Apparent Increase In Thickness Research Articles

Quantitative investigation of the gassing behavior in cylindrical Li4Ti5O12 batteries

The Li4Ti5O12 gassing behavior is a critical limitation for applications in lithium-ion batteries. The impact of electrode/electrolyte interface, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved during the gassing process, are still debated. Herein, a quantitative evolution of the internal pressure in 18650-type cylindrical Li4Ti5O12 batteries is investigated using a self-designed pressure testing device. The results indicate that the internal pressure significantly increases during the formation cycle and continues growing during the following cycles. After several charge and discharge cycles, the pressure finally reaches constant. Simultaneously, the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film is also investigated. The results suggest that the initial formed SEI film has a thickness of 24 nm, and is observed to shrink during the following cycles. Furthermore, no apparent increase in thickness accompanying the pressure rising is noticed. These comparative investigations reveal a possible mechanism of the gassing behavior. We suggest that the gassing behavior is associated with side reactions which are determined by the potential of the Li4Ti5O12 electrode, where the active sites of the electrode/electrolyte interface manage the extent of the reaction.

Apparent increase in the thickness of superconducting particles at low temperatures measured by electron holography

We predict that superconducting particles will show an apparent increase in thickness at low temperatures when measured by electron holography. This will result not from a real thickness increase, rather from an increase in the mean inner potential sensed by the electron wave traveling through the particle, originating in expansion of the electronic wavefunction of the superconducting electrons and resulting negative charge expulsion from the interior to the surface of the superconductor, giving rise to an increase in the phase shift of the electron wavefront going through the sample relative to the wavefront going through vacuum. The temperature dependence of the observed phase shifts will yield valuable new information on the physics of the superconducting state of metals.

Imaging of Long-term Retinal Damage after Resolved Cotton Wool Spots

Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) develop noninfectious retinopathy characterized by retinal cotton wool spots (CWS) and microvascular abnormalities. Ophthalmoscopically, CWS fade with time. We hypothesized that structural changes should be permanent and possibly visible well after ophthalmoscopic resolution. We used simultaneous spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)/scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) to allow colocalization of the lesions and determine the extent and location of residual damage after ophthalmoscopic resolution of the lesions. Retrospective, noninterventional case series. Eight eyes of 7 HIV patients with 19 resolved retinal CWS. Nineteen retinal CWS were imaged between 2 and 16 years (median, 7.84) after the acute lesions using simultaneous SD-OCT and SLO examinations. The areas of the previous CWS were scanned by overlaying the color retinal image over the SLO image and scanning at high resolution in the horizontal plane through the resolved lesion. Each CWS lesion had a control area taken from the same eye within 2 disc diameters of the lesion. The thickness of each of the retinal layers was compared between lesions and control areas using a paired t-test with multitest correction. Thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL). The greatest loss of thickness was seen in the retinal GCL with a 43% reduction in thickness. There was a statistically significant thinning of the RNFL, GCL, IPL, INL, and OPL. The median thickness differences ranged from 5 to 7 microns. This difference was highly significant. Another striking finding was the displacement of the ONL toward the retinal surface resulting in an apparent increase in thickness of the ONL by >15% (median difference, 12 microns). Our data, using ultrahigh resolution and high-speed SD-OCT/SLO, show and quantify the presence of permanent retinal destruction associated with retinal CWS in HIV disease.

Growth Dynamics and Morphology of Oleic Acid Vapor-Deposited on a Silica Surface

The vapor deposition of oleic acid onto silica surfaces at 25% relative humidity and temperatures ranging from 60 to 80 °C is found to proceed in three stages: (I) rapid formation of monolayer-high islands of approximately 100 nm diameter on timescales of a few minutes; (II) relatively little growth over timescales of tens to hundreds of minutes; and (III) a linear increase in apparent thickness as a function of time, characterized by the formation of multilayer islands on time scales of thousands of minutes. The rate of growth in region III is faster at higher temperatures. This growth process is analyzed in the context of the transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional island growth at submonolayer coverage observed for metal vapor deposition on oxide surfaces. At a relative humidity of 94%, with several layers of water molecules present on the silica surface, the oleic acid wets the surface rather than forming discrete islands.

ハムスターの実験的舌癌における血管構築ならびに血管神経支配

The angioarchitecture of 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene (DNIBA)-induced carcinoma of the tongue in hamster was examined mainly by resin cast method using specimens at 5 stages (initial, diffuse growth, minute granu.liform elevation/small buldging, papilloma and cancer stages) with special reference to angiogenesis. Innervation of the vessels was also examined by catecholamine (CA) fluorescence, acetylcholine esterase (AChE), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemical methods. The results obtained were as follows:1. From the initial to the diffuse growth stage, elongation and enlargement of capillary loops in the tunica propria mucosa became visible.2. After the minute granuliform elevation/small buldging stage, characteristic capillary loops were often observed in the resin cast preparations suggesting a possible participation of budding and fusion in the angiogenesis.3. At the papilloma stage, the resin cast of the vasculature revealed a characteristic tree-like constitution having extremely swollen tips. Cross sections of the vessels also revealed their unique wall structures, as swollen and thin as sinusoidal vessels.4. At the carcinoma stage, extremely flattened or shrunken vessels were predominant, however some buddings were also found suggesting a continuous involvement of angiogenesis.5. At the external growth part from the initial to the papilloma stage, the tunica propria mucosa frequently exhibited an apparent increase in thickness. Both the HRP and the CA positive nerves were observed in the thickened mucosa. These nerves, however, were not seen at the cancer stage.6. In the musculature infiltrated by cancer cells, both the CA and the AChE positive nerves innervating the blood vessels tended to degenerate and disappear. The HRP positive nerves also showed a degeneration due to cancer infiltration, although it remained unclear whether they were related to the vessels or not.7. The budding, elongation, enlargement, and fusion of capillary loops in the tunica mucosa may play a role in the rapid formation of the characteristic vascular architecture of DMBA-induced carcinoma of the tongue.8. The tumor blood vessels, whose walls were very thin and were mainly composed of endothelial cells, may be suitable for the rapid increase in the vessel volume. Because of such characteristic features, the tumor blood vessels may easily flatten, close their lumens, and regress under high tissue pressure at the cancer stage. These structural alterations in blood vessels may finally result in degeneration of the tumor.9. The paucity of musculature and innervation in the tumor blood vessels suggests that the vessels serve the tumor as the exchange vessels rather than the distributing vessels. The tumor blood circulation, therefore, seems to depend on the control mechanism of the external vessels of the tumor.

Carbonate-Anhydrite Facies Determination by Quantitative Seismic Stratigraphy in Paradox Basin: ABSTRACT

Recent advances in seismic acquisition and processing techniques have greatly improved the usable bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio of seismic data collected in the Paradox basin. Historically, the irregular terrain coupled with shallow velocity gradients limited the usable stratigraphic thin-bed resolution to near 60 Hz. Analysis of filtered sonic logs of the upper Ismay formation suggests that even with 100-Hz seismic data, carbonate porosity will not be represented seismically as an individual low-velocity trough on wavelet-processed data. Conventional seismic stratigraphy attempted to interpret these zones based on a qualitative study of synthetic seismograms. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate an inverse method of calibrating seismic data by the integration of quantitative analysis of filtered sonic logs from bore-hole data with seismically derived sonic logs (Seislogs). The Seislog display has a horizontal scale in transit time and a vertical scale in depth. In this format it is possible to compare quantitative variations observed on the Seislogs with changes derived in model studies that relate filtered velocity on sonics to lithologic variation. This paper discusses the application of this method in an upper Ismay field (Patterson Canyon), located in San Juan County, Utah. The field is currently producing oil from a porous carbonate algal-mound facies, which in filtered-sonic logs is typified by a decrease in both velocity and thickness when compared to the anhydrite facies. When the carbonate facies becomes tight, there is a transit-time decrease and an apparent increase in thickness. The anhydrite facies sonically has the lowest transit time and also is the thickest facies. It is important to note that a limestone with intercalated clastics may have exactly the same sonic response as the porous carbonate facies. The distribution of these facies in map view provides the key to differentiation of the two types of low velocity response in this trend. The porous carbonate facies is typically narrow and lenticular in contrast to the more sheetlike clastic carbonate facies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 314------------