Apparent Ileal Digestibility Of AA Research Articles

Phase-specific outcmes of arginine or branched-chain amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance, nutrient digestibility, and expression of tissue protein synthesis and degradation in broiler chickens infected with mixed Eimeria spp.

A 35-d study investigated the impact of dietary supplementation with Arginine (Arg) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) of broilers receiving low-protein diets whilst infected with mixed Eimeria species. All birds were given the same starter (d0-10) and finisher (d28-35) diets. The 4 grower diets used were a positive control (PC) with adequate protein (18.5%), a low protein diet (NC;16.5% CP), or the NC supplemented with Arg or BCAA. Supplemental AA was added at 50% above the recommended levels. The treatments were in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 4 diets, with or without Eimeria inoculation on d14. Birds and feed were weighed after inoculation in phases: prepatent (d14-17), acute (d18-21), recovery (d22-28), and compensatory (d29-35). Ileal digesta, jejunum, and breast tissue were collected on d21, 28, and 35. There was no diet × Eimeria inoculation on growth performance at any phase. Infected birds weighed less and consumed less feed (P < 0.05) in all phases. In the prepatent and acute phases, birds on the Arg diets had higher weight gain (P < 0.05) and lower FCR, similar to PC, when compared to NC and BCAA-fed ones. Infection reduced AA digestibility on d21 and 28 (Met and Cys). However, birds that received supplemental AA had higher digestibility (P < 0.05) of their respective supplemented AA on d 21 only. Infected birds had lower (P < 0.05) BO + AT and higher PEPT1 expression on d21. There was a diet × Eimeria interaction (P = 0.004) on gene expression at d28; 4EBP1 genes were significantly downwardly expressed (P < 0.05) in birds fed Arg diet, irrespective of infection. Infected birds exhibited an upward expression (P < 0.05) of Eef2 on d21 and d28 but experienced a downward expression on d35. Supplemental Arg and BCAA had variable effects on growth performance, apparent ileal AA digestibility, and genes of protein synthesis and degradation, but the effect of Arg on promoting weight gain, irrespective of the Eimeria challenge, was more consistent.

Effect of Supplementing a Bacillus Multi-Strain Probiotic to a Post-Weaning Diet on Nutrient Utilisation and Nitrogen Retention of Piglets

Probiotics are suggested to improve pig health, nutrient utilisation, performance, and they may reduce nitrogen (N) pollution. However, the effectivity of a single strain might be different from that of a multi-strain. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of a novel Bacillus multi-strain on nutrient digestibility, energy utilisation, and N retention in weaned piglets using an European diet. The experiment consisted of a control diet (CD) and a supplemented diet (SD). The probiotic used for SD consisted of B. amyloliquefaciens—516 and B. subtilis—541. A total of eight boars/treatment were weaned (day 0; 8.5 kg body weight). Only boars were used to ease the collection of urine. Until day 10, piglets were fed ad libitum and were housed in pairs; from day 11, piglets were fed semi ad libitum (feeding level 3.2× metabolic body weight) and were housed individually. From day 14, faecal and urine were collected twice daily. Piglets were humanely euthanised at day 19 (15.0 kg bodyweight) after which the jejunum, ileum, and colon content were collected. In faeces, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of, amongst others, DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), and subsequently net energy (NE) were calculated using titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. In the jejunum and ileum, the apparent digestibility of CP was estimated, and in the ileum, the apparent AA digestibility was measured. In urine, the N content was measured to determine N retention. The volatile fatty acid (VFA), branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA), and lactic acid content were analysed in the colon and faeces. The apparent CP digestibility in the jejunum and ileum was not affected by treatment (p &gt; 0.05), and no effect was observed on the apparent ileal digestibility of AA (p &gt; 0.05). Supplementation with the multi-strain probiotic improved the ATTD of DM (p = 0.01; +1.3%) and OM (p = 0.02; +1.2%) and tended to improve the ATTD of CP (p = 0.10; +2.2%) and NSP (p = 0.07; +1.9%). The multi-strain probiotic also improved the NE value (p = 0.02; +0.2 MJ/kg DM) and improved N retention (p = 0.05; +1.6%). Supplementation did not influence the VFA, BCFA, and lactic acid content in the faeces (p &gt; 0.05). However, in the colon, supplementation did influence the lactic acid content (lower; p = 0.01) and tended to influence the valeric acid content (higher; p = 0.09). In conclusion, results from the current study suggest that the multi-strain probiotic has the potential to contribute to improve nutrient efficiency in weaned piglets. More research needs to be conducted to identify the impact of the improved nutrient utilisation on gut health in post-weaned pigs as well as environmental pollution.

Effect of a Combination of Lysolecithin, Synthetic Emulsifier and Monoglycerides on the Apparent Ileal Digestibility, Metabolizable Energy and Growth Performance of Growing Pigs.

Two studies were conducted to determine the impact of an absorption enhancer containing a combination of lysophospholipids, monoglycerides and synthetic emulsifiers (LEX) on apparent ileal digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME), and growth performance of growing pigs. In the digestibility study, 12 male crossbred [Duroc x (Large White x Landrace)] pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 30 kg were randomly allocated to two dietary treatments: (1) a positive control (PC) receiving standard diets formulated to 3100 kcal ME/kg, and (2) a negative control formulated with −100 kcal ME/kg and −2.5% AA content vs. PC and supplemented with LEX at 500 g/t. Apparent ileal digestibility of essential AA was significantly increased for lysine, methionine, threonine, histidine, isoleucine and phenylalanine in the LEX treatment (p < 0.05). Average uplift in AA digestibility as a percent of the PC was +1.88%; with greatest improvement for histidine (+4.22%). LEX supplementation effectively compensated energy deficiency of low-density diet and provided additional ME improvement compared to the PC diet (p < 0.05). A second study was conducted to evaluate LEX dose response on the growth performance of pigs fed a low nutrient density diet. Total 450 cross-bred pigs (240 males (castrated) and 210 females) [Duroc x (Large White x Landrace)] with an average initial BW of 7.19 kg were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments: (1) a positive control (PC) formulated with standard specifications, (2) a negative control formulated with −100 kcal ME/kg and −2.5% AA content vs. the PC (NC), (3) NC + LEX at 250 g/t (NC + 250) and (4) NC + LEX at 500 g/t (NC + 500). Results showed significant improvement with LEX supplementation on the final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs of >50 kg body weight. Across the study, NC + 500 significantly increased ADG vs. PC and NC, and significantly reduced FCR compared to all other treatments. FCR of negative control diets improved by 9 and 15 points with the supplementation of 250 g/t and 500 g/t of LEX, respectively (p < 0.05). FCR in the NC + 250 diet was statistically similar vs. PC, which was significantly reduced compared to the NC. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the addition of an absorption enhancer containing a combination of lysophospholipids, monoglycerides and synthetic emulsifiers can improve growth performance in growing pigs, driven by increased nutrient digestibility and retention.

96 Nutrient Digestibility of Toasted Soybean Meal and Untoasted Soybean Meal Extruded at Different Temperatures by Weanling Pigs

Abstract The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of AA and CP and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of toasted soybean meal (SBM) and untoasted soybean meal (USM) extruded at 86°C (USM86), 120°C (USM120) and 149°C (USM149) were evaluated. USM was extruded mixed with corn starch (396.5g/kg USM and 603.5g/kg corn starch) in a single-screw extruder (MEX 250, Manzoni, Campinas, Brazil). Thirty-six barrows (7.69±0.89 kg BW) were fed a N-free diet, or four diets composed of 30% of each ingredient, as the only source of N, substituting for starch in N-free diet. Pigs were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (2.8 x 106 kcal digestible energy/kg BW0.75) for 10 days (5 d adaptation, 5 d feces collection), and on day 11 piglets were euthanized for ileal digesta collection. A randomized block design was used, with 8 replicates, using the pig as the experimental unit. ANOVA was performed and means were separated using Tukey test (5%). Increasing extrusion temperatures reduced trypsin inhibitors concentrations from 28.24 in USM to 3.51, 1.37, and 1.12 mg/g CP in USM86, USM122, and USM137, respectively, and 2.37 mg/g CP was found in SBM. USM86 showed lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ATTD of DM (8–13%), GE (2–4%), and CP (12–16%) compared to SBM, USM120 and USM149, which did not differ (P &amp;gt;0.05). The ATTD of EE of SBM was 17–19% higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than of USM86 and USM120, which were similar (P &amp;gt; 0.05) to each other and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that of USM149. Extrusion at 86oC was insufficient to inactivate anti-nutritional factors and resulted in reductions (P &amp;lt; 0.05) of 25–29% and 27–31% in CP and AA AID and SID compared to SBM, USM120, and USM149, which were, in general, similar (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Soybean meal extruded at 120 and 139°C presented a similar nutritional value to toasted soybean meal.

Effects of Dietary Amino Acid Density and Exogenous Protease Inclusion on Growth Performance and Apparent Ileal AA Digestibility in Broilers

Effects of Dietary Amino Acid Density and Exogenous Protease Inclusion on Growth Performance and Apparent Ileal AA Digestibility in Broilers

Short communication: A pilot study to describe duodenal and ileal flows of nutrients and to estimate small intestine endogenous protein losses in weaned calves

The aims of this pilot study were (1) to evaluate the effect of an ileal and duodenal cannulation surgery on body weight and dry matter intake, (2) to estimate endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA in the small intestine, and (3) to describe duodenal and ileal flows of nutrients in weaned dairy calves. Three Holstein male calves were fitted at 7 wk of life with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum and another cannula at the proximal duodenum. On wk 14 of life, calves were randomly assigned to a single 3 × 3 Latin square with 10-d periods. The 3 diets were fed ad libitum and consisted of a control calf starter (CS) with conventional soybean meal (SBM) as the main source of protein (CTRL), an isonitrogenous (20% CP) CS with an enzyme-treated SBM as the main source of protein (ENZT), and a CS with low content of CP (10%) and no soy protein (LOCP). Flows and digestibilities of nutrients were compared between the soy-based high-protein diets (HICP) and LOCP, and between CTRL and ENZT. Final data were only available from 2 calves per diet (n = 2) because cannulas from 1 calf became inoperative after the first collection period. Duodenal flows of CP, total AA, nonprotein nitrogen, microbial N, and fatty acids, as well as apparent duodenal digestibility of starch, were greater for HICP than for LOCP, indicating a greater foregut microbial activity and digestion. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of organic matter, CP, and total AA were greater for HICP than for LOCP. Duodenal net flow of CP was greater for ENZT than for CTRL, but flow of AA was not different. On the other hand, duodenal flow of microbial N was greater, and flows of nonprotein N and starch were lower for the ENZT diet, suggesting a more efficient microbial activity in the rumen. Even though CTRL had a greater AID when compared with ENZT, the AID of CP and AA were greater for enzyme-treated SBM than for SBM. Endogenous losses in the small intestine per kilogram of duodenal dry matter flow were 47 ± 15 and 37 ± 12 g/d, and the true ileal digestibilities for the HICP diets were 86 ± 0.1 and 87 ± 0.1% for CP and AA, respectively. An optimal supply of CP and the inclusion of an enzyme-treated SBM improved the efficiency of microbial digestion and increased AA absorption. Although further research with greater biological replication is needed, our results indicate that there is potential to improve digestion and absorption of proteins through dietary strategies in young weaned calves.

Efficacy of a mono-component protease is affected by trypsin inhibitor concentration in soybean meal

Three experiments were conducted to quantify the efficacy of exogenous protease in poultry diets containing soybeans with varying trypsin inhibitor (TI) concentrations. Test diets contained 4 g/kg of TiO2 as a digestibility marker and protease (CIBENZA® DP100 at 300 U/g diet, Novus International). A randomized complete block design was analyzed using ANOVA with LSD multiple pair-wise comparison used to compare treatment means. For Exp 2 and 3, a common starter diet was fed to broiler chickens until d 16 of life and then switched to test diets. Exp 1 was a 2×6 factorial arrangement of 2 protease levels (0 and 300 U/g) and 6 dietary TI levels (0.72, 1.16, 1.61, 2.06, 2.50, and 2.95 mg/g) with 6 replicates/treatment; 8 chicks/pen. In Exp 2 (12 replicates/treatment; 8 chicks/pen), apparent ileal AA digestibility (AIAAD) was evaluated in diets containing 250 g/kg full fat extruded soybeans (FFES)+SBM (negative control; 5.8 mg/g TI) with or without protease or SBM (positive control; 3.1 mg/g TI). Test diets were fed from d 16–21 of age, AIAAD and relative pancreas weight was measured on d 21. In Exp. 3, broilers were allocated to a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 9 replicates/treatment and 8 chicks/pen. The dietary factors were SBM inclusion (420 or 960 g/kg; SBM TI = 3.85 mg/g), or protease inclusion (0 or 300 U/g). Test diets were fed from d 22–30, ileal digesta was collected on d 30. With increasing TI, pancreas weight increased (P<0.05; Exp 1 and 2), and AIAAD decreased (P<0.05; Exp 1–3). Protease decreased pancreas weight (P<0.05) and improved AIAAD in Exp 2 (P<0.05; average AIAAD increase was 3 %). In Exp 3, protease increased (P<0.05) AIAAD only in diets containing high TI (average AIAAD improvement was 3.6 %). In conclusion, protease could be effective in mitigating high TI in SBM by increasing AIAAD digestibility.

Lack of interactive effects between diet composition and acid addition with drying method on amino acid digestibility values in porcine ileal digesta.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of oven drying (OD) or freeze drying (FD) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA in diets fed to pigs. In experiment 1, 15 barrows (88.4 ± 6.4 kg) were allotted to either a corn starch-soybean meal (CST), potato starch-soybean meal (PST), or corn-soybean meal (CSBM) diet, over 2 collection periods. Following collection, samples were pooled within pig and subdivided into either OD or FD, resulting in 10 observations per diet by drying-method combination. In experiment 2, 11 barrows (63.3 ± 3.8 kg) were fed a CST diet, and, following collection, samples were pooled within pig and subdivided and either adjusted to pH 4 or remain unadjusted. Subsets of these samples were then subdivided to be either FD or OD, resulting in 11 observations per pH level by drying-method combination. OD was accomplished by drying samples in a forced air oven at either 100 °C (experiment 1) or 75 °C (experiment 2). In experiment 1, there was no diet type by drying-method interactions noted for any of the AA (P > 0.10).OD resulted in a higher AID of AA compared with samples which were FD (P ≤ 0.10), for all AA except for Gly and Tyr. Averaged across all AA, AID of AA was 3.3% greater if the sample was OD compared with FD. Differences in AID of AA among the 3 diets were noted for all AA (P ≤ 0.07), except for Cys (P = 0.33), due to the fact that CST and PST diets only contained soybean meal (SBM) as an AA-providing ingredient while the CSBM diet contained both corn and SBM. Pigs fed the PST diet had greater SID for all AA compared with pigs fed the CST diet (P ≤ 0.05), except for His, Lys, Cys, and Glu. In experiment 2, there were no pH-adjustment by drying-method interactions noted on AID for any of the AA (P > 0.10). Adjusting ileal digesta to a pH of 4.0 had little effect on AID for most of the AA, except for a lowered AID of Arg, His, Lys, Trp, and Ser (P ≤ 0.10). OD resulted in a higher AID for all AA (P ≤ 0.09) except for Ile, Thr, Val, Ala, Asp, Glu, and Gly. Averaged across all AA, the increase in AID of AA was 1.7% greater if the sample was OD compared with FD. On average, OD of ileal digesta resulted in a 2.5% greater estimate of AID of AA compared with samples that were FD, and was not diet-, pH-, or AA-dependent. Because the majority of the data on AA digestibility are based on FD, a bias factor may be necessary to adjust AA digestibility data obtained on an OD-basis relative to an FD-basis for use in feed formulation.

Effects of copper hydroxychloride and distillers dried grains with solubles on intestinal microbial concentration and apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients by growing pigs1.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride improves nutrient digestibility and alters the concentration of microbial protein in the small intestine or large intestine by pigs fed a corn-soybean meal diet or a diet based on corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Twenty-four barrows (33.3 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of DDGS (0% or 45%) and 2 levels of supplemental Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 150 mg/kg). A 2-period switch back design with the 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet in each period was used resulting in 12 replicate pigs per diet for the 2 periods. The initial 9 d of each period was considered an adaptation period to the experimental diets. For each period, feces were collected on days 10, 11, and 12, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 13 and 14. Results indicated that inclusion of 45% DDGS to diets reduced (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and the AID and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein. In contrast, inclusion of DDGS to diets increased (P < 0.05) the AID and the ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and the concentration of microbial protein in the hindgut (P < 0.05). However, the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in ileal digesta and in feces from pigs fed the DDGS diets were not different from concentrations in pigs fed diets without DDGS. The AID and ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein were not affected by dietary Cu concentrations, but the AID and ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract were greater (P < 0.05) in diets supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride compared with diets without Cu hydroxychloride. There was also a reduction (P < 0.05) in the concentration of microbial protein and a tendency for a reduction (P < 0.10) in the total concentration of VFA in feces when diets were supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved AID and ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract and reduced the concentration of microbial protein in the large intestine and this effect was observed in diets containing DDGS as well as in diets without DDGS.

PSVI-12 Evaluation of amino acid digestibility in several feed ingredients fed to growing pigs

Abstract This experiment aimed to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in common feed ingredients fed to pigs: two sources of soybean meal, two sources of high-fat rice bran, one wheat middlings and one wheat. Six diets were formulated containing one of the above ingredients as the only source of protein and AA. An N-free diet was formulated to assess basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was used in diets as an indigestible marker. Eight barrows (BW: 35.2 ± 1.9 kg) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8 x 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and 8 periods. A standard grower diet was used as the eighth diet. Pigs were fed for eight 7-d periods and ileal digesta was collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Results showed that SID of CP between the two soybean meals (87.2 ± 8.1% vs 88.4 ± 5.7%) and two high-fat rice brans (77.1 ± 4.9% vs 75.8 ± 7.6%) were not different. Averages of SID for CP in wheat middlings and wheat were 63.1 ± 8.3% and 91.2 ± 3.3%, respectively. Differences were detected (P &lt; 0.01) for AID and SID of indispensable AA between the two high-fat rice brans, but not the two soybean meals. The AID and SID of dispensable AA except Glu and Pro were different (P &lt; 0.05) between the two high-fat rice brans. The SID of indispensable AA ranged from 50.1% for Lys to 72.8 % for Met in wheat middlings, and from 81.0% for Lys to 89.4% for Met in wheat. In conclusion, the AID and SID of CP and AA in soybean meals were similar, but differed between the two high-fat rice brans.

PSIV-24 Comparison of amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients for mini and commercial pigs

Abstract The objectives were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for estimating SID of feed ingredient for commercial pigs using data from mini pigs. Six 11-week-old crossbred commercial pigs (31.5 ± 1.6 kg of BW; Landrace × Yorkshire) and six 20-week-old mini pigs (31.0 ± 3.2 kg BW; Jeju Island’s native pig) were individually housed in pens and all pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Each pig breed was assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a 5 × 10 incomplete Latin square design involving 10 periods, respectively. Four diets were prepared to contain soybean meal, corn gluten feed, copra meal, and sesame expellers as the sole source of N. An N-free diet was formulated to estimate basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. There were no interactions between breed and feed ingredient for the digestibility of CP and AA. The digestibility of CP and AA, except Arg, His, Val, and Pro, were not different between mini pigs and commercial pigs. Prediction equations for SID CP and AA of commercial pigs using SID value of mini pigs were: SID of CP (%) = (1.02 × SID of CP in mini pigs) – 5.20 with r2 = 0.97 and P &lt; 0.05; SID of Lys (%) = (1.12 × SID of Lys in mini pigs) – 9.10 with r2 = 0.98 and P &lt; 0.05; and SID of Met (%) = (1.08 × SID of Met in mini pigs) – 4.27 with r2 = 0.96 and P &lt; 0.05. In conclusion, Jeju Island’s native mini pigs can be used for estimating AA digestibility in feed ingredients for commercial pigs.

Nutrient digestibility of multi-enzyme supplemented low-energy and AA diets for grower pigs1.

A study was conducted to determine effects of supplementing multi-enzyme on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and AA; and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy for pigs fed low-energy and AA diets. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW: 38.7 ± 2.75 kg) were fed four diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to give 8 replicates per diet. Diets were positive control (PC) diet, negative control (NC) diet without or with multi-enzyme at 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg. The PC diet was formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient recommendations for grower pigs (25 to 50 kg), except for Ca and digestible P, which were lower than NRC (2012) recommendations by 0.13 and 0.17 percentage points, respectively, due to phytase supplementation at 1,000 FTU/kg. The NC diet was formulated to be lower in NE by 75 kcal/kg and standardized ileal digestible AA content by a mean of 3%. These reductions were achieved by partial replacement of corn and soybean meal (SBM) and complete replacement of soybean oil and monocalcium phosphate in PC diet with 25% corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 3.6% soybean hulls. Multi-enzyme at 1.0 g/kg supplied 1,900 U of xylanase, 300 U of β-glucanase, 1,300 U of cellulase, 11,500 U of amylase, 120 U of mannanase, 850 U of pectinase, 6,000 U of protease, and 700 U of invertase per kilogram of diet. The AID of GE, N, most AA, most component sugars of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) and P; ATTD of GE for PC diet was greater (P < 0.05) than those for NC diets. An increase in dietary level of multi-enzyme from 0 to 1.0 g/kg resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in AID of Ile by 4.3%, and tended to linearly increase (P < 0.10) AID of Leu, Met, Phe, and Val by a mean of 3.4%. Increasing dietary multi-enzyme from 0 to 1.0 g/kg linearly increased (P < 0.05) AID of total NSP and P by 53.7% and 19.2%, respectively; ATTD of GE by 8.4% and DE and NE values by 8.8% and 8.2%, respectively; tended to linearly increase (P < 0.10) AID of GE by 8.1%. The NE values for NC diet with multi-enzyme at 1.0 g/kg tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than that for PC diet (2,337 vs. 2,222 kcal/kg of DM). In conclusion, multi-enzyme supplementation improved energy and nutrient digestibilities of a corn-SBM-corn DDGS-based diet, implying that the multi-enzyme fed in the current study can be used to enhance energy and nutrient utilization of low-energy AA diets for grower pigs.

Available energy and amino acid digestibility of yellow dent corn fed to growing pigs1.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the DE and ME as well as the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in corn fed to growing pigs. All corn was yellow dent corn collected from different areas in China. In Exp. 1, 60 crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 40.7 ± 3.5 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 1 of 10 diets to determine the DE and ME of corns. Diets were formulated to contain 96.8% of 1 of the 10 corn samples and 3.2% of other microingredients. In Exp. 2, 11 crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 30.5 ± 2.3 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were assigned to a 6 × 11 Youden square design with 6 periods and 11 diets. Diets included a N-free diet based on cornstarch and sucrose and 10 test diets formulated with 96.6% 1 of the 10 corns as the sole source of AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was added to each diet as an indigestible marker for calculating the AA digestibility. On a DM basis, the starch, ether extract (EE), CP, NDF, and ADF contents of corns averaged 74.05% (69.98 to 78.59%), 3.83% (2.04 to 4.73%), 9.63% (7.74 to 10.43%), 10.80% (10.27 to 11.46%), and 2.27% (2.03 to 2.57%), respectively. The CV of EE, CP, and ADF was 22.59, 8.22, and 8.21%, respectively. The DE and ME of corns averaged 4,087 and 3,981 kcal/kg, respectively, and ranged from 3,999 to 4,161 kcal/kg and from 3,898 to 4,067 kcal/kg, respectively. The DE and ME values were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the EE content. Optimal prediction equations of ME were ME = 940.35 + (0.72 × DE) + (21.88 × EE) (R2 = 0.94) or ME = 1,051.50 + (0.82 × DE) - (282.05 × ash) (R2 = 0.99). In Exp. 2, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the SID of Arg, His, Phe, Ala, Pro, Cys, and Tyr. The SID of Lys (average 73.79%), Met (average 87.32%), and Thr (average 80.06%) ranged from 61.45 to 78.47%, from 74.09 to 90.91%, and from 79.19 to 85.79%, respectively. The standardized ileal digestible Met was positively correlated (P < 0.01) with the Met and CP contents. The obtained prediction equations were standardized ileal digestible Met = 31.34 + (3.43 × CP) + (116.04 × Met) and standardized ileal digestible Met = 104.92 + (294.71 × Met) - (7.03 × NDF). In conclusion, sources had an effect on the energy values and ileal digestibility of most AA in corn. The ME can be predicted by the DE combined with either the EE or ash content. The AA concentrations and SID of AA in corn varied largely.

Digestibility of amino acid in full-fat canola seeds, canola meal, and canola expellers fed to broiler chickens and pigs1

Canola products including full-fat canola seeds (FFCS), canola meal (CM), and canola expellers (CE) have been used in diets for both broiler chickens and pigs. However, their ability to utilize the AA in canola products might be different from each other. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in broiler chickens and growing pigs fed FFCS, CM, and CE. Three diets were prepared to contain FFCS, CM, or CE as a sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet was prepared. In Exp. 1, a total of 272 twenty-one-day-old male broiler chickens with an initial BW of 932 ± 80.6 g were assigned to diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. After 5 d of feeding, birds were euthanized by sodium pentobarbital, and ileal digesta samples were collected from distal two-third of the ileum. In Exp. 2, 16 barrows were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum. After 8-d recovery period, pigs (initial BW = 18.9 ± 1.17 kg) were divided into 4 blocks based on BW and assigned to a quadruplicate 4 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design with 4 diets and 2 periods. Each period consisted of 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection periods. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement with effects of species (broiler chickens or pigs) and diets (FFCS, CM, or CE). There were interactions (P < 0.05) between species and experimental diets in the AID of all indispensable AA except for Lys. The AID of indispensable AA in FFCS for broiler chickens was greater (P < 0.05) than for pigs. Broiler chickens also had greater (P < 0.05) AID of Arg, His, Leu, Phe, and Val in CM compared with pigs; however, there were no differences in the AID of indispensable AA in CE between broiler chickens and pigs. The basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA, except Trp, in pigs were greater (P < 0.05) than in broiler chickens. There were also interactions (P < 0.05) between species and experimental diets in the SID of all indispensable AA except for Lys. Broiler chickens fed the diet containing FFCS had greater (P < 0.05) SID of indispensable AA compared with pigs fed the same diet; however, the SID of indispensable AA in CM or CE were not different between broiler chickens and pigs. In conclusion, differences in digestibility of AA in canola products were affected by nonruminant animal species.

Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis on ileal digestibility of AA and total tract digestibility of CP and gross energy in diets fed to growing pigs.

The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA, CP, and GE, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP and GE, and the apparent hindgut digestibility of CP and GE by growing pigs may be improved by supplementing diets with two direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing different Bacillus strains. Twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 22.69 ± 1.48 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were individually housed and randomly allotted to a three diet, three period design with 24 pigs and three 21-d periods. There were eight pigs per diet in each period for a total of 24 observations per diet. Three diets that were based on corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles were formulated. The control diet contained no DFM, but two additional diets contained two different Bacillus strains (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus subtilis). Feed was provided in mash form in two daily meals at 0800 and 1600 hours. The initial 12 d of each period was the adaptation period to the diet. Fecal and urine samples were collected from days 13 to 18, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 20 and 21. Results indicated that there were no differences among diets in ATTD of CP, but the AID of CP was reduced (P < 0.05) for the B. subtilis diet compared with control and B. amyloliquefaciens diets. Therefore, the apparent hindgut digestibility of CP was greater (P < 0.005) in pigs fed the B. subtilis diet compared with the other diets. The AID of total indispensable, total dispensable, and total AA was greater (P < 0.05) in the B. amyloliquefaciens diet compared with the control diet. There were no differences among diets in ATTD of GE, but the AID of GE was greater for the B. amyloliquefaciens diet than for the control and the B. subtilis diets (P < 0.001). Therefore, the apparent hindgut digestibility of GE was less (P < 0.05) in the B. amyloliquefaciens diet compared with the other diets. The DE (DM basis) for the B. subtilis diet was greater (P < 0.05) compared with the control and the B. amyloliquefaciens diets. In conclusion, supplementation of Bacillus spp. to diets fed to growing pigs may increase the AID of AA and GE, but there appears to be differences among strains of Bacillus spp. in their impact on AA and energy digestibility.

Amino acid digestibility of corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles with the addition of casein in pigs1

This experiment was conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of CP and AA in casein by regression analysis and to investigate the effects of casein in experimental diets on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in corn distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to pigs. Twenty barrows (initial BW = 50.5 ± 4.46 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were used. Eighteen pigs were assigned to a triplicate 6 × 3 incomplete Latin Square design with 6 diets and 3 periods. Two pigs were used as replacements. Three diets were prepared to contain 60, 100, or 140 g/kg casein to determine the ileal digestibility of CP and AA in casein by regression analysis, and 2 diets were prepared to contain either 480 g/kg DDGS or 308 g/kg DDGS and 60 g/kg casein. Casein and DDGS were the sources of nitrogen (N) in experimental diets. A N-free diet was prepared based on cornstarch and dextrose. Experimental periods consisted of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection periods. The AID of CP and AA in casein linearly increased (P < 0.01) with increasing concentration of casein in the diets. The SID of indispensable AA in casein ranged from 94.7% (SEM = 1.16) for Ile in pigs fed the diet containing 60 g/kg casein to 103.3% (SEM = 2.21) for Arg in pigs fed the diet containing 100 g/kg casein. Except for Arg, pigs fed the diet containing DDGS and casein had greater (P < 0.001) SID of CP and indispensable AA than those fed the diet containing DDGS without casein. The ileal digestibility of indispensable AA in casein determined by regression analysis ranged from 96.8% (SE = 3.14) for Thr to 103.1% (SE = 4.40) for Arg. The AID and SID of CP and AA for DDGS in the diet containing casein were calculated by difference method using the ileal digestibility of CP and AA in casein determined by regression analysis. The AID of Lys for DDGS in the diet containing casein was greater (P = 0.035) than those without casein; however, the AID of CP and the other indispensable AA, except for Arg, Phe, and Trp, for DDGS in the diet containing casein was less (P < 0.05) than those without casein. The SID of Lys and Phe for DDGS in the diet containing casein was greater (P < 0.05) than those without casein. In conclusion, improved AA composition in semi-purified experimental diets may affect the SID of AA in low-quality protein ingredients.

Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of AA and starch in hybrid rye, barley, wheat, and corn fed to growing pigs1

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and starch and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in three varieties of hybrid rye and in one source of barley, wheat, and corn. Seven growing barrows (initial BW = 26.1 ± 2.4 kg) were randomly allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with seven periods and seven experimental diets. Six diets included one of the grains as the sole source of AA, and an N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. In each period, ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 6 and 7 following a 5-d adaptation period. At the conclusion of the experiment, all ingredients, diets, and ileal digesta samples were analyzed for starch, CP, and AA. The AID of starch was greater (P < 0.05) in wheat and corn than in barley or hybrid rye, but all grains had AID values for starch that were above 95%. Wheat and barley contained more CP and indispensable AA than hybrid rye, but hybrid rye contained more indispensable AA compared with corn. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) in barley, wheat, and corn than in the three varieties of rye. However, because of the greater concentration of AA in hybrid rye than in corn, the quantities of standardized ileal digestible CP and AA were not different between corn and hybrid rye. In conclusion, hybrid rye has greater concentrations of most AA than corn, but the digestibility of AA in rye is less than in other cereal grains. It is likely that the reason for the reduced SID of AA in rye is that rye contains more fructans and soluble dietary fiber than other cereal grains, which may increase viscosity and reduce the efficiency of endogenous peptidases.

The effect of drying method temperature, collection method, and marker type on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in 21-day-old broilers fed corn-soybean meal-barley based diet.

For accurate estimation of nutrient digestibility, an ideal drying and sampling method is required to preserve the quality of the digesta. A standard corn-soybean meal (corn-SBM) broiler starter diet was fed from d 0 to 10 before birds were placed on the experimental diets until d 21. One hundred and sixty-eight male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effect of two drying methods (freeze-dryer vs. forced air-oven) and two drying temperatures (40vs. 55°C) (Exp 1), while ninety-six chicks were used to evaluate the effect of flushing and squeezing as well as marker types (titanium vs. chromium) on apparent ileal DM, N, Ca, P, and AA digestibility (Exp 2). There were seven (Exp 1) or eight (Exp 2) replicate cages per treatment with 6 birds/cage. Digesta from the distal two thirds of the ileum was obtained from birds following euthanasia on d 21 by squeezing (Exp 1) and squeezing or flushing (Exp 2). Samples collected were stored in the freezer at -20°C until they were either freeze-dried (FD) or oven-dried (OD) at 40 or 55°C. There were no interactions between the drying methods and drying temperatures (Exp 1) on apparent ileal DM, N, and AA digestibility. Met had the highest (92.3%) while Cys had the lowest (73.8%) digestibility value. In Exp 2, no interaction between sampling methods and marker types was observed. The effect of sampling methods was not significant except for Arg and Met where squeezing resulted in higher (P < 0.05) digestibility values. Furthermore, apparent ileal His, Ile, Cys, Ser, and Tyr digestibility tended to be higher (P < 0.1) in squeezed digesta compared to the flushed digesta. Results from these studies showed that OD ileal digesta at 40 or 55°C had no negative effect on apparent ileal AA digestibility. Likewise, marker type did not influence apparent ileal AA digestibility values.

Available energy and amino acid digestibility of defatted rice bran fed to growing pigs.

This study was conducted to determine and compare available energy and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in 9 samples of defatted rice bran (DFRB) fed to growing pigs and to generate prediction equations for DE and ME based on chemical analysis. In Exp. 1, 60 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire; 40.7 ± 3.5 kg BW) were fed 1 of 10 diets in a completely randomized design to determine the available energy of DFRB. The diets included a corn-soybean meal-basal diet and 9 experimental diets formulated by replacing the corn and soybean meal with 29.16% DFRB. In Exp. 2, 6 growing pigs (initial BW = 28.5 ± 2.8 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and arranged in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods. The diets included an N-free diet based on cornstarch and sucrose and 5 experimental diets containing 60% DFRB as the sole source of AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an indigestible marker. Among the 9 samples, the concentrations of ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), NDF, ADF, starch, Ca, and P averaged 1.33 (0.50% to 4.14%), 14.54 (9.78% to 23.85%), 28.62 (20.19% to 38.85%), 14.22 (9.32% to 23.99%), 38.80% (30.62% to 47.55%), 0.16% (0.09% to 0.24%), and 1.96% (1.11% to 2.28%), respectively. The average DE and ME were 2,643 and 2,476 kcal/kg DM, respectively, and ranged from 2,039 to 3,157 kcal/kg DM and 1,931 to 2,978 kcal/kg DM, respectively. In Exp. 2, there were significant differences in the AID and SID of CP and most AA except for His, Tyr, and Met (P < 0.05). The AID and SID of CP averaged 67.75% and 76.37%, respectively. The digestibility of Met was the greatest, averaging 86.15% and 90.08% for AID and SID, respectively. The AID and SID of Lys ranged from 51.88% to 71.43% (mean = 63.27%) and from 61.93% to 79.98% (mean = 72.97%), respectively. These results indicated that there is significant variability in chemical composition, energy content, and the SID and AID of CP and most AA among the selected DFRB. The DE and ME of DFRB are primarily related to their NDF and starch concentrations.

Identification of redox imbalance as a prominent metabolic response elicited by rapeseed feeding in swine metabolome.

Rapeseed (RS) is an abundant and inexpensive source of energy and AA in diets for monogastrics and a sustainable alternative to soybean meal. It also contains diverse bioactive phytochemicals that could have antinutritional effects at high dose. When the RS-derived feed ingredients (RSF) are used in swine diets, the uptake of these nutrients and phytochemicals is expected to affect the metabolic system. In this study, 2 groups of young pigs (17.8 ± 2.7 kg initial BW) were equally fed a soybean meal-based control diet and an RSF-based diet, respectively, for 3 wk. Digesta, liver, and serum samples from these pigs were examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis to determine the metabolic effects of the 2 diets. Analyses of digesta samples revealed that sinapine, sinapic acid, and gluconapin were robust exposure markers of RS. The distribution of free AA along the intestine of RSF pigs was consistent with the reduced apparent ileal digestibility of AA observed in these pigs. Despite its higher fiber content, the RSF diet did not affect microbial metabolites in the digesta, including short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids. Analyses of the liver and serum samples revealed that RSF altered the levels of AA metabolites involved in the urea cycle and 1-carbon metabolism. More importantly, RSF increased the levels of multiple oxidized metabolites and aldehydes while decreased the levels of ascorbic acid and docosahexaenoic acid-containing lipids in the liver and serum, suggesting that RSF could disrupt redox balance in young pigs. Overall, the results indicated that RSF elicited diverse metabolic events in young pigs through its influences on nutrient and antioxidant metabolism, which might affect the performance and health in long-term feeding and also provide the venues for nutritional and processing interventions to improve the utilization of RSF in pigs.