Apparent Rupture Research Articles

Abnormal apparent supershear rupture with discontinuous jumping propagation during the 2023 Türkiye M7.8 earthquake

Earthquake ruptures along a single fault or along a connected system of faults are generally assumed to progress continuously. However, our analysis of the 2023 M7.8 Türkiye earthquake, using finite-fault joint source inversion, uncovered the occurrence of discontinuous rupture jumps. The main fault area adjacent to the splay fault where the earthquake started, and the deeper portion of the northeastern main fault segment exhibited triggered slip before the main rupture front arrived. Through seismic centroid analysis and finite-fault inversion, we estimated apparent rupture speeds within these slip patches reach approximately 6.0 km s-1, exceeding local S-wave velocity. The dynamic triggering mechanism induced the jumping rupture in these areas, resulting in an apparent rupture velocity surpassing the local shear wave velocity. These findings demonstrate the importance of dynamic triggering in adjacent fault systems during large earthquakes, influencing the extent and complexity of rupture propagation.

Colonial Memories and the French Partisan Right: Preserving National Identity Through or Against Diversity (2002-2022)

Memorial issues have been one of the most important themes of the French presidential campaign of 2022. Éric Zemmour’s demand to abolish the memorial laws and Marine Le Pen’s and Valérie Pécresse’s criticism of the commemorations of the end of the Algerian War have made the relationship with the colonial past a polarising electoral issue. While the extreme right has exploited this theme since the 1960s, it is surprising that Valérie Précresse, a loyal supporter of Jacques Chirac, the great promoter of memorial reconciliation, has made anti-repentance one of her campaign themes. This article proposes to question this apparent rupture. It shows that it is the result of a process that began with the 2002 presidential elections. These elections led to a reopening of the debate on French identity thanks to a conflictualisation of the questions linked to colonial memories, leading the partisan right to fracture on cultural questions.

P163 BOTALLO ARTERIAL DUCT SURGICALLY TREATED IN URGENCY

Abstract The Botallo arterial duct connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta during fetal life; after birth there is a progressive fall in pulmonary resistance mediated by the increase in oxygen concentration and the decrease in prostaglandins with a vasodilating action. In these physiological conditions, spontaneous closure of the duct is observed within the first 48–72 hours of life. In the preterm infant the patency of the Botallo duct is very frequent due to the peculiar anatomical and physiological characteristics of the preterm infant. The incidence of PDA is higher the lower the birth weight and gestational age are. We report a case of Manuel, a baby born at 32 weeks of gestational age from elective CT due to transverse presentation with difficulty in extraction and anhydrosis. 37–year–old mother hospitalized for reduction of amniotic fluid (AFI 85 index) with no apparent rupture of the membranes, for which she began a cycle of glucocorticoids 12mg twice a day. At birth, the weight of the child was 1,780 g, length 42 cm, skull circumference 28 cm, absence of valid respiratory activity, bradycardia (78 bpm) APGAR index of 4. At 5 ‘of life he was intubated with a 3 Fi rush tube fixed to 8 cm from the buccal rim with neopuff with PIP 20 cmH2O, PEEP 5 cmH2O, FiO2 0.40, transferred to the NICU, placed in the incubator, connected to the ventilator and ventilated with A/C mode with PIP 23 cmH2O, PEEP 5 cmH2O, FiO2 0, 40 –> 0.60, given surfactant alfa 200 mg/kg. Anemic, plasma and red blood cells were administered multiple times; infectious disease tests (aerobic–anaerobic haemocolutre, umbilical culture, culture of OT tubes, BAL, ear and throat swabs) were negative. After 3 days, systolic heart murmur appeared 2–3/6 radiated to the axilla. The echocardium showed the persistence of the Duct of Botallo, with a mosaic jet in the pulmonary artery and a “growing” ductal flow pattern. He started treatment with indomethacin 0.2 mg/kg every 12 hours x 3 doses, but on echocardiographic control the picture remained unchanged. At 16 days of age, the newborn was transferred to the Bambin Gesù in Rome and underwent cardiac surgery via the left posterolateral thoracotomy to close the arterial duct with a Weck clip. The post–operative course was regular. Manuel was discharged 2.5 months after birth in good general conditions, good growth–weight, with a weight of 2460 g.

Partial Coupling and Earthquake Potential Along the Xianshuihe Fault, China

AbstractThe left‐lateral Xianshuihe Fault is located at the eastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and is one of the most active faults in China. It is associated with substantial seismic potential, with more than 20 Mw > 6 earthquakes since 1700. The fault has been documented to be creeping at the surface for decades; however, the spatial and temporal distributions of shallow creep along the fault are not well resolved. In this study, we obtain high‐resolution interseismic velocity maps along the 350‐km‐long central Xianshuihe Fault and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series along the Kangding segment using ascending and descending Sentinel‐1 data. The InSAR data reveal multiple creeping sections and the estimated surface creep rates show high along‐strike variability. A coupling model characterizes the distribution of creep with depth. The seismic potential of apparent rupture asperities along the Xianshuihe Fault is further refined by considering fault‐crossing baseline data and the distribution of historical ruptures and microseismicity. Moreover, a stress‐driven afterslip model of the observed accelerated creep around the Mw 5.9 2014 Kangding rupture indicates substantial shallow afterslip, which provides further constraints on the distribution of locked and creeping patches along this section of the Xianshuihe Fault.

On the Gymnastics of Memory: Stiegler, Positive Pharmacology, and Illiteracy.

Here I shall write about the late Bernard Stiegler (1952–2020) and contextualize this important philosopher’s work with respect to the concrete, everyday pedagogical issue of language learning. To demonstrate Stiegler’s applicability to education studies, I shall address the issue of character amnesia (提筆忘字, tibiwangzi in Chinese, literally “pick up pen, forget the character”), a relatively recent phenomenon experienced in China and Japan, which is concerned with the loss of the ability to write and remember Chinese ideograms. I shall use tibiwangzi as a striking and heuristic example to explain the growing crisis in literacy, that is the crisis in the ability to read and write. Tibiwangzi is a Stieglerian issue of vital importance. In this light, my focus will be on language learning and literacy and I shall couch my analysis regarding this in terms of both Stiegler’s thoughts on tertiary, exteriorized memory and the neuroscientist Maryanne Wolf’s concern with the neurological and cognitive effects of reading. I intend to focus on the apparent rupture or disruption between traditional writing systems (alphabetic writing) and digital technologies and argue that a pharmacological understanding of technology and therefore a consideration of Stiegler’s work in the light of neuroscience, memory and digital technologies, is necessary as it can spark timely and critical research into the perceived crisis of literacy. I am making the case for what I am naming a gymnastics of memory.

Directivity of M 3.1 Earthquake near Anza, California and the Effect on Peak Ground Motion

ABSTRACTWe show the effect of rupture directivity on peak ground-motion values for a moderate magnitude event at Anza, California, and neighboring stations at the Imperial Valley. The event was located near Borrego Springs on the west side of the Salton Sea and was well recorded at broadband stations near Anza, California, and at stations on the west side of the Imperial Valley. After correcting for regional attenuation, an anomalously large residual in peak motion was observed at station ERR just to the southeast of the epicenter. Using the algorithm from Boatwright (2007), peak motions from the regional seismic networks in southern California were inverted to determine directivity, which was to the southeast along the trend of the San Jacinto fault toward station ERR. This algorithm uses peak values compiled for the ShakeMap system mostly at regional distances. It does not capture the main features of the source time function (STF) predicted by directivity. Consequently, we determined the second-degree moments for this earthquake, which confirmed that station ERR has a shorter and higher STF compared to stations to the northwest suggesting rupture propagated to the southeast. The azimuthal distribution of local stations is sparse, but nevertheless the largest amplitudes (such as at station ERR) correlate well with the maximum in the radiation pattern and smaller values with the minima, which is the radiation pattern for SH plus the effect of directivity. Using the data from the analysis of the second-degree moments, the characteristic length of the fault is 0.58 km, assuming an idealized unilateral extended rupture with a rupture time of 0.09 s. This yields an apparent rupture velocity of 6.4 km/s for an idealized model, which is super shear. This value is model dependent and would change if, for example, the rupture was bilateral. Although this value is even greater than the P-wave velocity, it supports the idea that the rupture velocity is super shear and would enhance the correlation between the peak motions and the radiation pattern.

Dynamic viability of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaik\u014dura earthquake cascade on weak crustal faults

We present a dynamic rupture model of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake to unravel the event’s riddles in a physics-based manner and provide insight on the mechanical viability of competing hypotheses proposed to explain them. Our model reproduces key characteristics of the event and constraints puzzling features inferred from high-quality observations including a large gap separating surface rupture traces, the possibility of significant slip on the subduction interface, the non-rupture of the Hope fault, and slow apparent rupture speed. We show that the observed rupture cascade is dynamically consistent with regional stress estimates and a crustal fault network geometry inferred from seismic and geodetic data. We propose that the complex fault system operates at low apparent friction thanks to the combined effects of overpressurized fluids, low dynamic friction and stress concentrations induced by deep fault creep.

Clinical Outcomes of Ruptured Periorbital and Orbital Dermoid Cysts.

To evaluate the clinical outcomes of ruptured dermoid cysts. A multicenter, retrospective study of all cases of periorbital and orbital dermoid cysts with histopathological evidence of rupture, including those with clinical rupture, was performed over a 10-year period. Demographics and clinical outcomes of ruptured dermoid cysts were recorded. Persistent inflammation was defined as the presence of edema, erythema, and discomfort for at least 28 days. Eighty-six cases of dermoid cysts were identified. Median age was 5.5 (range, 1-63) years. Location of cyst was either periorbital (n = 60, 70%) or orbital (n = 26, 30%). There were 29 cases with clinically apparent rupture: 27 surgically ruptured (93%) and 2 spontaneous rupture (7%). Persistent inflammation was found in 1 spontaneous cyst rupture case (50%) and 1 surgically ruptured cyst (3.7%). Older age (p = 0.01) and bony attachment (p = 0.001) were significant factors for cyst rupture, while there was no influence from cyst location (p = 0.14). Persistent inflammation is uncommon after surgical rupture of dermoid cysts, but likely after spontaneous rupture. Older age and bony attachment are risk factors for cyst rupture.

Dynamic Rupture Modelling of the 1999 Düzce, Turkey Earthquake

The dynamic rupture process and near-source ground motion of the 1999 Mw 7.1 Du¨zce Earthquake are simulated. The fault rupture is governed by the slip-weakening friction model coupled to a three-dimensional viscoelastic wave equation. The problem is solved numerically by a 3-D dynamic rupture code that uses a generalized finite difference method. Initial parameterization of stress drop (∆τ) and strength excess (Se) for dynamic rupture calculations is obtained from the slip velocity distribution of a kinematic waveform inversion (KI) model by solving the elastodynamic equation with the kinematic slip as a boundary condition. Using the kinematic slip distribution and observed ground motion as constraints, a trial and error procedure was followed to define the stress parameterization. Preferred model describes the source in terms of stress with three asperities (located, respectively, at the deep, middle and shallow) and strong barriers between asperities. Se is as high as 19 Mpa at barriers between the three asperities and ∆τ is maximum about 40 Mpa at the deepest asperity. This heterogeneity in stress distribution produces abrupt jumps in rupture velocity, exhibiting locally apparent rupture speed exceeding the P wave velocity at the borders between barriers and asperities, due to sharp changes of fault strength and stress drop at those areas. Overall, consistent with other studies, the rupture propagation is dominated by supershear speed toward the eastern asperities and at shallow surface. Simulated surface rupture at the eastern fault is consistent with other studies; nevertheless, the western shallower parts did not rupture during the simulation, suggesting that those regions may have already broken during the 1999 Kocaeli event, which occurred three months earlier. Ground motion simulation catches the major characteristics of the observed waveforms. Distribution of simulated peak ground velocity (PGV) in low frequency (0.1–0.5 Hz.) inside the study area reveals the propagation pattern on the field, with PGV reaching to 1.2 and 2.2 m/s in the NS and EW components, respectively.

Flying the flag for neoliberalism

The author looks, in the light of the June 2016 EU referendum vote in the UK, at the apparent rupture between Eurosceptic nationalists and transnational neoliberal elites, examining also the interlinked decline in support for Social Democratic and Conservative mainstream political parties. She examines how ultra-nationalism plays out in different parts of the EU at a time of retrenchment, austerity, terrorism and insecurity – to fortify conservatism as well as neoliberal forms of governance based on new forms of surveillance. Nationalism, racism and the political Right are discussed in terms of the EU’s uneven development – between core (ordoliberal Germany) and periphery – and Europe’s legacy of authoritarianism and fascism, evoked today through the politicisation of memory and a stress on national victimhood and the Muslim enemy within. While some national elites draw on rightwing authoritarian traditions, nationalism can also prove advantageous to neoliberal transnational forces. For in grossly unequal and socially volatile societies, rejecting austerity in favour of protectionism, only a more commanding and authoritarian state can finalise the necessary transition from nation state to market state.

Tsunami source uncertainty estimation: The 2011 Japan tsunami

AbstractThis paper studies the initial sea surface displacement and its uncertainty after an earthquake based on tsunami waveforms. The spatial distribution is inferred with a Bayesian approach that provides probabilities that are interpreted as uncertainties of the displaced sea surface. The parameterization is nonlinear and treats apparent rupture velocity as unknown but assumes rise time to be fixed at 30 s. Importantly, the spatial complexity of the source is constrained by observations using a transdimensional algorithm based on a wavelet decomposition of the displacement field. In this approach, the number of wavelet coefficients is an unknown random variable that is also estimated as part of the inversion. The resulting parameterization is parsimonious in that it can adapt to the spatially varying source complexity while being consistent with the information in the tsunami waveforms. In this way, the resolution of displacement varies across the source region with more parameters introduced for parts of the source that are resolved well by the data and/or have significant complexity. The noise level (standard deviation) at each gauge is initially treated as unknown to estimate data covariance matrices. These matrices are applied in subsequent inversion and include unknown scaling which eliminates the requirement to assume station weights and accounts for temporally correlated waveform noise. The method is applied to waveforms recorded during the 2011 Japan Tsunami and results show high resolution (low uncertainty) in most parts of the source region and a previously unreported level of source detail. In particular, the main peak of the source is elongated trench parallel and shows a well‐resolved bimodal finger‐like feature in the northern source region that closely follows the trench.

Elucidating the Life History and Ecological Aspects of Allodero hylae (Annelida: Clitellata: Naididae), A Parasitic Oligochaete of Invasive Cuban Tree Frogs in Florida.

Given their ubiquitous nature, it is surprising that more oligochaete annelid worms (Annelida: Clitellata) have not adopted an endoparasitic lifestyle. Exceptions, however, are the understudied members of the genus Dero (Allodero) that parasitize the ureters of tree frogs and toads. This study experimentally explores the life cycle and host specificity of Allodero hylae, the worm's use of chemical cues in host searching, and its seasonal prevalence and abundance over a year-long collection period on the Florida Southern College campus. A total of 2,005 A. hylae was collected from the ureter, urinary bladder, or expressed urine of wild Osteopilus septentrionalis ; a significant positive correlation was found between host snout-vent length and parasite intensity for female but not male hosts. Monthly prevalence of A. hylae reached a peak of 58% in April, but never dropped below 20% in any month; mean abundance peaked March-May, whereas few worms were recovered in December and January. Confirming a parasitic lifestyle, wild-collected hosts with intense infections, typically >40 worms, showed obvious dilatation of the ureter wall, and some young-of-the-year O. septentrionalis exposed to A. hylae in the laboratory were killed by the apparent rupture of the host's ureter. The worm has a direct life cycle: worms expelled in the host's urine are capable of locating and re-infecting other hosts within aquatic microhabitats such as bromeliad tanks, and worms can survive for weeks in a free-living environment, even undergoing a morphological change. Further, chemotaxis assays found a positive response to a tree frog attractant for worms recently removed from hosts. Overall, this study provides the first multifaceted investigation on the life history and ecology of any Allodero spp., which offers new insights into an understudied endoparasitic oligochaete.

Oligomeric Amyloid-β Peptide on Sialylic Lewisx-Selectin Bonding at Cerebral Endothelial Surface.

IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, which affects approximately 10% of the population aged 65 and 40% of people over the age 80. Currently, AD is on the list of diseases with no effective treatment. Thus, the study of molecular and cellular mechanisms of AD progression is of high scientific and practical importance. In fact, dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in the onset and progression of the disease. Increased deposition of amyloid b peptide (Aβ) in cerebral vasculature and enhanced transmigration of monocytes across the BBB are frequently observed in AD brains and are some of the pathological hallmarks of the diseases. Since the transmigration of monocytes across the BBB is both a mechanical and a biochemical process, the expression of adhesion molecules and mechanical properties of endothelial cells are the critical factors that require investigation.MethodsBecause of recent advances in the biological applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM), we applied AFM with cantilever tips bio-functionalized by sLex in combination with the advanced immunofluorescent microscopy (QIM) to study the direct effects of Aβ42 oligomers on the selectins expression, actin polymerization, and cellular mechanical and adhesion properties in cerebral endothelial cells (mouse bEnd3 line and primary human CECs) and find a possible way to attenuate these effects.ResultsQIM results showed that Aβ42 increased the expressions of P-selectin on the cell surface and enhanced actin polymerization. Consistent with our QIM results, AFM data showed that Aβ42 increased the probability of cell adhesion with sLex-coated cantilever and cell stiffness. These effects were counteracted by lovstatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug. Surprisingly, the apparent rupture force of sLex-selectin bonding was significantly lower after treatment with Aβ42, as compared with the control (i.e. no treatment). Similar results were also obtained when cells were treated with latruculin A (F-actin-disrupting drug). These results suggest that the decrease in the apparent rupture force of sLex-selectin bonding is the consequence of the dissociation of adhesion between the cytoskeleton and the bilayer membrane induced by Aβ42. The major causes of excess mortality in the first group were neoplams (30.6%), hypertension (23.8%), and myocardial infarction (22.6%). The effects of radiation influenced mortality in the second group were 2–2.5 times lower than the first group.ConclusionThe studies of the effects of Aβ42 on the adhesion properties of cerebral endothelial cells and how pharmacological agents (e.g. statin) counteract these effects should prove to provide insights into the mechanism of inflammation in Alzheimer’s brains and the design of therapeutic treatments of the disease.

Characterization of a Water Clearing Treatment Residue and Its Application as Clay Ceramic Addition

The addition of industrial residues into common red clay ceramic has been, from many decades, an alternative of using other low cost raw materials and, more recently, as an environmentally correct destination for polluting substances. An important residue, known as yellow sludge, is that generated at the water clearing stage (WCS) of a treatment plant by some heavy industries such as an integrated steel making. Since this yellow sludge residue is normally disposed in ways that pollutes water bodies, the objective of the present work was to characterize a WCS yellow sludge and investigate its addition into clay ceramics. The residue was characterized by X-ray fluorescence, particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy. The addition was carried out up to 7.5 wt% followed by firing at 800oC. The added ceramics were evaluated in terms of water absorption, linear shrinkage, dry apparent density and flexural rupture strength. It was found that the residue addition does not practically alter the ceramic technical properties.

Triple-bundle ACL grafts evaluated by second-look arthroscopy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphology of transplanted triple-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts by second-look arthroscopy. The subjects were 41 patients with a mean age of 25.5±8.5years who underwent second-look arthroscopy at between 6 and 22months after the anatomical triple-bundle ACL reconstruction using semitendinosus tendon autograft. Lachman test was negative in 38 knees and mildly positive with a firm endpoint in 3 knees. Arthroscopic evaluation of grafts was performed for the anteromedial graft (AM), the intermediate graft (IM), and the posterolateral graft (PL), focusing on tension and graft damage. All grafts showed "fan-out" shape approaching the tibial attachment, which looked closer to the natural ACL compared to the double-bundle grafts. As to graft tension, 93% of AM, 90% of IM, and 88% of PL grafts were evaluated as taut, respectively. As to graft damage, there was no apparent rupture in the AM and IM grafts, while complete or substantial rupture was observed in 10% of PL grafts around the femoral tunnel aperture. The incidence of graft rupture in PL grafts was significantly greater than those in the AM and IM grafts. As to synovial coverage, 76% of AM, 78% of IM, and 59% of PL grafts were evaluated as "Good," while 41% of PL grafts were not fully covered with synovium. All of the synovial defects were observed around the femoral tunnel aperture. The morphology of the triple-bundle grafts resembled that of the natural ACL, while complete or substantial rupture was observed in 10% of the PL grafts. Study of case series with no comparison group, Level IV.

Rupture directivity of microearthquake sequences near Parkfield, California

[1] The direction of propagation is an important factor that affects the pattern of ground motion generated by an earthquake. Characterizing factors favoring a potential rupture propagation direction is thus an important task. Here we analyze the earthquake directivity of repeating earthquake sequences located on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California. All earthquakes of a sequence have very similar waveforms and have overlapping surface ruptures. We show that subtle variations of the transfer function between earthquakes of a common sequence can be interpreted as a change of apparent rupture duration. Relative apparent rupture durations are computed for all pairs of events at all available stations and for each sequence. We invert these measurements to obtain an estimation of the apparent rupture duration for each individual event of the sequence relative to a reference event. Variation of apparent rupture duration with azimuth attests for the rupture directivity. We show that the majority of analyzed microearthquakes presents a rupture in the south-east direction. We also show that, on a given repeating sequence, most earthquakes tend to show the same rupture direction.

Dynamic simulation of the 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan, earthquake

We apply a modified three‐dimensional finite difference method to investigate the dynamics of the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake. We determine the dynamic source rupture process and simulate the strong ground motions over a frequency range of 0.05–0.5 Hz. Our dynamic source model reveals that the rupture process of the Chi‐Chi earthquake is much more complex than that described in the classical propagation rupture models. The Chi‐Chi earthquake rupture process includes the jumping phenomenon. The northern parts on the fault plane have a longer slip duration than the southern parts. The motions on the hanging wall are larger than those on the footwall side, which is a consequence of the asymmetry of the fault with respect to the free surface. In general, the synthetics calculated by the dynamic source model agree well with the observed data. Our dynamic source model reproduces distinctive velocity pulses at stations located in the forward rupture direction and at stations close to the fault surface breaks. The apparent rupture directivity, propagating from south to north, then produces noticeably larger peak ground velocity to the north. These results demonstrate that the dynamic rupture model reproduces the main features of long‐period ground motions. These results may lead to improved understanding of rupture processes accompanying large earthquakes. The dynamic modeling scheme may produce more reasonable and reliable strong ground motion predictions for assessment of seismic hazard.

Source model of the 2007 Mw 8.0 Pisco, Peru earthquake: Implications for seismogenic behavior of subduction megathrusts

We use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, teleseismic body waves, tsunami waveforms recorded by tsunameters, field observations of coastal uplift, subsidence, and runup to develop and test a refined model of the spatiotemporal history of slip during the Mw 8.0 Pisco earthquake of 15 August 2007. Our preferred solution shows two distinct patches of high slip. One patch is located near the epicenter while another larger patch ruptured 60 km further south, at the latitude of the Paracas peninsula. Slip on the second patch started 60 s after slip initiated on the first patch. We observed a remarkable anticorrelation between the coseismic slip distribution and the aftershock distribution determined from the Peruvian seismic network. The proposed source model is compatible with regional runup measurements and open ocean tsunami records. From the latter data set, we identified the 12 min timing error of the tsunami forecast system as being due to a mislocation of the source, caused by the use of only one tsunameter located in a nonoptimal azimuth. The comparison of our source model with the tsunami observations validate that the rupture did not extend to the trench and confirms that the Pisco event is not a tsunami earthquake despite its low apparent rupture velocity (<1.5 km/s). We favor the interpretation that the earthquake consists of two subevents, each with a conventional rupture velocity (2–4 km/s). The delay between the two subevents might reflect the time for the second shock to nucleate or, alternatively, the time it took for afterslip to increase the stress level on the second asperity to a level necessary for static triggering. The source model predicts uplift offshore and subsidence on land with the pivot line following closely the coastline. This pattern is consistent with our observation of very small vertical displacement along the shoreline when we visited the epicentral area in the days following the event. This earthquake represents, to our knowledge, one of the best examples of a link between the geomorphology of the coastline and the pattern of surface deformation induced by large interplate ruptures.

Tsunami early warning using earthquake rupture duration

Effective tsunami early warning for coastlines near a tsunamigenic earthquake requires notification within 5–15 minutes. We have shown recently that tsunamigenic earthquakes have an apparent rupture duration, T0, greater than about 50 s. Here we show that T0 gives more information on tsunami importance than moment magnitude, Mw, and we introduce a procedure using seismograms recorded near an earthquake to rapidly determine if T0 is likely to exceed T = 50 or 100 s. We show that this “duration‐exceedance” procedure can be completed within 3–10 min after the earthquake occurs, depending on station density, and that it correctly identifies most recent earthquakes which produced large or devastating tsunamis. This identification forms a complement to initial estimates of the location, depth and magnitude of an earthquake to improve the reliability of tsunami early warning, and, in some cases, may make possible such warning.

Pós Modernidade: que tempos são estes?

O artigo estuda a teoria acerca da pós-modernidade e visita alguns dos principais autores que escreveram sobre o tema. Partindo da oposição do período atual com o período moderno, o estudo entende que vivemos tempos paradoxais, tempos de aparente ruptura, que se definem como a negação do que antes havia, mas que também conservam características da era anterior. O artigo discute a idéia de que hoje não temos mais modelos ediscursos que sirvam a todos, mas a busca solitária de indivíduos em um mundo que se define pela funcionalidade e pelo consumo. Por fim, o estudo tenta entender como se sente este indivíduo pósmoderno, seus desafios e contradições.