chain length distributions depend, for the given conversion, on the polycondensation equilibrium constant Kcond and the initial conditions: monomer concentration and the number of its molecules in a droplet. The apparent equilibrium constants of condensation K¯ij=[Mi+j]¯e[Z]¯e/[Mi]¯e[Mj]¯e depend on oligomer/polymer sizes as well as on the initial number of monomer molecules in a droplet. This apparent violation of the law of mass action was explained by stochasticity of involved processes. Moreover, when the polycondensation byproduct Z is being removed reversibly from the system, K¯ij depends also on average equilibrium concentration [Z]¯e. The indicated effects are observed not only for ideally dispersed systems (all droplets contain initially the same number of monomer molecules), but also when the initial numbers of monomer molecules conform the Poisson distribution. However, the chain length distribution as well as kinetics and K¯ij differ here from those observed for systems with uniform distribution.

The case of the disappearing energy: potential energies in concentration gradients

Abstract This paper reviews observations on processes involving concentration gradients to show that (1) Concentration gradients can do external work during discharge if the system is arranged in a manner that requires it. (2) Work has to be done on the system (i.e. energy has to be added) to create a concentration gradient. (3) Concentration gradients can spontaneously discharge with no change in energy except interaction energy. These three observations are significant since, together, these observations demonstrate an apparent violation of the law of conservation of energy which is resolved by proposing that a probability field is a common element for all concentration gradients. This paper thus introduces two new concepts into thermodynamics: (1) Many spontaneous processes occur because of an increase in probability, not because of a decrease in the energy state of the system. (2) Concentration gradients coincide with a probability field and a constraint-dependent and temperature-dependent potential energy.

Control and intermediate scrambling: An investigation of Kazakh relative clauses

This paper investigates apparent locality violations in Kazakh (Turkic) relative clauses. The empirical starting point of this study is the configuration where the genitive-marked relative clause subject establishes agreement with the noun phrase modified by the relative clause, constituting an ostensibly non-local Agree relation, a phenomenon that is common among Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic and Finno-Ugric languages. Contra previous proposals arguing that the subject is situated inside a defective relative clause and it gets case from the D head of the modified noun phrase, this paper proposes a novel analysis of this phenomenon: the genitive phrase is base-generated in the possessor position and it controls a PRO subject in the relative clause. After establishing that the genitive “subjects” are relative clause-external, the paper turns to extraction out of the relative clause: RC constituents can undergo intermediate scrambling to the left of the genitive-marked phrase. This is unexpected under the assumption that relative clauses are strong islands for extraction. The paper suggests that this type of RC allows extraction because it is not an adjunct.

Unorientable topological gravity and orthogonal random matrix universality

The duality of Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity and a double scaled matrix integral has led to studies of the canonical spectral form factor (SFF) in the so called τ−scaled limit of large times, t → ∞, and fixed temperature, in order to demonstrate agreement with universal random matrix theory (RMT). Though this has been established for the unitary case, extensions to other symmetry classes requires the inclusion of unorientable manifolds in the sum over geometries, necessary to address time reversal invariance, and regularization of the corresponding prime geometrical objects, the Weil-Petersson (WP) volumes. We report here how universal signatures of quantum chaos, witnessed by the fidelity to the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble, emerge for the low-energy limit of unorientable JT gravity, i.e. the unorientable Airy model/topological gravity. To this end, we implement the loop equations for the corresponding dual (double-scaled) matrix model and find the generic form of the unorientable Airy WP volumes, supported by calculations using unorientable Kontsevich graphs. In an apparent violation of the gravity/chaos duality, the τ−scaled SFF on the gravity side acquires both logarithmic and power law contributions in t, not manifestly present on the RMT side. We show the expressions can be made to agree by means of bootstrapping-like relations hidden in the asymptotic expansions of generalized hypergeometric functions. Thus, we are able to establish strong evidence of the quantum chaotic nature of unorientable topological gravity.

Experimental Validation of Enhanced Information Capacity by Quantum Switch in Accordance with Thermodynamic Laws.

We experimentally probe the interplay of the quantum switch with the laws of thermodynamics. The quantum switch places two channels in a superposition of orders and may be applied to thermalizing channels. Quantum-switching thermal channels has been shown to give apparent violations of the second law. Central to these apparent violations is how quantum switching channels can increase the capacity to communicate information. We experimentally show this increase and how it is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics, demonstrating how thermodynamic resources are consumed. We use a nuclear magnetic resonance approach with coherently controlled interactions of nuclear spin qubits. We verify an analytical upper bound on the increase in capacity for channels that preserve energy and thermal states, and demonstrate that the bound can be exceeded for an energy-altering channel. We show that the switch can be used to take a thermal state to a state that is not thermal, while consuming free energy associated with the coherence of a control system. The results show how the switch can be incorporated into quantum thermodynamics experiments as an additional resource.

ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ФИБРОЦЕМЕНТНЫХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ХРИЗОТИЛА – ХРИЗОТИЛЦЕМЕНТНАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ

The article discusses the technology of production, the problems of the development of chrysotile and chrysotile cement industries in the countries of independent states. The article provides information on the composition and properties of natural chrysotile fibers, data on the quality of raw materials of cement and chrysotile fibers supplied to chrysotile cement enterprises, characteristics of suspension with them, semi-finished product and properties of solidified chrysotile cement products. The emerging requests of the manufacturers of chrysotile cement products (slate, chrysotile cement pipes) to the mining and processing enterprises of the countries of independent states on the quality of the supplied chrysotile fibers in connection with the apparent violations of the physical and mechanical properties of the slate products are considered.

Simultaneous estimation of genotype error and uncalled deletion rates in whole genome sequence data.

Genotype data include errors that may influence conclusions reached by downstream statistical analyses. Previous studies have estimated genotype error rates from discrepancies in human pedigree data, such as Mendelian inconsistent genotypes or apparent phase violations. However, uncalled deletions, which generally have not been accounted for in these studies, can lead to biased error rate estimates. In this study, we propose a genotype error model that considers both genotype errors and uncalled deletions when calculating the likelihood of the observed genotypes in parent-offspring trios. Using simulations, we show that when there are uncalled deletions, our model produces genotype error rate estimates that are less biased than estimates from a model that does not account for these deletions. We applied our model to SNVs in 77 sequenced White British parent-offspring trios in the UK Biobank. We use the Akaike information criterion to show that our model fits the data better than a model that does not account for uncalled deletions. We estimate the genotype error rate at SNVs with minor allele frequency > 0.001 in these data to be [Formula: see text]. We estimate that 77% of the genotype errors at these markers are attributable to uncalled deletions [Formula: see text].

Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine diseases and their assessment in reconstructive surgery

The skin is the largest organ of the human body, and its main function is protection from external injuries and infectious influences. It is a metabolically active organ that works mainly by self-renewal of the squamous epithelium through continuous differentiation. The surface layer of the skin “epidermis” is updated every four weeks. It is also the body’s largest sensory organ, which can respond to external stimuli such as heat, cold, touch and pressure, which is necessary to maintain the body’s thermostat. Being the largest organ of the body, the skin is an active immune organ and an important peripheral neuro-endocrine organ. It is closely related to the endocrine system and, therefore, contributes to the homeostasis of peripheral hormones. A complex pathophysiology occurs when thyroid hormones are exposed to the skin, especially in the case of a continuing apparent violation of the regulation of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormone is considered one of the key hormones regulating skin homeostasis. The release of peripheral thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) affects many organs, additionally regulating various functions at the cellular level. In particular, the skin is considered an important target organ, on which the thyroid hormone has a significant effect. Numerous skin diseases are associated with a violation of the regulation of thyroid hormones. Rough skin manifestations are usually the first sign of an imbalance of thyroid hormones, in which they play an integral role in maintaining natural function. This article reviews the pathology of thyroid hormones, as well as skin diseases associated with diseases of the pancreas. The interaction of thyroid gland diseases with the skin, manifested in the form of various skin pathologies, will be considered. It is known that endocrine disorders affect all organ systems of the body, including the skin.

Reconciliation and Fulfillment of Civil Rights: Case of Ahmadiyya Adherents in Manislor, Kuningan, West Java

Religious conflicts pose a threat to social integration, including those involving the Ahmadiyya Muslim community in Indonesia. This article discusses the post-conflict reconciliation and fulfillment of civil rights among Ahmadiyya adherents in Manislor, Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia. Social actors have a powerful position in the reconciliation and fulfillment of civil rights, which have become one of their most apparent violations against Ahmadiyya adherents in Manislor. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collected through fieldwork and ethnographic observations with Ahmadiyya adherents in Manislor. This article scrutinizes 1) the typologies of post-conflict reconciliation, 2) reconciliation efforts in the communities by leveraging cultural and religious aspects, and 3) the struggles of fulfilling civil rights, such as issuing marriage certificates and identification cards. The results show that the willingness of Ahmadiyya elites to meet with stakeholders and socio-religious organizations, particularly in Kuningan regency, created a space for a dialogue of understanding that helped the reconciliation between Ahmadiyya and the wider community in Manislor. This study contributes to clarifying the pattern of reconciliation based on the local approaches durably practiced by Ahmadiyya adherents in Manislor, Kuningan, West Java.

New physics of supersonic ruptures

AbstractUntil recently, it is believed that the rupture speed above the pressure wave is impossible since spontaneously propagating ruptures are driven by the energy released due to the rupture motion, which is transferred through the medium to the rupture tip region at the maximum speed equal to the pressure wave speed. However, the apparent violation of classic theories has been revealed by new experimental results demonstrating supersonic shear ruptures. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the recently discovered shear rupture mechanism (fan hinged), which suggests a new physics of energy supply to the tip of supersonic ruptures. The key element of this mechanism is the fan‐shaped structure of the head of extreme ruptures, which is formed as a result of an intense tensile cracking process with the creation of intercrack slabs that act as hinges between the shearing rupture faces. The fan structure is featured with the following extraordinary properties: extremely low friction approaching zero; amplification of shear stresses above the material strength at low applied shear stresses; creation of a self‐disbalancing stress state causing a spontaneous rupture growth; abnormally high energy release; generation of driving energy directly at the rupture tip which excludes the need to transfer energy through the medium. The fan mechanism operates in intact rocks at stress conditions corresponding to seismogenic depths and in pre‐existing extremely smooth interfaces due to identical tensile cracking processes at these conditions. This is Paper 1 (of two companion papers) which discusses the fan theory and extreme ruptures in experiments on extremely smooth interfaces. Paper 2 entitled “Fan‐hinged shear instead of frictional stick‐slip as the main and most dangerous mechanism of natural, induced and volcanic earthquakes in the earth's crust” considers extreme ruptures in intact rocks. Further study of this subject is a major challenge for deep underground science, earthquake and fracture mechanics, physics, and tribology.

Parameter identification for the non-associated flow rules representing corner effects through the equivalent tangential shear modulus reduction after abrupt strain-path change

Some specific plastic flow rules have been proposed to describe the experimental observations of “corner effects”—the apparent violation of the normality of plastic flow after abrupt strain-path change, and rotation of the plastic strain rate direction toward the strain rate direction. In this paper, a simple parameter identification scheme for these non-associated flow rules representing corner effects is proposed from the perspective of the equivalent tangential shear modulus reduction. The nonlinear tension–torsion loading experiments with abrupt strain-path changes were performed on tube specimens made of the aluminum alloy A6063-T5, and working conditions of different prestrains and different loading path changes were included. The finite element analysis was used to verify the rationality of the determined parameters and compare the performances of different plastic flow rules in predicting the non-normality of the plastic flow. The experimental and simulation results suggest that the non-associated flow rules can well predict the plastic flow when the determined parameters are used, with the rules proposed by Yoshida and Tsuchimoto (2018) and Zhang et al. (2022) yielding the most accurate predictions. At the same time, the equivalent tangential shear modulus is apparently reduced during the transient process of strain-path change without elastic unloading; however, it does not seem to decrease to near zero as reported before.

Binding and Anticataphora in Mayan

This article examines a puzzle pertaining to the distribution of covalued nominals in two understudied Mayan languages, Chuj and Ch’ol. While Ch’ol behaves as expected with regard to the binding conditions, Chuj appears to consistently tolerate violations of Condition C. The Chuj data thus cast doubt on the widely held view that the binding conditions reflect a universal property of human language (e.g., Grodzinsky and Reinhart 1993, Reuland 2011). I argue that the difference between Chuj and Ch’ol can be largely explained if, contrary to Ch’ol, Chuj exhibits “high-absolutive” syntax, independently proposed by Coon, Mateo Pedro, and Preminger (2014) to explain a constellation of morphosyntactic properties shared by a subset of Mayan languages. This syntax bleeds otherwise expected binding relations from the subject into the object, explaining the apparent violations. I further show that linear precedence plays a fundamental role in regulating the distribution of covalued nominals across Mayan, which I argue is due to a general ban on cataphoric “free” pronouns. Thus, the Mayan data not only are consistent with the binding conditions, but also provide further evidence in favor of a deep typological parameter within the Mayan language family.

Information–energy equivalence and the emergence of self-replicating biological systems

Biological processes are characterized by a decrease in entropy in apparent violation of the second law of thermodynamics. Information stored in genomes help to solve this paradox when interpreted under the relationship between information and energy stated by Brillouin in the 1950’s. However, the origins of living forms from inanimate matter which have no information storage device remains an open question. In this paper, a theoretical approach is developed on this issue. The replication of a simple entity with a binary genome is assumed to require an information-equivalent energy in addition to the standard activation energy. It is found that, in some conditions, a decrease in entropy can be accomplished together with a decrease in Gibbs free energy. An equation of the total energy for the replication of this entity is derived. Three factors are predicted to lower this energy: a small number of states of the coding sequence, a lower temperature, and a high ratio of the reaction on diffusion coefficients. These factors may have favoured the emergence of evolutionary demons—information storage devices that are able to decrease entropy. It is evaluated that some short, single-stranded RNA sequences made only of G and of C may conform to this model. The consequences of this model and its predictions on the origins of life on Earth and on other planets are discussed.

Profitable timing of the stock market with the senior loan officer survey

The loan standards question in the Federal Reserve's quarterly Senior Loan Officer Survey is shown to be predictive of quarterly stock returns a month or two after its release. This is an apparent violation of semi-strong form stock market efficiency. Out-of-sample, we use this signal and develop a simple risk and alpha model to market time the S&P 500. It outperformed the S&P 500 with a Sharpe (1966) ratio of 1.9 versus 0.34 for passive investment.

Contextuality or Nonlocality: What Would John Bell Choose Today?

A violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities does not justify speculations about quantum non-locality, conspiracy and retro-causation. Such speculations are rooted in a belief that setting dependence of hidden variables in a probabilistic model (called a violation of measurement independence (MI)) would mean a violation of experimenters' freedom of choice. This belief is unfounded because it is based on a questionable use of Bayes Theorem and on incorrect causal interpretation of conditional probabilities. In Bell-local realistic model, hidden variables describe only photonic beams created by a source, thus they cannot depend on randomly chosen experimental settings. However, if hidden variables describing measuring instruments are correctly incorporated into a contextual probabilistic model a violation of inequalities and an apparent violation of no-signaling reported in Bell tests can be explained without evoking quantum non-locality. Therefore, for us, a violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities proves only that hidden variables have to depend on settings confirming contextual character of quantum observables and an active role played by measuring instruments. Bell thought that he had to choose between non-locality and the violation of experimenters' freedom of choice. From two bad choices he chose non-locality. Today he would probably choose the violation of MI understood as contextuality.

Structure as a Clue to Rhetoric: Discourse Analysis of Psalm 89:1–53

Abstract: Fresh analysis of familiar texts has the potential to yield intriguing results. Discourse analysis of Psalm 89 serves as a case in point. Since few scholars have analyzed Psalm 89 using discourse analysis, this article aims to fill a gap in the literature on Psalm 89 by closely analyzing the discourse structure of the final form of the Hebrew text. Moreover, based on the discourse analysis, this article draws attention to the movements of the psalm and to the neglected role of Psalm 89:53 in the rhetoric of the final form of the psalm. The structure of the final form of Psalm 89 suggests that YHWH deserves praise despite his apparent violation of the Davidic covenant.

Nonequilibrium structure formation in electrohydrodynamic emulsions.

Application of an electric field across the interface of two fluids with low, but non-zero, conductivities gives rise to a sustained electrohydrodynamic (EHD) fluid flow. In the presence of neighboring drops, drops interact via the EHD flows of their neighbors, as well as through a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force, a consequence of drops encountering disturbance electric fields around their neighbors. We explore the collective dynamics of emulsions with drops undergoing EHD and DEP interactions. The interplay between EHD and DEP results in a rich set of emergent behaviors. We simulate the collective behavior of large numbers of drops; in two dimensions, where drops are confined to a plane; and three dimensions. In monodisperse emulsions, drops in two dimensions cluster or crystallize depending on the relative strengths of EHD and DEP, and form spaced clusters when EHD and DEP balance. In three dimensions, chain formation observed under DEP alone is suppressed by EHD, and lost entirely when EHD dominates. When a second population of drops are introduced, such that the electrical conductivity, permittivity, or viscosity are different from the first population of drops, the interaction between the drops becomes non-reciprocal, an apparent violation of Newton's Third Law. The breadth of consequences due to these non-reciprocal interactions are vast: we show selected cases in two dimensions, where drops cluster into active dimers, trimers, and larger clusters that continue to translate and rotate over long timescales; and three dimensions, where drops form stratified chains, or combine into a single dynamic sheet.