Apparent Ileal Digestibility Of Met Research Articles

Evaluation of the responses of broiler chickens to varying concentrations of phytate phosphorus and phytase. Ⅱ. Grower phase (day 12–23 post hatching)

A randomized complete block design study used 768 male broiler chickens to investigate the effects of phytate P (PP) and a novel consensus bacterial phytase variant (PhyG) concentration on growth performance, bone mineralization, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and total tract retention (TTR) of nutrients in broiler chickens. Treatments were arranged in a 1 + 3 × 5 factorial with a nutrient-adequate positive control diet (PC) with 2.8 g PP/kg, 3 nutrient-reduced negative control diets (NC: PC minus 88 kcal/kg ME, 0.8 g/kg dig. Lys, 2.0 g/kg available P, 2.0 g/kg Ca and 0.5 g/kg Na) with varying PP (g/kg) levels, mainly from rice bran, at 2.3 (NC1), 2.8 (NC2), or 3.3 (NC3) and 5 PhyG doses at 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 FTU/kg. All treatments had 6 replicate cages with 8 birds/cage. A commercial starter diet was fed from d 0 to 12 and the experimental diets from d 12 to 23 post hatching. Birds fed the NC2 diet without phytase had lower (P < 0.01) BW, BW gain, and feed intake (FI) as compared with birds fed the PC with the same PP level. With increasing phytate, there was a decrease (P < 0.05) in BW, BW gain, and FI. Phytase increased (P < 0.01) BW and feed efficiency of broiler chickens. An interaction (P < 0.05) between PP and phytase concentrations was observed on the AID of Met, Cys, and Thr. Linear decrease (P < 0.01) in the AID and TTR of P and Ca with increasing PP concentrations were observed. Phytase supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the AID of P, Ca, and all AA. The TTR of P, Ca, and Zn was linearly increased (P < 0.01) by 112, 123, and 46%, respectively, when birds fed NC diets with 0 and 4,000 FTU/kg were compared. In conclusion, phytate reduced the growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens from d 12 to 23 post hatching while phytase ameliorated these negative effects.

Performance, intestinal microflora, and amino acid digestibility altered by exogenous enzymes in broilers fed wheat- or sorghum-based diets.

The objective of the current study was to compare the effects of dietary enzymes and nutrient restriction on performance and bone mineralization in birds fed wheat- or sorghum-based diets. A total of 720 d-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 8 treatments, with 6 replicates per treatment and 15 birds per replicate. Birds were reared in floor pens from 0 to 35 d. The study used a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 2 grains (sorghum or wheat) and 4 diets: positive control (no enzyme and ME, digestible Lys, Ca, and P sufficient, negative control (NC; no enzyme and reduced ME [-100 kcal/kg], digestible AA [-2%], Ca [-0.12 percentage points], and available P [-0.18 percentage points in the starter phase and -0.22 percentage points in the grower phase]), NC + nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes + phytase (500 phytase units [FTU]; NCCP), and NC + phytase (1,000 FTU; NCP). From 0 to 35 d, birds fed wheat-based diets had greater G:F (4.5%), BW gain (9.2%), breast meat yield (6.8%), and tibia ash (2.0%) compared with birds fed sorghum-based diets. Across grain types, the NCCP treatment improved BW gain ( < 0.001), feed intake ( < 0.001), G:F ( < 0.05), and livability ( < 0.001) compared with the NC treatment. Birds fed NCP had greater BW gain ( < 0.001), feed intake ( < 0.001), G:F ( < 0.001), and livability ( < 0.001) compared with birds fed NC. Birds fed the NCP diet had greater BW gain ( < 0.001), toe ash ( < 0.01), and tibia ash ( < 0.001) compared with birds fed the NCCP diet. There was a grain × diet interaction for feed intake ( < 0.01), BW gain ( < 0.001), tibia ash ( < 0.01), and tibia breaking strength ( < 0.05). The influence of enzymes was more pronounced in sorghum-based diets than in wheat-based diets. Birds fed wheat-based diets had greater ileal digestibility of His, Met, Val, Phe, Ile, Leu, Trp, Glu, Pro, Ala, Tyr, and Cys compared with those fed sorghum-based diets ( < 0.05). Across grain types, NCP had greater apparent ileal digestibility of Met, Lys, Ser, Pro, Gly, and Cys than NC ( < 0.05). The results suggest that wheat is superior to sorghum for broilers, as expected, but that enzyme supplementation has the capability to restore the compromised bird performance due to feeding sorghum. In addition, compared with nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and phytase (500 FTU/kg feed) added in concert, phytase supplemented at 1,000 FTU/kg resulted in a further improvement of some of the performance and bone mineralization parameters in male broilers fed sorghum-based diets.

Performance, intestinal microflora, and amino acid digestibility altered by exogenous enzymes in broilers fed wheat- or sorghum-based diets

The objective of the current study was to compare the effects of dietary enzymes and nutrient restriction on performance and bone mineralization in birds fed wheat- or sorghum-based diets. A total of 720 d-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 8 treatments, with 6 replicates per treatment and 15 birds per replicate. Birds were reared in floor pens from 0 to 35 d. The study used a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 2 grains (sorghum or wheat) and 4 diets: positive control (no enzyme and ME, digestible Lys, Ca, and P sufficient, negative control (NC; no enzyme and reduced ME [−100 kcal/kg], digestible AA [−2%], Ca [−0.12 percentage points], and available P [−0.18 percentage points in the starter phase and −0.22 percentage points in the grower phase]), NC + nonstarch polysaccharide–degrading enzymes + phytase (500 phytase units [FTU]; NCCP), and NC + phytase (1,000 FTU; NCP). From 0 to 35 d, birds fed wheat-based diets had greater G:F (4.5%), BW gain (9.2%), breast meat yield (6.8%), and tibia ash (2.0%) compared with birds fed sorghum-based diets. Across grain types, the NCCP treatment improved BW gain (P < 0.001), feed intake (P < 0.001), G:F (P < 0.05), and livability (P < 0.001) compared with the NC treatment. Birds fed NCP had greater BW gain (P < 0.001), feed intake (P < 0.001), G:F (P < 0.001), and livability (P < 0.001) compared with birds fed NC. Birds fed the NCP diet had greater BW gain (P < 0.001), toe ash (P < 0.01), and tibia ash (P < 0.001) compared with birds fed the NCCP diet. There was a grain × diet interaction for feed intake (P < 0.01), BW gain (P < 0.001), tibia ash (P < 0.01), and tibia breaking strength (P < 0.05). The influence of enzymes was more pronounced in sorghum-based diets than in wheat-based diets. Birds fed wheat-based diets had greater ileal digestibility of His, Met, Val, Phe, Ile, Leu, Trp, Glu, Pro, Ala, Tyr, and Cys compared with those fed sorghum-based diets (P < 0.05). Across grain types, NCP had greater apparent ileal digestibility of Met, Lys, Ser, Pro, Gly, and Cys than NC (P < 0.05). The results suggest that wheat is superior to sorghum for broilers, as expected, but that enzyme supplementation has the capability to restore the compromised bird performance due to feeding sorghum. In addition, compared with nonstarch polysaccharide–degrading enzymes and phytase (500 FTU/kg feed) added in concert, phytase supplemented at 1,000 FTU/kg resulted in a further improvement of some of the performance and bone mineralization parameters in male broilers fed sorghum-based diets.

Comparative ileal amino acid digestibility of distillers' grains for growing pigs.

The objective of the experiment reported here was to investigate and compare the amino acid (AA) digestibility of distillers' dried grains (DDG), distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), high protein distillers' dried grains (HP-DDG), and high protein distillers' dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS) in growing pigs. Five semi-purified diets consisting of DDG, DDGS, HP-DDG, HP-DDGS, and nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were fed to pigs fitted with simple T-cannula for 5 observations per diet. Endogenous losses of AA at the terminal ileum of pigs that received the NFD were used to calculate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA from apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA. The AID of Lys in DDGS was lower (P < 0.05) than that in DDG, which was also lower (P < 0.05) than that in HP-DDG. There were no differences in AID of Met among DDG, DDGS and HP-DDGS, but was greater (P < 0.05) in HP-DDG than in DDG or DDGS. The AID of Thr in HP-DDG was greater (P < 0.05) than that in DDGS but not different from that in DDG or HP-DDGS. The branched-chain AA Ile and Leu had greater (P < 0.05) AID in HP-DDG than in DDG, DDGS or HP-DDGS, and there was no difference among DDG, DDGS, and HP-DDGS. The AID of Trp in DDG and DDGS or HP-DDG and HP-DDGS were not different, but the AID of Trp in HP-DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) than that of DDGS. The greatest SID of the indispensable AA was in HP-DDG. Except for Arg and Lys in which DDG had greater (P < 0.05) digestibility, there was no difference between DDG and DDGS in the SID of the indispensable AA. The SID of Lys in DDG was greater (P < 0.05) than that of DDGS but there was no difference between that of DDG and HP-DDGS. Only His, Ile, and Met had lower (P < 0.05) SID in HP-DDGS than HP-DDG within the indispensable AA. The SID of Ala, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gly, Ser and Tyr were lower (P < 0.05) in DDGS than in HP-DDG. There SID of dispensable AA in DDG was not different from that of HP-DDGS. The current study provided apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility values for traditional and high-protein corn distillers' dried grains coproducts for use in formulating swine diets. Amino acid digestibility was generally higher in HP-DDG than in other tested co-products of the dry grind processing of corn for ethanol.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids for zero-tannin faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fed to broiler chicks

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) in zero-tannin faba beans (ZFB; Vicia faba L.) fed to broiler chicks. In total, 120 broiler chicks were divided into 24 groups of 5 birds that were balanced for BW and fed 1 of 3 diets in a completely randomized design (8 groups/diet) from d 14 to 21 of age. The diets were a soybean meal-cornstarch-based basal diet or the basal diet with soybean meal and cornstarch replaced by 50% of either conventional (tannin-containing) faba beans (CFB) or ZFB. The CFB were fed for comparison with ZFB. All of the 3 diets contained chromic oxide (0.3%) as an indigestible marker, and nutrient digestibilities were determined by the difference method. On d 21, the birds were killed by cervical dislocation and contents of the lower-half of the ileum were obtained for determination of apparent AA digestibility. The CFB and ZFB were similar in CP, AA, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents. The ZFB did not contain tannins, whereas the CFB contained 0.82% tannins. The ZFB had greater (P < 0.05) AID for all AA (except Met) compared with that of the CFB by an average of 12.6 percentage points. The 2 faba-bean types were similar in AID of Met. The results show that the ZFB evaluated in the current study had greater AID of AA than CFB, and hence, it may be a better source of protein for broiler chicks than CFB.

Effects of Diet Complexity and Fermented Soy Protein on Growth Performance and Apparent Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Weanling Pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of diet complexity and fermented soy protein on growth performance and amino acid digestibility. In Exp. 1, a total of 120 crossbred weanling pigs (5.68±0.80 kg BW) were randomly allocated into 4 treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicate pens comprising 5 pigs in each replicate. Experimental diets consisted of simple (soybean meal as protein source) and complex (soybean meal, rice protein concentrate, potato protein concentrate and fish meal as protein sources) diets; each diet contained 0 or 5% fermented soy protein (FSP), respectively. Dietary treatments included: i) simple diet; ii) simple diet with 5% FSP; iii) complex diet; iv) complex diet with 5% FSP. Pigs were provided each experimental diet for 20 d (phase 1) and then fed the same common diet for 10 d (phase 2). During days 0-10, pigs fed FSP diets had greater ADG than those fed non-FSP diets (p 0.05) in this experiment. In Exp 2, 12 ileal-cannulated, weanling barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (same as Exp. 1) by using a 4x4 Latin square design. Among the essential amino acids, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Met and Val were increased in pigs fed FSP diets compared with those fed non-FSP diets (p<0.05). AID of Met, Phe and total essential amino acids were higher in pigs fed complex diets than in those fed simple diets (p<0.05). Among the non-essential amino acids, AID of Ala in FSP treatments was greater than that in non-FSP treatments (p<0.05). In addition, Asp, Cys, Glu, Pro, Ser and total non-essential amino acid digestibilities in pigs fed complex diets were higher compared with those fed simple diets (p<0.05). Interaction was observed in AID of Met, Asp and Pro. In conclusion, these results indicated that feeding of 5% FSP to nursery pigs improved feed efficiency and AID of amino acids, and diet complexity did not maximize the growth performance of pigs in the subsequent phase.

Nutritional and Physiological Effects of Dietary Sinapic Acid (4-Hydroxy-3,5-Dimethoxy-Cinnamic Acid) in Broiler Chickens and its Metabolism in the Digestive Tract

Sinapic acid (SA) is a major free phenolic acid in rapeseed meal, with the majority found in the esterified form of sinapine. Two experiments were conducted to delineate the effect of dietary SA on broiler chickens, in terms of performance, toxicity, and nutrient digestibility. In the first experiment, 80 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 5 diets adequate in all nutrients and containing 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20% dietary SA. Performance from 0 to 18 d of age and the relative size of all the internal organs and intestines were not affected (all P>0.05) by dietary treatment. In addition, dietary SA had no effect (P>0.05) on the serum activity of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, which indicated that there was no damage to skeletal muscle, heart muscle, liver, kidneys, or brain. The objectives of the second experiment were to investigate the effect of SA on nutrient retention and to study the retention of SA in the digestive tract. Male broiler chicks (96) were randomly assigned into 4 treatments containing dietary SA at 0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.10%. Dietary SA at the 0.025% level increased feed intake compared with control (P<0.05). Regression analysis indicated a quadratic response for both weight gain and feed intake (P<0.05) as SA increased in the diet. Again, dietary SA did not affect the relative weights of bursa of Fabricius, liver, kidney, or digestive tract. Nitrogen-corrected AME and protein digestibility were not affected by SA level. A negative linear relationship was found between dietary SA level and apparent ileal digestibility of Met, Thr, Ser, Pro, Gly, Ala, and Phe. Sinapic acid disappearance in the ileum was above 97% for all SA levels, whereas apparent SA retention in excreta ranged from 64 to 79%. Sinapic acid at dietary levels investigated in this research is apparently not toxic to broiler chickens but may have a negative effect on amino acid digestibility at higher levels.