APLS Formula Research Articles

A new formula based on height for determining endotracheal intubation depth in pediatrics: A prospective study

Study objectiveThe main objective was to devise an endotracheal intubation formula based on pediatric patients' strongly correlated growth parameters. The secondary objective was to compare the accuracy of the new formula to the age-based formula from Advanced Pediatric Life Support Course (APLS formula) and the middle finger length-based formula (MFL-based formula). DesignA prospective, observational study. SettingOperation. Patients111 subjects age 4–12 years old undergoing elective surgeries with general orotracheal anesthesia. Interventions and measurementsGrowth parameters, including age, gender, height, weight, BMI, middle finger length, nasal-tragus length, and sternum length, were measured before surgeries. Tracheal length and the optimal endotracheal intubation depth (D) were measured and calculated by Disposcope. Regression analysis were used to establish a new formula for predicting the intubation depth. A self-controlled paired design was used to compare the accuracy of the intubation depth between the new formula, APLS formula, and MFL-based formula. Main resultsHeight (R = 0.897, P < 0.001) was strongly correlated to tracheal length and the endotracheal intubation depth in pediatric patients. New formulae basing on height were established, including new formula 1: D (cm) = 4 + 0.1 × Height (cm) and new formula 2: D (cm) = 3 + 0.1 × Height (cm). Via Bland-Altman analysis, the mean differences for new formula 1, new formula 2, APLS formula and MFL-based formula were − 0.354 cm (95% LOA, −1.289 to 1.998 cm), 1.354 cm (95% LOA, −0.289 to 2.998 cm), 1.154 cm (95% LOA, −1.002 to 3.311 cm), −0.619 cm (95% LOA, −2.960 to 1.723 cm), respectively. The rate of optimal intubation for new formula 1 (84.69%) was higher than for new formula 2 (55.86%), APLS formula (61.26%), and MFL-based formula. (69.37%). ConclusionsThe prediction accuracy for intubation depth of the new formula 1 was higher than the other formulae. The new formula based on height: D (cm) = 4 + 0.1 × Height (cm) was preferable to APLS formula and MFL-based formula with a high incidence of appropriate endotracheal tube position.

Validation of APLS, Argall and Luscombe Formulae for Estimating Weight among Indian Children.

Weight estimation in pediatric emergencies is often required for calculation of drug dosages, fluid therapy and defibrillation. The 'gold standard' of actually weighing the patient is not practically possible in emergency conditions. The aim of this study is to validate common age-based formulae (APLS, Luscombe and Argall's) and their accuracy in estimating weight of under 5-y-old Indian children by secondary data analysis from a cross-sectional study conducted by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, in 10 states of India in 2011-12 among under five-year-old children. Their measured weights were compared to their estimated weights as calculated using the APLS formula, the Luscombe and Argall formulae. There is a need to adjust the formulae for accurate estimation of weight among Indian children as all the three age-based weight formulae namely APLS, Argyll and Luscombe overestimated the weight among the Indian children.

New decision formulas for predicting endotracheal tube depth in children: analysis of neck CT images

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to construct a prediction model for endotracheal tube depth using neck CT images.MethodsA retrospective image review was conducted that included patients who had undergone...

CORKSCREW 2013 CORK study of children's realistic estimation of weight

BackgroundIn a resuscitation situation involving a child (age 1–15 years) it is crucial to obtain a weight as most interventions and management depend on it. The APLS formula, ‘2×(age+4)’, is...

Is the APLS formula used to calculate weight-for-age applicable to a Trinidadian population?

BackgroundIn paediatric emergency medicine, estimation of weight in ill children can be performed in a variety of ways. Calculation using the ‘APLS’ formula (weight = [age + 4] × 2) is one very common method. Studies on its validity in developed countries suggest that it tends to under-estimate the weight of children, potentially leading to errors in drug and fluid administration. The formula is not validated in Trinidad and Tobago, where it is routinely used to calculate weight in paediatric resuscitation.MethodsOver a six-week period in January 2009, all children one to five years old presenting to the Emergency Department were weighed. Their measured weights were compared to their estimated weights as calculated using the APLS formula, the Luscombe and Owens formula and a “best fit” formula derived (then simplified) from linear regression analysis of the measured weights.ResultsThe APLS formula underestimated weight in all age groups with a mean difference of −1.4 kg (95% limits of agreement 5.0 to −7.8). The Luscombe and Owens formula was more accurate in predicting weight than the APLS formula, with a mean difference of −0.4 kg (95% limits of agreement 6.9 to −6.1%). Using linear regression analysis, and simplifying the derived equation, the best formula to describe weight and age was (weight = [2.5 x age] + 8). The percentage of children whose actual weight fell within 10% of the calculated weights using any of the three formulae was not significantly different.ConclusionsThe APLS formula slightly underestimates the weights of children in Trinidad, although this is less than in similar studies in developed countries. Both the Luscombe and Owens formula and the formula derived from the results of this study give a better estimate of the measured weight of children in Trinidad. However, the accuracy and precision of all three formulae were not significantly different from each other. It is recommended that the APLS formula should continue to be used to estimate the weight of children in resuscitation situations in Trinidad, as it is well known, easy to calculate and widely taught in this setting.

Emergency Paediatric Weight Estimation. Does the APLS Formula Hold True?

Emergency Paediatric Weight Estimation. Does the APLS Formula Hold True?