Apparent Total Tract Digestibility Of Ca Research Articles

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in field peas fed to growing pigs is increased by microbial phytase, but particle size and origin of field peas do not affect digestibility of phosphorus

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that particle size or origin of field peas does not influence apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) or standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P, but that increasing levels of phytase will increase ATTD and STTD of P in field peas when fed to growing pigs. In experiment 1, one source of field peas was obtained from the U.S., and two sources were obtained from Canada (i.e., Canada 1 and Canada 2). The U.S. field peas were ground to 265, 457, or 678 µm, whereas the Canada 1 peas were ground to 253 µm, and the Canada 2 source was ground to 411 µm. The five batches of field peas were each included in one diet and fed to 50 growing pigs (16.36 ± 1.19 kg) with 10 replicate pigs per diet. In experiment 2, six diets based on the U.S. field peas ground to 678 µm were formulated to contain 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, or 4000 units per kg of microbial phytase and fed to 48 pigs (15.26 ± 0.91 kg) with eight replicate pigs per diet. In both experiments, field peas were the only source of P in the diets. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces were collected for four days. Results of experiment 1 indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P were not affected by source of peas or by particle size of the field peas and it was concluded that growing location and variety do not influence STTD of P in field peas. Results of experiment 2 indicated that the ATTD of Ca and P and the STTD of P increased (linear, P < 0.001) as phytase increased in the diets, and fecal excretion of Ca and P was reduced as the concentration of dietary phytase increased (linear, P < 0.001). It was, therefore, concluded that if microbial phytase is included in diets containing field peas, the inclusion of feed phosphate can be reduced, and manure concentration of P will also be reduced. In conclusion, the hypotheses that neither growing location nor particle size influences STTD of P were confirmed, and the hypothesis that increased concentration of dietary phytase increases STTD of P was also confirmed.

A New Biosynthetic 6-Phytase Added at 500 Phytase Unit/kg Diet Improves Growth Performance, Bone Mineralization, and Nutrient Digestibility and Retention in Weaned Piglets and Growing-Finishing Pigs.

Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of a biosynthetic 6-phytase added at 500 phytase unit (FTU)/kg diet on growth performance, bone mineralization, and nutrient digestibility and retention in weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. Experiments were performed on 90 weaned male and female piglets with an average initial body weight (BW) at 7.7 ± 0.73 kg, 26 days of age) and 300 male and female growing pigs (initial BW: 21.0 ± 3.44 kg) for 43 and 98 days in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In each experiment, the animals were assigned to one of three treatments according to a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of a positive-control (PC) diet formulated to meet nutrient requirements; a negative-control (NC) diet reduced similarly in calcium (Ca) and digestible P by 0.15 and 0.12% points in phases 1 and 2, respectively, in piglets and by 0.14, 0.11, and 0.10% points, respectively, in phases 1, 2, and 3 in growing-finishing pigs, compared with PC diet; and a NC diet supplemented with the new 6-phytase at 500 FTU/kg diet (PHY). The dietary P and Ca depletion reduced (p < 0.05) the final BW (-11.9%; -7.8%,), average daily gain (ADG, -17.8%; -10.1%), average daily feed intake (ADFI, -9.9%; -6.0%), gain-to-feed (G:F) ratio (-8.9%; -4.6%), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P (-7.7% points; -6.7% points) in nursery piglets and growing pigs, respectively. It also decreased (p < 0.001) P and Ca retention by 6.1 and 9.4% points, respectively, in nursery pigs and ash, P, and Ca contents in metacarpal bones by 18.4, 18.4, and 16.8%, respectively, in growing pigs. Compared to animals fed the NC diet, phytase supplementation improved (p < 0.001) the final BW (+7.7%; +11.3%), ADG (+12.5%; +15.0%), G:F ratio (+8.4%; +5.8%), ATTD of Ca (+10.8% points; +7.2% points), and ATTD of P (+18.7% points; +16.6% points) in weaned piglets and growing pigs, respectively. In addition, phytase also increased (p < 0.001) P and Ca retention by 6.1 and 9.4% points, respectively, in nursery pigs and ash, P, and Ca contents in metacarpal bones by 17.7, 15.0, and 15.2%, respectively, in growing pigs. The final BW, ADG, G:F ratio, and bone traits in animals fed the NC diet supplemented with phytase were comparable to animals fed the PC diet. This finding indicates the ability of this novel biosynthetic phytase to restore performance and bone mineralization by improving the availability of P and Ca in piglets and growing pigs fed P- and Ca-deficient diets.

PSI-11 Determination of standardized total tract phosphorus digestibility in expeller-pressed Canadian prairie grown soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Abstract The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in soybean expeller (SBE), and 2) to examine the effects of microbial phytase supplementation on ATTD and STTD of P in SBE. A total of 48 growing barrows (body weight = 15.5 ± 0.7 kg, mean ± SD) were assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments (4 with 500 phytase units/kg and 4 without phytase) in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per treatment. SBE was the only source of P in diets. Four SBEs were used in the experiment, with three derived from soybeans grown in Manitoba (MB1, MB2, and MB3) whereas the fourth was derived from soybeans grown in Ontario. The experiment was conducted over 3 consecutive 12-d periods; within each period the initial 7 d were for adaptation followed by 5 d for total fecal collection (marker to marker procedure). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Fixed effects were the type of SBE and phytase whereas period was included as a random effect in the model. Dry matter (DM), Ca and P content was analyzed in diets and feces. The ATTD and STTD of P were not affected by the source of SBE and averaged 63.0% and 69.9%, respectively. Phytase supplementation significantly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) P digestibility in all SBE types. The ATTD and STTD values of P with phytase supplementation averaged 72.8% and 79.7%, respectively. There was no interaction effect between type of SBE and phytase supplementation. The ATTD of Ca (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in MB2 was significantly less (55.7%) than in the other SBEs whose values averaged71.6%. Ca digestibility was not affected by phytase inclusion. In conclusion, the ATTD and STTD of P were not different among the SBE types. Phytase supplementation increases the P digestibility in SBE irrespective of source.

272 Effects of Increasing Dose of a Novel Hybrid Bacterial 6-Phytase on Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility, Release of Free Myoinositol, and Retention of Calcium and Phosphorus in Pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing dose of a novel hybrid bacterial 6-phytase on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients, plasma concentrations of free myoinositol, and retention of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). A total of 15 barrows (21.5 ± 1.4 kg BW) were allotted to a triplicate 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 dietary treatments and 5 periods per each square. Pigs were individually housed in a metabolism crate. Five dietary treatments consisted of 5 levels of phytase-supplemented diets with increasing phytase units (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 FTU/kg). Diets contained nutrients meeting the requirement except for Ca and P. Degree of deficient Ca and P content in the NC diet were 0.22 and 0.17%, respectively. Each period lasted 10 days consisting of a 5-d adaptation period and 5-d collection period for total collection. Data were analyzed using orthogonal polynomial contrasts using the Proc MIXED and optimal phytase levels were determined using the NLMIXED of SAS. The increasing phytase supplementation linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) average daily gain (651 to 695 g/d) and tended to linearly increase (P = 0.072) gain to feed ratio (0.53 to 0.56). Increasing phytase supplementation linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) ATTD of Ca and P and retention of Ca and P and also showed quadratic effects (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Increasing phytase supplementation linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) myoinositol content in plasma and also showed quadratic effects (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Broken line analyses showed that ATTD of Ca (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and retention of Ca (P &amp;lt; 0.01) were increased until phytase supplementation were increased (79.4 to 92.1% and 77.4 to 91.4%) from 0 to 671 FTU/kg (SE = 67; P &amp;lt; 0.01) and 0 to 668 FTU/kg (SE = 72; P &amp;lt; 0.01), respectively. Broken line analyses showed that ATTD of P (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and retention of P (P &amp;lt; 0.01) were increased (59.0 to 80.1% and 55.7 to 78.2%) until phytase contents were increased from 0 to 783 FTU/kg (SE = 91; P &amp;lt; 0.01) and 0 to 776 FTU/kg (SE = 76; P &amp;lt; 0.01), respectively. The broken line analyses showed that myoinositol contents in plasma (P &amp;lt; 0.01) were increased (13.2 to 23.2 µmol/L) until phytase supplementation were increased from 0 to 624 FTU/kg (SE = 174; P &amp;lt; 0.01). In conclusion, increasing phytase supplementation up to 2,000 FTU/kg feed improved ATTD of Ca and P, retention of Ca and P, complete hydrolysis of phytate, and growth performance of pigs compared with a P-deficient diet. Phytase supplementation at a range of 600 to 800 FTU/kg feeds provided the optimal improvement of Ca, P, and phytate utilization.

155 Efficacy of a Bacterial 6-Phytase on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients and Retention of Phosphorus of Nursery and Growing Pigs

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of a bacterial 6-phytase on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and retention of phosphorus (P) in nursery and growing pigs. In experiment (Exp.) 1, twelve barrows (initial BW of 8.5 ± 0.3 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were allotted based on a quadruplicate 3 × 3 Latin square design with three treatments and three periods. In Exp. 2, twelve barrows (initial BW of 35.7 ± 1.9 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and were allotted following the same experimental design of Exp. 1. The dietary treatments were: positive control (PC): a diet formulated meeting nutrient requirements from NRC (2012); negative control (NC): a diet 0.14% deficient in the Ca and P requirements; and a diet with bacterial 6-phytase at 500 FTU/kg of feed (PHY; Rovabio PhyPlus, Adisseo, France). Each period lasted for eight days, and consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 4-day collection period. All pigs were weighed at the end of each period to adjust daily feed allowance. Chromium oxide, at 0.5%, was added as an external marker indicating the start and end of fecal collection. Urine and fecal samples were collected daily and stored until further chemical analysis. Data from both experiments were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Treatments were considered fixed effects, and the individual pig and period were included as random effects. In both experiments, the ATTD of Ca and P, and P retention in PC were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared with NC. Supplementation of bacterial 6-phytase improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ATTD of Ca (45 to 57%) and P (31 to 45%) and P retention (31 to 43%) in nursery pigs, and ATTD of P (44 to 55%) and P retention (42 to 54%) in growing pigs. No differences were detected on the ATTD of DM and CP of nursery and growing pigs among the treatments, and on nitrogen (N) retention for growing pigs. In conclusion, the supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase improved the ATTD and retention of P in nursery and growing pigs. Results from both experiments indicated that the supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase in diets for nursery and growing pigs can be a potential alternative to reduce the high levels of inorganic P sources, whereas still increasing the digestibility and utilization of P by nursery and growing pigs.

302 Interactive Effects of Pelleting and Particle Size Reduction of Corn on net Energy and Digestibility of Nutrients in Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Fed to Group-Housed Pigs

Abstract The objective was to determine the interactive effects of reducing particle size of corn and pelleting on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), fiber, fat, calcium, and phosphorus, N balance, and net energy (NE) in corn-soybean meal diets fed to pigs. Six corn-soybean meal-based diets were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 particle sizes of corn (i.e., 700, 500, or 300 μm) and 2 diet forms (i.e., meal or pelleted). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs (n = 24; initial body weight = 29.52 kg; SD = 1.40) were housed in indirect calorimetry chambers and allotted to the 6 diets using a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 chambers (i.e., 4 pigs/chamber) and six 15-day periods. Fecal and urine samples were quantitatively collected during a 6-day period following 7 days of adaptation and O2 consumption and CO2 and CH4 productions were measured during fed and fasting states. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and chamber and period as random effects. Contrast coefficients were used to determine effects of diet form, linear effects of particle size, and the interaction. Results indicated that reducing the particle size of corn increased the ATTD of GE and of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in meal diets, but not in pelleted diets (interaction, P &amp;lt; 0.001; Table 1). The ATTD of Ca was reduced in diets containing 500 μm corn by pelleting to a greater extent than in diets containing 300 or 700 μm corn by pelleting (interaction, P = 0.004), but regardless of corn particle size, the ATTD of P was less (P = 0.037) in pelleted diets compared with meal diets. The ATTD of N increased to a greater extent in meal diets than in pelleted diets as particle size was reduced (interaction, P = 0.021). The NE of diets increased as particle size of corn was reduced from 500 to 300 μm in meal diets and from 700 to 500 μm in pelleted diets (interaction, P = 0.004). The ATTD of GE, N, and AEE, and the NE of diet were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in pelleted than in meal diets, but the ATTD of Ca and P was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in meal diets than in pelleted diets. The ATTD of total dietary fiber and N retention were not affected by diet form or particle size of corn. In conclusion, reducing the particle size of corn from 700 to 300 μm increases the NE of a corn-soybean meal diet due to increased ATTD of GE, N, and AEE, but the increment in NE or the ATTD of nutrients depends on diet forms.

PSIII-18 Effect of Microbial Phytase on Digestibility of Phosphorus in Seven Sources of Sunflower co-Products Fed to Growing Pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that there are no differences among sources of sunflower co-products on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca and on the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P regardless of where the ingredients were produced. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) were obtained from the U.S. (2 sources), Ukraine (2 sources), Hungary, and Italy. A source of sunflower expellers (SFE) from the U.S. was also used. Seven diets were formulated by mixing each source of sunflower co-product with cornstarch; therefore, the sunflower co-product was the only source of P in these diets. Seven additional diets that were similar to the previous seven diets with the exception that 300 units per kg of microbial phytase were added were also formulated. A total of 112 barrows (initial body weight = 17.95 kg ± 1.37 kg) were allotted to the 14 diets using 4 blocks, 2 pigs per diet in each block, and a total of 8 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were placed in individual metabolism crates to allow for the total collection of fecal materials for 4 days after 7 days of adaptation to the diets. Diets and dried fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, Ca, and P. Data for Ca and P digestibility were analyzed in a randomized complete block design in a 7 × 2 factorial arrangement using the PROC MIXED function in SAS. Results indicated that diets containing phytase had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) ATTD of Ca and P and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) STTD of P than diets without phytase (Table 1). Digestibility of P was also greater in one of the sources of SFM from Ukraine compared with the other sources except for the SFM from Hungary (Table 2). Pigs fed the diet containing one of the sources of SFM from the U.S. had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ATTD of Ca compared with pigs fed diets containing the other source of SFM from the U.S. or one of the Ukraine SFM sources. In conclusion, some variability in the ATTD and STTD of P and the ATTD Ca was observed among SFM of different origins, but the ATTD and STTD of P and ATTD of Ca in SFM and SFE were greater if microbial phytase was used.

Effects of Mycotoxin-Sequestering Agents on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Growing Pigs Fed Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents on growth performance and nutrient utilization in growing pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 35.5 kg (standard deviation = 1.3) were assigned to six dietary treatments in a replicated 6 × 5 incomplete Latin square design. Five experimental diets consisted of an uncontaminated diet (PC), a DON-contaminated diet at 6.89 mg/kg (NC), NC + bentonite 0.5%, NC + yeast cell wall 0.5%, and NC + a mixture product 0.5% which consisted of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts. Pigs had ad libitum access to the five diets. In the last group, the PC diet was restrictedly provided to pigs at the quantity of feed consumption of the NC group. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed were not affected by supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents except for the mixed product that tended to improve (p = 0.064) gain:feed in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter was not affected by DON contamination or by supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents, whereas the ATTD of Ca was decreased (p = 0.032) by supplemental yeast cell wall in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. The ATTD of P was greater (p = 0.042) in pigs fed the NC diet compared with the pigs fed the restricted amount of the PC diet. In conclusion, bentonite and yeast cell wall did not affect growth performance of pigs fed DON-contaminated diets, but a supplemental mixed product consisting of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts partially alleviated the negative effects of dietary DON on the gain:feed of pigs. Calcium digestibility was decreased by supplemental yeast cell wall in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. Based on the present work, the use of a mixed product consisting of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts is suggested, and the reduction of Ca digestibility by yeast cell wall needs to be considered in diet formulations.

Apparent digestibility of energy and nutrients and efficiency of microbial phytase is influenced by body weight of pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that regardless of pig body weight (BW), increasing dietary phytase results in increased phytate degradation and improved digestibility of minerals, amino acids (AA), and gross energy (GE). Eighteen pigs were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a triplicated 6 × 3 Youden square design with six diets and three collection periods of 7 d, for a total of nine replicate pigs per diet. This design was repeated four times to simulate four production phases, and there was a 7-d resting period before each collection phase started (BW at start of collections: 29.3, 53.6, 85.1, and 114.4 kg for phases 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Six corn-soybean meal diets were formulated by including 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units/kg feed (FTU). The six diets were used throughout the experiment. Samples of feces and ileal digesta were collected in each period. Results indicated that regardless of pig BW, increasing inclusion of phytase increased (quadratic; P < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and most AA, increased apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca, P, K, Mg (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05), and Na (linear; P < 0.05), but decreased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) AID and ATTD of GE. In all phases, ileal concentrations of inositol phosphate (IP) 6, IP5, IP4, and IP3 decreased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05), whereas ileal inositol increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) with increasing dietary phytase. However, as pig BW increased, AID of GE, CP, and AA increased (linear, P < 0.05), and the AID of a few AA (Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Ala, Asp, Gly, and Ser) also increased quadratically (P < 0.05). The ATTD of GE, K, and Mg increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05), but ATTD of Ca and Na (linear; P < 0.05) and of P (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) decreased as pig BW increased. Ileal IP6 and IP3 (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) and ileal IP5 and IP4 (linear; P < 0.05) increased, whereas ileal inositol decreased (linear; P < 0.05) as pig BW increased. In conclusion, regardless of pig BW, increasing dietary phytase increased phytate degradation and inositol release in the small intestine, and consequently increased mineral and AA digestibility. Older pigs have reduced Ca, P, and Na digestibility, but increased K, Mg, AA, and GE digestibility compared with younger pigs. The efficiency of dietary phytase to degrade phytate appears to decrease as pigs get older.

Cereal grain fiber composition modifies phosphorus digestibility in grower pigs.

Increased fermentable carbohydrates (e.g., β-glucan, amylose) may increase endogenous losses including for P, and thereby reduce apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P. The present study assessed effects of barley cultivars varying in fermentable starch and fiber on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and ATTD of P, myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate; InsP6) and Ca, and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P and the presence of lower inositol phosphates (InsP) compared to wheat. In a 6 (period) × 5 (diet) Youden square, seven ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW, 27.7 kg) were fed diets containing 80% of one of five cereal grains differing in amylose, β-glucan, and fiber content: 1) high-fermentable, high-β-glucan, hull-less barley (HFB); 2) high-fermentable, high-amylose, hull-less barley (HFA); 3) moderate-fermentable, hull-less barley (MFB); 4) low-fermentable, hulled barley (LFB); and 5) low-fermentable, Canadian Western Red Spring wheat (LFW). On dry matter (DM) basis, cereal grains contained between 0.32% to 0.53% total P and 0.24% to 0.50% InsP6-P. The InsP6-2-P was calculated as the sum of all detected InsP-P (InsP6-P to InsP2-P) in the sample. The P release of degraded InsP-P was calculated by using the following equation: sum InsP6-2-Pdiet (g/kg DM) × (AID or ATTD sum InsP6-2-P (%)/ 100). Data were analyzed using a mixed model with diet as fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. On DM basis, diets contained 41.4% to 50.6% starch, 0.88% to 8.54% β-glucan, 0.81% to 0.89% total P, and 0.19% to 0.35% InsP6-P. The MFB, LFB, and LFW had greater (P < 0.05) diet AID of P than HFB and HFA, and MFB had greater (P < 0.05) diet ATTD and STTD of P than HFB. The ATTD of InsP6-P was greater (P < 0.05) for HFB than LFB and the ATTD of the sum InsP6-2-P was greater (P < 0.05) for HFB and HFA than LFB. Total tract P release was greater (P < 0.001) for HFB, HFA, and LFW than MFB and LFB. The LFW had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of Ca than LFB. Diet β-glucan content was not correlated with STTD of P (R2 = 0.03) or ATTD of InsP6 (R2 = 0.05). In conclusion, cereal grains high in fermentable fiber, e.g., amylose and β-glucans included in specific hull-less barley cultivars, had lower diet AID, ATTD, and STTD of P, but greater ATTD of InsP6-P and sum InsP6-2-P. Carbohydrate fermentation, thus, results in greater total tract P release from InsP-P hydrolysis.

Dietary fumonisin may compromise the nutritive value of feed and distort copper and zinc digestibility and retention in weaned piglets.

Fumonisins (FUM) have been reported to impede gut functioning in pigs. However, investigations into the possible effect on mineral metabolism are limited. Thus, the trial studied the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of dietary nitrogen and minerals, intestinal architecture, digestive enzymes activity and heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) activity. Eighteen weaned piglets of 7 weeks old were assigned to three groups and their feed either contained 0, 15 or 30 mg FUM/kg for 21 days. ATTD and retention of dietary N and minerals were measured in a 5- day long balance trial between Day 17 and Day 21. The digestible and metabolisable energy (DE and ME) content of the feeds were also determined. The body weights, cumulative feed intake, relative organ weights, digestive enzymes activity and intestinal morphology were not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatments. The DE content was significantly lower (p < 0.05) when the feed contained 15 mg/kg FUM, but no statistically reliable treatment effect was confirmed for ME content. Dietary FUM significantly lowered (p < 0.05) the ATTD of Ca and P but not (p > 0.05) N, K, Mg and Na. The relative retention rate of N, Ca, P, K, Mg and Na in all groups were not impacted (p > 0.05) by treatments. The ATTD and relative retention of Cu and Zn were remarkably (p < 0.05) lower in piglets fed FUM-contaminated feed. In addition, the expression of Hsp70 activity in the liver was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the highest treatment group. These findings suggest that a dietary dose of 15 or 30 mg FUM/kg diet distorts the nutritive value of the mixed feed, results in poor ATTD and retention rates of Zn and Cu, and elevate Hsp70 activity in the liver without altering intestinal architecture or digestive enzymes' activity in weaned piglets.

Efficacy of enhanced Escherichia coli phytase on growth performance, bone quality, nutrient digestibility, and metabolism in nursery pigs fed corn-soybean meal diet low in calcium and digestible phosphorous.

Efficacy of Escherichia coli phytase (ASP) was evaluated in nursery pigs fed low Ca and digestible P corn and soybean meal diet. Piglets were weaned on day 21, fed a common commercial starter diet for 7 d, and assigned to pens (4 pigs/pen: 2 ♀ and 2 ♂) based on day 7 BW. Positive control (PC) and negative (NC) diets were formulated with similar energy and nutrients with exception of total Ca, total P, and digestible P concentrations being 79%, 67%, and 55% that of PC diet, respectively. Two other diets were formulated by adding ASP in NC at 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg. All diets had 0.2% TiO2 indigestible marker. The diets were allocated to pens to give 6 replicates per diet and fed for 42 d. Feed intake and body weight were monitored at 14-d intervals. On day 42, 1 pig/pen was bled and euthanized to access blood and tissue samples. Analyzed total Ca and P in NC diet was 71% and 69% of concentration in PC diet. Recovery of phytase in pelleted diets was 66.2% and 73.5% for NC+500 FTU/kg and NC+1,000 FTU/kg diets, respectively. Between days 15 and 42, pigs fed NC diet grew slower and ate less feed than pigs fed the other diets. Overall (days 0–42), phytase in NC increased (P ≤ 0.05) ADG linearly and quadratically. On day 42, pigs fed PC, NC+500 FTU/kg, and NC+1,000 FTU/kg were +6.1, +5.9, and +7.1 kg heavier (P < 0.05) than pigs fed NC, respectively. Pigs fed PC and NC plus phytase exhibited higher (P = 0.003) G:F relative to NC pigs between days 15 and 28. Pigs fed NC diet had lower (P < 0.001) plasma P concentration, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P, and metacarpal and metatarsal bone attributes than pigs fed any other diets. Supplementation of phytase in NC linearly increased (P < 0.05) plasma P concentration, ATTD of Ca and P, and bone attributes. Specifically, phytase increased (P ≤ 0.025) dry weight, length, and ash weight in metacarpals and metatarsals. In conclusion, low total Ca and digestible P diet depressed growth and P utilization in piglets. Supplemental phytase improved performance in pigs fed NC linked to enhanced nutrients uptake and metabolism commensurate to pigs fed adequate total Ca and digestible P from inorganic source.

PSIV-B-28 Effect of feeding acidified or fermented barley grain using Limosilactobacillus reuteri with or without supplemental phytase on diet nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

Abstract Fermentation of cereal grains may degrade myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) thereby increasing nutrient digestibility. Effects of chemical acidification or fermentation with Limosilactobacillus (Lm.) reuteri TMW 1.656 with or without phytase on nutrient digestibility of diets composed of high β-glucan hull-less barley grain were assessed in growing pigs. Four mash diets contained 50% barley grain: 1) unfermented barley (Control); 2) chemically-acidified barley (ACD) with lactic and acidic acid [0.02 L/kg barley grain, 4:1 (v/v)]; 3) barley fermented with Lm. reuteri (Fermented without phytase); and 4) barley fermented with Lm. reuteri and phytase (Fermented with phytase; 500 FYT/kg barley grain). The 4 diets were fed to 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW, 17.4 kg) for four 11-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. The InsP6 content of barley grain in Control, ACD, Fermented without phytase, or Fermented with phytase was 1.12, 0.59, 0.52% dry matter, or not detectable, respectively. Diet apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP), Ca, gross energy and digestible energy and predicted net energy values were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for ACD and Fermented without phytase than Control. Diet apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P tended to be greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) for Fermented without phytase than Control. Diet STTD of P, AID and ATTD of Ca was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for Fermented with phytase than Fermented without phytase. Acidification or fermentation with/without phytase did not affect diet standardized ileal digestibility of CP and AA. In conclusion, fermentation with phytase completely degraded InsP6 in barley grain and maximized P and Ca digestibility, thereby reducing the need to provide inorganic P to meet P requirements of growing pigs.

Heat processing increased the digestibility of phosphorus in soybean expeller, canola meal, and canola expeller fed to growing pigs.

It is hypothesized that heat processing may increase P digestibility in different protein sources fed to growing pigs. A study was conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in soybean expeller (SBE) produced from oil extraction using dry extrusion and expelling and to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the ATTD and STTD of P in SBE, canola meal (CM), and canola expeller (CE) fed to growing pigs. Thirty-six growing barrows with an initial body weight of 19.0 ± 1.0 kg (mean ± SD) were assigned to 1 of 6 experimental diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. The experimental design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement including three oilseed meals with or without heat treatment. The diets were formulated to contain non-autoclaved or autoclaved (at 121 °C for 60 min) SBE, CM, and CE as the sole source of P. Limestone was included in diets to maintain a Ca:total P ratio of 1.3:1 across diets. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 12 d, including 7 d for adaptation and 5 d for total collection of feces. Pigs were offered their daily ration at 2.8 times their maintenance energy requirement. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. Heat treatment increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD and STTD of P. Pigs fed the SBE diets had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P than pigs fed CM and CE diets. For the autoclaved ingredients, the values of STTD of P were 49.4%, 23.2%, and 25.8% for SBE, CM, and CE, respectively, whereas STTD of P in non-autoclaved SBE, CM, and CE were 48.5%, 20.2%, and 22.5%. Heat treatment increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of Ca. In conclusion, heat treatment increased ATTD and STTD of P and ATTD of Ca in SBE, CM, and CE fed to growing pigs. The ATTD and STTD of P in SBE determined in the current study were 41.0% and 48.5%, respectively.

Prediction of calcium and phosphorus requirements for pigs in different bodyweight ranges using a meta-analysis.

Several studies have focused on Ca and P requirements for pigs. These requirements are estimated from their retention and bone formation. However, modern pig breeds have different responses to dietary Ca and P than traditional breeds, and their requirements are expected to change on an annual basis. Besides individual Ca and P needs, the Ca to P ratio (Ca/P) is an important factor in determining requirements. This study aimed to implement a linear and quadratic regression analysis to estimate Ca and P requirements based on average daily gain (ADG), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca (ATTD-Ca), ATTD of P (ATTD-P), and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Results show that Ca/P had linear and quadratic effects on ADG in the phytase-supplemented (PS) group in both the 6–11 kg and 11–25 kg categories. In the latter category, the CP digestibility was linearly increased in response to increasing Ca/P in the without-phytase (WP) group. In the 25–50 kg category, there was a linear response of ADG and linear and quadratic responses of CP digestibility to Ca/P in the PS group, while a linear and quadratic increase in CP digestibility and a quadratic effect on ATTD-Ca were observed in the WP group. In the 50–75 kg category, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ADG in the PS and WP groups, along with significant linear and quadratic effects on ATTD-Ca. In addition, Ca/P had significant quadratic effects on ATTD-P and led to a significant linear and quadratic increase in the CP digestibility in the WP group. In the 75–100 kg category, analysis showed a significant decrease in ATTD-Ca and ATTD-P in the PS and WP groups; in the latter, ATTD-P and ATTD-Ca were linearly decreased by increasing Ca/P. In conclusion, our equations predicted a higher Ca/P in the 6–25 kg bodyweight categories and a lower Ca/P in the 50-100 kg category than that recommended in the literature.

Effect of feeding acidified or fermented barley using Limosilactobacillus reuteri with or without supplemental phytase on diet nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.

Fermentation of cereal grains may degrade myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) thereby increasing nutrient digestibility. Effects of chemical acidification or fermentation with Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri with or without phytase of high β-glucan hull-less barley grain on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and gross energy (GE), standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P were assessed in growing pigs. Pigs were fed four mash barley-based diets balanced for water content: 1) unfermented barley (Control); 2) chemically acidified barley (ACD) with lactic acid and acidic acid (0.019 L/kg barley grain at a ratio of 4:1 [vol/vol]); 3) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 (Fermented without phytase); and 4) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 and phytase (Fermented with phytase; 500 FYT/kg barley grain). The acidification and fermentation treatments occurred for 24 h at 37 °C in a water bath. The four diets were fed to eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 17.4 kg) for four 11-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Barley grain InsP6 content of Control, ACD, Fermented without phytase, or Fermented with phytase was 1.12%, 0.59%, 0.52% dry matter (DM), or not detectable, respectively. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, and GE, digestible energy (DE), predicted net energy (NE) value, and urinary excretion of P were greater (P < 0.05) for ACD than Control. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, GE, DE and predicted NE value, urinary excretion of P was greater (P < 0.05), and diet AID of Ca and ATTD and STTD of P tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for Fermented without phytase than Control. Diet ATTD of GE was lower (P < 0.05) and diet ATTD and STTD of P, AID and ATTD of Ca was greater (P < 0.05) for Fermented with phytase than Fermented without phytase. Acidification or fermentation with/without phytase did not affect diet SID of CP and AA. In conclusion, ACD or Fermented without phytase partially degraded InsP6 in barley grain and increased diet ATTD of DM, CP, and GE, but not SID of CP and most AA in growing pigs. Fermentation with phytase entirely degraded InsP6 in barley grain and maximized P and Ca digestibility, thereby reducing the need to provide inorganic dietary P to meet P requirements of growing pigs.

Fermented Diet Liquid Feeding Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Function of Pigs.

Simple SummaryThe present study indicated that fermented liquid feeding improved the growth performance of pigs, which might be associated with gastrointestinal hormone and intestinal functions. These results provided a new perspective for improving the growth performance of pigs.Accumulating evidences demonstrate that fermented feed and liquid feeding exerted a great beneficial influence on growth performance and health in the pig industry. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermented liquid feeding on the growth performance and intestinal function of pigs. Two hundred and eighty-eight 27-day-old weaned piglets (8.21 ± 0.27 kg) were randomly allocated to a control group (basal diet (CON)), an antibiotic group (basal diet supplemented with antibiotics (AB)) and a fermented liquid feeding group (basal diet with fermented liquid feeding (FLF)), with 6 replicates per treatment and 16 weaned piglets per replicate. The experiment lasted for 160 days. Fresh fecal samples were collected to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients from the last 4 days of each stage. The results are shown as follows: (1) Compared with the CON group, in the whole stage, the FLF diet significantly increased the final body weight (BW) and ADG of pigs (P < 0.05), and had a tendency to increase ADFI (P = 0.086), but had no effect on F/G. (2) The ATTD of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude ash (CA), crude fiber (CF), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus (TP) in the FLF group was significantly elevated compared with those of the CON group at 8–20 kg stage (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the ATTD of EE in the FLF group was significantly increased compared with that of the CON group at the 50–75 kg and 100–125 kg stages (P < 0.05), and the ATTD of Ca was higher than that of CON group at the 100–125 kg stage (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with that of the CON group, the level of serum leptin in the FLF group had a tendency to decrease (P = 0.054), the level of serum ghrelin in the FLF group was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) and the level of serum peptide YY in the FLF group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (4) The abundance of Lactobacillus in cecal and colonic digesta was observably enhanced in FLF group. Meanwhile, the abundance of Escherichia coli in cecal and colonic digesta were dramatically reduced in the FLF group compared with that in the CON and AB groups (P < 0.05). (5) The levels of acetic acid in colonic digesta were significantly increased in the FLF group (P < 0.05), and an increasing trend was observed in total VFA in colonic digesta compared with CON (P < 0.1). The levels of acetic acid in colonic digesta were significantly promoted in the FLF group compared with that of the AB group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicate that fermented liquid feeding improved the growth performance of pigs, which might be associated with gastrointestinal hormone and intestinal functions.

60 Effect of a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-phytase Variant on Mineral Digestibility and Bone Ash in Young Growing Pigs Fed Diets with Different Concentrations of Phytate

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing levels of phytase increases mineral digestibility and bone ash by pigs fed diets containing 0.23%, 0.29%, or 0.35% phytate-P. Within each level of phytate, 5 diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and canola meal to contain 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG). In addition, 3 reference diets were formulated by adding a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) at 1,000 FTU/kg to the 3 diets containing no PhyG. A randomized complete block design with 144 pigs (12.70 ± 4.01 kg), 18 diets, and 8 replicate pigs per diet was used. Pigs adapted to diets for 15 d followed by 4 d of fecal collection. Femurs were collected on the last day. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 5 factorial with 3 levels of phytate-P and 5 levels of phytase, and contrast statements were used to compare 1,000 FTU of PhyG with PhyB. Pig was the experimental unit. Diets containing 0.35% phytate-P had reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.01) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca, P, Mg, and K compared with diets containing 0.23% or 0.29% phytate-P, but inclusion of phytase increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) ATTD of Ca, Na, and K (Table 1). Phytase increased ATTD of P and Mg, but to a greater extent in diets with 0.23 or 0.29% phytate-P than in diets with 0.35% phytate-P (interaction, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Phytase increased bone ash, but to a greater extent if there was 0.35 rather than 0.23 or 0.29% phytate-P in the diets (interaction, P &amp;lt; 0.05). PhyG increased ATTD of P more (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than PhyB. In conclusion, the novel consensus phytase is effective in increasing bone ash and ATTD of Ca, P, Na, Mg and K.

95 Growth Performance, Bone Mineralization, and Nutrient Digestibility of Nursery-grower Pigs Fed Phytase-supplemented Calcium and Phosphorus-deficient Diets

Abstract A 36-d experiment evaluated effects of supplemental OptiPhos Plus phytase (Huvepharma, Peachtree City, GA) on growth, bone mineralization, Ca and P digestibility of nursery-grower pigs. Individually housed crossbred pigs (n = 42; initial body weight [BW], 16.1 ± 0.4 kg) were randomly allotted to 7 dietary treatments based on BW and sex. A positive control (PC) diet was formulated to contain 0.601% Ca and 0.296% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P, which were marginally lower than NRC (2012) requirement estimates for 25–50 kg pigs. A negative control (NC) diet (0.431% Ca and 0.164% STTD P) was developed by the removal of dicalcium phosphate from the PC diet and replacement with limestone and sand. Diets were: 1) PC, 2) NC, and 3–7) NC + 250, 500, 750, 1,000 and 1,500 FTU phytase/kg diet. On d 36, all pigs were euthanized for femur and metacarpal measures. Compared with NC, pigs fed the PC diet provided greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) response for ADG (966 vs. 730 g/d), ADFI (1,660 vs. 1,329 g/d); bone measures (37.1 vs. 17.4 g ash/femur and 71.9 vs. 29.3 kg for metacarpal strength), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca (69.5 vs. 63.5%) and P (62.5 vs. 49.3%). As supplemental phytase increased from 0 to 1,500 FTU/kg of diet, linear and quadratic increases (P &amp;lt; 0.002) occurred in overall ADG and ADFI, femur mineral content, metacarpal breaking strength, and ATTD of Ca and P. Responses statistically similar to PC were achieved at 250 or 500 FTU/kg and peak responses occurred at 750 to 1,500 FTU/kg that were numerically greater than PC for all but metacarpal strength. In conclusion, supplemental OptiPhos Plus improved growth, bone mineralization, Ca and P digestibility of pigs fed Ca and P-deficient diets, demonstrating enhanced Ca and P utilization of corn-soybean meal-based diets by nursery-grower pigs.

Effect of oat particle size on energy and nutrient utilization in growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to determine the energy content of oats and to investigate the effects of oat particle size on nutrient and energy balance in growing pigs. Eighteen barrows (23.56 ± 0.94 kg initial body weight) were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. Whole oats were ground with a hammermill fitted with 4.8- and 3.2-mm screens to make coarse and medium particle size oats, respectively. Medium oats were further ground with a rotary steel cutting grinder fitted with a 2.0-mm screen, and the further ground oats were mixed with medium oats in a 1:3 ratio to make fine oats. Three experimental diets consisted of 96.3% of the coarse, medium, or fine oats as a sole source of energy were used. Pigs were fed diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total fecal and urine collection. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. The geometric mean particle sizes for coarse, medium, and fine oats were 765, 619, and 569 μm, respectively. Pigs fed the medium oats diet tended to have (P < 0.10) greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of starch, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy than those fed coarse oats diet. The medium oats diet contained greater (P < 0.05) digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) than the coarse oats diet. Pigs fed the fine oats diet had lower (P < 0.05) ATTD of Ca and P than those fed the coarse oats diet. The DE, ME, and NE contents of fine oats were comparable with those of coarse oats. The determined NE contents for coarse, medium, and fine oats were 2,335, 2,615, and 2,521 kcal/kg on a dry matter basis, respectively. The NE content in medium oats was greater (P < 0.05) than the NE values predicted using published equations. In conclusion, it was suggested to grind whole oats for 619 μm concerning energy utilization. Further grinding to 569 μm reduces Ca and P digestibility.