APOBEC3 Family Of DNA Cytosine Deaminases Research Articles

Human Herpes Simplex Virus-1 depletes APOBEC3A from nuclei

APOBEC3 family of DNA-cytosine deaminases inactivate and mutate several human viruses. We constructed a human cell line that is inducible for EGFP-tagged APOBEC3A and found A3A predominantly in the nuclei. When these cells were infected with Herpes Simplex Virus-1, virus titer was unaffected by A3A expression despite nuclear virus replication. When A3A expression and virus infection were monitored, A3A was found predominantly to be nuclear in infected cells up to 3 h post-infection, but was predominantly cytoplasmic by 12 h. This effect did not require the whole virus, and could be reproduced using the UL39 gene of the virus which codes for a subunit of the viral ribonucleotide reductase. These results are similar to the reported exclusion of APOBEC3B by Epstein Barr virus ortholog of UL39, BORF2, but HSV1 UL39 gene product appears better at excluding A3A than A3B from nuclei.

Abstract PR09: APOBEC3A sensitizes leukemia cells to inhibitors of the replication checkpoint

Abstract The human APOBEC3 family of DNA-cytosine deaminases comprises seven members (A3A-A3H) that act on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The APOBEC3 enzymes are best defined by their capacity to restrict viral infection, however several family members are also capable of causing cellular DNA damage that leads to activation of DNA damage responses. Mutational signatures consistent with APOBEC3 activity have been identified in cancer genomes, and elevated expression of APOBEC3 enzymes has been observed in solid tumors. These findings point to a role for APOBEC3 enzymes in cancer-associated mutagenesis, however the impact of APOBEC3 activity within cancer cells has not been examined to date. We hypothesized that A3A is a potential source of mutagenesis in leukemia, since it is endogenously expressed at high levels in hematopoietic cells. To identify hematologic malignancies in which A3A expression is elevated, we examined RNA sequencing from adult and pediatric leukemias in the TCGA and TARGET databases. We found elevated A3A expression in a subset of pediatric and adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Additionally, we found that high A3A expression was associated with decreased survival, suggesting that new therapeutic options are important for patients with this type of malignancy. Since we have previously demonstrated that A3A acts on the cellular genome during replication, we hypothesized that abrogation of the replication checkpoint will produce genotoxicity and cell death in leukemias with elevated A3A expression. We therefore investigated the DNA damage response to A3A activity in leukemia cells by generating cell lines with inducible A3A expression. We found increased Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related (ATR)-mediated phosphorylation of Chk1 (at serine 317 and serine 345) by Western blotting, and G2 arrest by flow cytometry. These results demonstrate that A3A causes replication checkpoint activation in leukemia cell lines. We investigated the potential for selective targeting of A3A-expressing AML cells by inhibition of replication checkpoint kinases. We found that A3A expression sensitized THP1 cells to ATR kinase inhibition, resulting in decreased viability, apoptosis, and abrogation of cell cycle arrest. We also found that Chk1 inhibition combined with A3A expression results in synthetic lethality in these cells. We determined that synthetic lethality with A3A is specific to the inhibition of ATR-Chk1 pathway and does not occur after inhibition of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM). We propose that A3A acts on ssDNA during replication in leukemia cells. ATR-Chk1 signaling is required for genome protection when A3A is active, and inhibition of this checkpoint results in cytotoxicity. These data reveal a new vulnerability of AML cells with elevated A3A expression and suggest that A3A is a biomarker for treatment with ATR kinase inhibitors. This abstract is also being presented as Poster B18. Citation Format: Abby M. Green, Konstantin Budagyan, Katharina E. Hayer, Matthew D. Weitzman. APOBEC3A sensitizes leukemia cells to inhibitors of the replication checkpoint [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on DNA Repair: Tumor Development and Therapeutic Response; 2016 Nov 2-5; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2017;15(4_Suppl):Abstract nr PR09.