Apparent Retention Of Calcium Research Articles

Apparent calcium retention and digestibility coefficients of limestone with different particle sizes in laying hens

Apparent calcium (Ca) retention and digestibility coefficients are affected by limestone particle size in the diet of laying hens. This study aimed to determine the apparent retention and digestibility coefficients of Ca in limestone of different particle sizes in laying hens. The study comprised 288 Lohmann Brown laying hens (50 weeks of age; 1,964 ± 98 g) distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement [three Ca concentrations (10, 20, and 30 g kg–1) × two limestone particle sizes (480 and 1,978 µm)] with eight repetitions per treatment and six birds per experimental unit. The experiment included five days for adaptation and five days for total excreta collection. All birds were slaughtered at the end of the ten days to collect the ileal contents. The total or ileal Ca content was plotted against the Ca of diets concentration using linear regression analysis. The regression line slope represented the apparent retention (CaR) and digestibility coefficients of Ca (CaD) in limestone. There was interaction between Ca concentration in the diet and limestone granulometry on CaD (p = 0.001) and CaR (p < 0.001). The CaD and CaR of fine- and coarse-grained limestone increased linearly with increasing Ca concentrations in the diet. The apparent digestibility coefficients estimated for laying hens fed with fine-grained and coarse-grained limestone were 0.72 and 0.35, respectively. The apparent retention coefficients estimated for laying hens fed fine-grained and coarse-grained limestone were 0.96 and 0.47, respectively.

Rearing cage type and dietary limestone particle size: I, effects on growth, apparent retention of calcium, and long bones attributes in Lohmann selected Leghorn-Lite pullets

Effects of rearing cage type and dietary limestone particle size (LPS) on growth, apparent retention (AR) of nutrients, and bone quality were investigated. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with cage (conventional, CON and furnished, FUR) and LPS (fine, < 0.595 mm, F; medium, 0.595 to < 1.68 mm, M; and 1:1 mixture of F and M wt/wt; FM). A total of 900-day-old Lohmann LSL-Lite chicks were placed in CON (20 chicks/cage) and FUR (30 chicks/cage) based on BW. The diets were formulated according to breeder's nutrient specifications for starter, grower, and developer phases. At the end of 4, 12, and 16 wk of age (woa), 2 pullets/cage were euthanized for samples. At 12 and 16 woa, 1 pullet/cage was transferred to metabolism cages for AR measurements. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between cage type and LPS on response variables. At 4 woa, body (P = 0.002) and bone (P < 0.05) weight was higher for CON than FUR pullets, but this was reversed (P < 0.01) at 16 woa. Pullets fed M LPS had higher (P < 0.05) AR of Ca, whole body mineral density (BoMD), and whole body mineral content (BoMC) than pullets fed F LPS. However, pullets fed F LPS had higher (P < 0.05) femur bone mineral density (BMD) and tended (P = 0.059) to have higher tibia bone breaking strength (BBS) than pullets fed M LPS at 16 woa. Pullets reared in CON cages had higher (P < 0.05) AR of Ca than FUR pullets. At 4 woa, CON pullets had lower (P < 0.05) femur and tibia BMD but higher tibia (93 vs. 83 N P = 0.012) BBS than FUR pullets. However, at 16 woa, FUR pullets had higher (P < 0.05) BoMD, BoMC, and tibia BBS than CON pullets. In conclusions, cage type and dietary LPS had independent effects on Ca utilization and skeletal development. Despite poor Ca retention, FUR caged pullets showed improved bone quality at 16 woa. Finer LPS improved femur mineral density suggesting coarser LPS had limited effects on pullet bone quality.

Intestinal absorption of iron and calcium from soy and cow's milk-based infant formulas in weanling rats pups

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to compare the intestinal absorption of iron and calcium between soy-based and cow's milk-based infant formulas in weanling rats. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats, twenty-one days old on the first day of weaning, were used in this experiment, divided in two Groups, one Group was fed soy protein-based infant formula the other, cow's milk protein-based infant formula. During the study period (ten consecutive days) the animals received food and water ad libitum. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were evaluated on the first, fifth, and tenth days by the Wintrobe and cyanomethemoglobin methods. Feces and urine were collected, beginning on the fifth day, for three consecutive days. On the tenth day, hepatic iron content was also analyzed. Hepatic iron as well as fecal and urinary iron and calcium analyses were performed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. At thirty-one days of age, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and sacrificed by exsanguination via the vena cava. Results: The final concentration of hemoglobin in the group soy-based infant formula and milk-based infant formula were: 10.3±1.3g/dL and 10.9±1.0g/dL (p=0.310). The apparent absorption of iron and calcium, in that order, were: 73.4±10.2% and 70.2±9.5%; 97.2±0.7% and 97.6±1.0% (p=0.501; p=0.290). The apparent calcium retention was: 88.4% ±2.2 and 88.6±2.6% (p=0.848). Hepatic iron content was: 522.0±121.1mg/g and 527.8±80.5mg/g (p=0.907) . Conclusion: Intestinal iron and calcium absorption from soy-based infant formula is similar to that from milk-based infant formula in weanling rats.

Altos níveis de fitase em rações para frangos de corte

Avaliaram-se o desempenho, o coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), da proteína bruta (CDPB), a retenção aparente de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) e a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) de dietas suplementadas com altos teores de fitase (FTU) para frangos, até 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1848 pintos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e oito repetições de 35 aves. Os tratamentos foram: T1: dieta-controle; T2: dieta com inclusão de 1.500FTU/kg; T3: 3.000FTU/kg; T4: 4.500FTU/kg; T5: 6.000FTU/kg; T6: 8.000FTU/kg e T7: 10.000FTU/kg de ração. No 10º e 28º dias de experimento, quatro e três aves, respectivamente, foram transferidas para gaiolas de metabolismo. A partir da inclusão de 4.500FTU/kg, o desempenho das aves de 1 a 35 dias foi semelhante ao das aves do grupo-controle (P&gt;0,05). Não houve diferença (P&gt;0,05) entre os tratamentos nos CDPB e nos valores de EMAn, porém, na fase inicial, observou-se maior aproveitamento da MS com os altos níveis de fitase (P&lt;0,05). Em relação à retenção de Ca e P, houve efeito positivo da suplementação enzimática, com aumento significativo do uso desses minerais pelas aves. Concluiu-se que é possível suplementar altos teores de fitase valorando adequadamente os nutrientes da dieta.

Nutrient utilisation and performance responses of broilers fed a wheat-based diet supplemented with phytase and xylanase alone or in combination

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing phytase (PHY) and xylanase (XYL) individually or in combination on nutrient utilisation and broiler performance. Three hundred and twenty male broilers were divided into 80 groups of four birds and fed 10 wheat-based diets in mash form (eight groups per diet) from 1 to 23 days of age. The 10 diets were a positive control diet (calcium, 9 g/kg and non-phytate phosphorus, 4.3 g/kg) and a negative control diet (calcium, 8.2 g/kg and non-phytate phosphorus, 2.8 g/kg) supplemented with PHY at three levels (0, 250 and 500 FTU/kg) and XYL at three levels (0, 1250 and 2500 XU/kg) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement to give nine treatment combinations. Chromic oxide (3 g/kg) was added to the diets as a marker to determine nutrient digestibility. No interactions (P>0.05) between PHY and XYL were detected on any of the response criteria measured. Birds fed the negative control diet had lower (P<0.001) feed intake, body weight gain and tibia ash than the positive control diet. Phytase (250 FTU/kg) supplementation did not affect feed intake (P>0.05) and body weight gain (P>0.05). However, PHY at 250 FTU/kg compared to PHY at 0 FTU/kg, improved (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio, tibia ash, coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility of phosphorus, and coefficient of apparent retention of phosphorus and calcium by 2.0, 3.5, 17.7, 8.7 and 8.4%, respectively, but with no further response (P>0.05) at a higher level of PHY (500 FTU/kg) supplementation. Also, mineralisation of tibias from birds fed diets with PHY at 500 FTU/kg did not improve (P>0.05) tibia ash to that of the positive control diet. Xylanase supplementation did not affect (P>0.05) performance and mineral utilisation responses except for coefficient of apparent retention of calcium, which was increased (P<0.001). In conclusion, PHY improved phosphorus and calcium utilisation, but showed no synergistic effect with XYL on any of the response criteria measured.

Growth and Bone Mineral Accretion During Puberty in Chinese Girls: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study

There are few longitudinal data on bone development during puberty in children with low calcium intake. This 5-yr longitudinal study showed that, in Chinese girls, the mean apparent calcium retention efficiency during puberty was 40.9%, PHV occurred at 3-0 yr before menarche, and peak bone mineral accretion occurred 1 yr later than PHV. Chinese girls have high calcium retention efficiency during puberty. There are few longitudinal data on bone development during puberty in children with low dietary calcium intake. The aim of this study was to examine the rate of growth and bone mineral accretion and study the predictors of total body BMC during puberty in a 5-yr longitudinal study with Chinese girls. Ninety-two girls, 9.5-10.5 yr of age at baseline, from the unsupplemented control group of a school milk intervention trial were included in this analysis. Data on anthropometric measurements, total body BMC as assessed by DXA, and calcium intake as assessed by a 3-day food record were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 5 yr. The mean age of menarche was 12.1 +/- 1.0 yr. The mean annual rate of bone mineral accretion was 197.4 g/yr during the follow-up period, representing a calcium accretion rate of 162.3 mg/d. This calcium retention rate and the average dietary calcium intake of 444.1 mg/d gave an apparent calcium retention efficiency of 40.9%. Peak height velocity (PHV) occurred at 3-0 yr before menarche. Peak bone mineral accretion occurred 1 yr later than PHV. There was a decrease in size-corrected BMD in the year before menarche. In the linear mixed-effects model analysis containing body size and lifestyle factors, we found that height, body weight, and calcium intake were significant independent predictors of total body BMC. Chinese girls with low habitual dietary calcium intake have high calcium retention efficiency during puberty. Because calcium intake is a significant predictor of total body BMC, increasing dietary calcium intake may have beneficial effects on bone mineral accretion in these girls.

Utilization of Fats and Fatty Acids by Turkey Poults

Two experiments were carried out with young, Large White male turkey poults maintained in either floor pens or metabolism cages. In Experiment 1, poults were fed isoenergetic diets containing either no supplemental fat, or 5% of either tallow, corn oil, soybean oil, animal-vegetable blend fat, or canola oil. Poults generally ate less of the fat-supplemented diets and showed improved feed utilization, although weight gain was little affected. There was improved fat retention when vegetable oils were used (P < .01) and this was reflected in a slight improvement in diet energy level (P > .05). Poults fed tallow or animal-vegetable blend fat also excreted most fat. Diet had no effect (P > .05) on apparent retention of calcium or phosphorus, although retention of magnesium was less with more saturated fats. In Experiment 2, poults were fed diets containing palmitic acid, oleic acid, or a 50:50 (wt/wt) mixture of these fatty acids. There was a reduction (P < .05) in apparent retention of nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, and fat for poults fed palmitic acid, oleic acid, or the mixture. Mixing palmitic acid with oleic acid corrected some of these problems. However, reduced mineral retention was not reflected in any change in levels of bone ash, calcium, or phosphorus. Feeding palmitic acid did result in the most dramatic reduction of bone magnesium content (P < .05). It is concluded that turkey poults, like chicks, are less able to digest saturated fatty acids, and that such undigested fats can lead to reduced retention of some minerals through increased soap formation. However, there is no direct evidence that such soap formation causes a major change in bone calcium or phosphorus content or in gross bone development or poult well-being.

Effect of parenteral calcium and phosphorus therapy on mineral retention and bone mineral content in very low birth weight infants

If calcium and phosphorus are administered to very low birth weight infants in amounts larger than those currently used in standard parenteral nutrition solutions, apparent retention of calcium and phosphorus (intake minus urinary excretion) will increase and bone mineralization will improve. Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Neonatal intensive care unit. Twenty-four very low birth weight infants (< 1.2 kg) expected to receive parenteral nutrition exclusively for approximately 3 weeks beginning 3 days after birth. Infants received parenteral nutrition solutions, either the standard mixture containing 1.25 mmol calcium and 1.5 mmol phosphorus per deciliter (group STAND: n = 12, birth weight 921 +/- 171 gm, gestational age 27 +/- 2 weeks (mean +/- SD)) or 1.7 mmol calcium and 2.0 mmol phosphorus per deciliter (group HIGH: n = 12, 857 +/- 180 gm, 27 +/- 2 weeks). Intake, urinary excretion, and apparent retention of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium every 3 days during parenteral nutrition therapy. Serum indexes of mineral status twice during therapy. Bone mineral content of the distal segment of the left radius at 1, 4, 8, and 26 weeks. Apparent calcium retention (1.2 +/- 0.2 vs 1.6 +/- 0.2 mmol.kg-1.d-1) and phosphorus retention (1.4 +/- 0.2 vs 1.8 +/- 0.4 mmol.kg-1.d-1) differed significantly (p < 0.01) between groups STAND and HIGH, respectively; neither changed with the duration of parenteral nutrition therapy. Serum calcium, magnesium, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and osteocalcin concentrations were similar in both groups. Serum phosphorus concentration was significantly higher in group HIGH than in group STAND (p = 0.025). The absolute bone mineral content and the rate of increase in bone mineral content between 1 and 4, 1 and 8, and 1 and 26 weeks were significantly greater in group HIGH than in group STAND. Increased parenteral intakes of calcium and phosphorus resulted in greater retention of these minerals during parenteral nutrition therapy and in greater bone mineral content after therapy.

The nutritive value of full-fat and defatted Australian rice bran. V. The apparent retention of minerals and apparent digestibility of amino acids in chickens and adult cockerels fitted with ileal cannulae

Three experiments examined the apparent retention of minerals and the digestibility of amino acids from diets based on rice bran in male growing chickens and adult cockerels. In Experiments 1 and 2, the apparent retention of calcium declined with increasing bran inclusion and in many instances with chickens values were negative. For each 1 g kg −1 addition of rice bran to the diet, there was an additional output of 0.24 and 1.45 mg calcium g −1 dietary calcium intake at the terminal ileum of cockerels and male chickens, respectively. Retention values for magnesium and phosphorus, measured with chickens and adult cockerels, were positive; although they did not change substantially with increased rice bran inclusion in the diet, these values were usually lower on diets with than without rice bran. There were few differences relating to source of bran in Experiments 1 and 2, and when examined further in Experiment 3, this was confirmed. The apparent retention of calcium was positive on each diet in Experiment 3, but retention of phosphorus was much lower on 1982 defatted rice bran (DFRB) than the basal diet or the diet containing Starbonnet full-fat rice bran (FFRB). Amino acid digestibility of rice bran was consistently lower for growing chickens (Experiment 1) than mature birds (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, amino acid digestibility for Starbonnet FFRB was significantly better for both essential (0.69 vs. 0.52) and non-essential (0.73 vs. 0.54) amino acids than 1982 DFRB. There was a tendency for Starbonnet FFRB to be higher in amino acid digestibility for mature cockerels than the 1982 DFRB and 1982 FFRB, but not the 1981 DFRB. Digestibility of lysine was consistently above 0.85 for each bran tested with mature birds, but only 0.63 for growing chickens.

Calcium Availability and Trace Mineral Composition of Feed Grade Calcium Supplements

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the calcium availability of 5 samples of ground limestone for chicks and laying hens. The first study employed broiler chicks to 4 weeks of age with body weight and bone ash as criteria of calcium availability. Regression analyses of the bone ash data showed a linear relationship between dietary calcium level and percent bone ash (fat-free, dry weight basis). A comparison of the slopes of the calculated regression lines showed that the percent calcium availability of the ground limestone samples varied from 73.3% to 109.4% in comparison with a calcium carbonate A.R. standard; oyster shell flour showed an availability of 107.8% by this method.The second study was carried out with laying hens and employed apparent calcium retention and egg shell thickness as criteria of calcium availability. The ground limestone samples varied from 82.4 to 98.4% calcium availability.Calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, and magnesium levels of twenty-four ground limestone and 5 oyster shell samples are reported.