Apiary Locations Research Articles

Trees Are a Major Foraging Resource for Honeybees in the City.

Large cities are typically characterized by a mosaic of green spaces that hold a remarkable variety of native and "exotic" plants. Urban beekeeping has gained increasing popularity. In order to characterize the "urban" in the honey, pollen diversity in 50 honey samples from 18 apiary locations in Vienna, Austria, was microscopically analyzed. The relative abundances of each plant taxon were determined by counting out 500 individual pollen grains per sample. In total, 202 taxa could be identified, with a median of 46 per sample. Taxa richness and diversity differed significantly across three years but did not so between urban and suburban apiaries. Despite trees comprising only roughly a quarter of all taxa, the amount of tree pollen was disproportionally high. The invasive Ailanthus altissima was predominant in 15 out of 50 samples. Other important non-native and/or ornamental trees included Sophora japonica, Gleditsia triacanthos, Castanea sativa, Koelreuteria paniculata, and Liriodendron tulipifera. Urban honey from Central Europe may typically comprise pollen taxa from Europe, East Asia, and North America alike. The results of this study show that intentionally planted, managed urban green spaces can support stable foraging resources for pollinators in cities.

Influence of Distance, Environmental Factors, and Native Vegetation on Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Foraging in Arid Shrublands and Grasslands.

This study determined the influence of foraging distance, environmental factors, and native vegetation on honeybee (Apis mellifera) foraging in arid shrublands and grasslands in Northern Mexico. Apiary distance from inflorescence sites did not have a significant influence on the intensity of foraging. Apiary location and landscape were decisive factors in the response of honeybees to environmental factors. Air temperature, minimum temperature, wind velocity, and relative humidity explained foraging by 87, 80, 68, and 41% (R2), respectively, in shrubland sites in open landscapes but had no significant influence on foraging in the grassland sites in a valley surrounded by hills (1820-2020 amsl). Nights with a minimum temperature of <20 °C increased foraging activity during the day. Minimum temperature, which has the least correlative influence among climate elements, can be used to determine climate change's impact on bees. The quantity of available inflorescence explained the foraging intensity by 78% in shrublands and 84% in grasslands. Moreover, when honeybees depended mainly on native vegetation in grasslands, the quantity of inflorescence explained the intensity of foraging by 95%. High intensity of honeybee foraging was observed in allthorn (Koeberlinia spinosa) and wait-a-minute bush (Mimosa aculeaticarpa) in shrublands and honey mesquite (Neltuma glandulosa) and wait-a-minute bush (Mimosa aculeaticarpa) in grasslands. The findings and baseline data contributed by this study may be used to identify suitable environments for increasing apiary productivity and other agricultural and ecological benefits.

Significance of the apiary location for the content of copper and zinc in the bee pollen

Bee pollen is one of the most valuable direct products of honey bees. Bees as well as humans use pollen in their nutrition as a high-quality supplement. Therefore, information about the mineral content of pollen is valuable. The aim of this study was to determine the amounts of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the bee pollen collected from the three locations (Kozarska Dubica, Petrovo, and Srbac). Quantification of copper and zinc was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after acid digestion (HNO3+HClO4) of pollen. The highest contents of both elements were found in the bee pollen from Kozarska Dubica (8.41 mg Cu/kg, 29.52 mg Zn/kg). The lowest Cu content was found in the samples from Petrovo (6.19 mg/kg), while the lowest Zn content was determined in the pollen from Srbac (22.06 mg/kg). Additionally, there were statistically significant differences in the content of both elements between pollen originating from different locations. As the location of the apiary was mainly determined by its proximity to potential sources of metal contamination, botanical origin of pollen and technology of pollen collection, it is important to investigate their impact in more detail on the elemental content of pollen in the future.

Counselling Farmers on Improving the Yield of Flowering Crops through Integrated Apicultural Farming for Wealth Creation

This study focused on counselling farmers on improving the yield of flowering crops through integrated apicultural farming for wealth creation. The researchers used a descriptive survey research design and a sample of 50 participants, including traditional bee farmers, staff of agricultural education, and intending apiarists which were purposively selected from a public state owned university, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology (BOUESTI). Data was collected using a well-structured questionnaire, which was validated by agricultural science and counselling education experts. The instrument's reliability was established through a pilot test, and the data analysis involved descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and mean scores. The two major focus of the questionnaire was to identify various challenges that hinder subsistence farming of apiculture as wealth creation strategies and to also establish the fear level of those who are interested in bee keeping but are afraid of sting. The challenges identified from the findings of this study included poor credit services, shortage of forage, inadequate training and manpower, poor apiculture policies, diseases affecting honey bees and poor utilization of technology. In addition, the study found that subsistence farmers and intending apiarist exhibited high levels of apiphobia, which negatively impacted their engagement in apiculture. The researchers through group counselling educated participant on strategies for improving apiculture farming, such as effective crop production management, planting of flowering crops like beans, maize, and mango, and selecting suitable apiary locations away from windy areas. To unlearn anxiety and phobia of bee sting, systematic desensitization (a Counselling Therapy) was used to assist both subsistence farmers and intending apiarists. Keywords: Apicultural Farming, Wealth Creation, Apiphobia, Systematic Desensitization. Journal Reference Format: Makinde, V.I. &amp; Ogunjobi, P.O. (2023): Counselling Farmers on Improving the Yield of Flowering Crops through Integrated Apicultural Farming for Wealth Creation. Humanities, Management, Arts, Education &amp; the Social Sciences Journal. Vol. 11. No. 2, Pp 19-32. www.isteams.net/humanitiesjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/HUMANITIES/V11N2P3

Seasonal patterns of beneficial phytochemical availability in honey and stored pollen from honey bee colonies in large apiaries.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.; Hymenoptera, Apidae) are the most efficient pollinators in agroecosystems, responsible for the successful production of fruits, nuts, and vegetables, but they continue to face debilitating challenges. One of the major factors leading to these challenges could be linked to poor nutrition that results in weakening the colony, increasing susceptibility to pests and pathogens, and reducing the ability of bees to adapt to other abiotic stresses. Extensively used for commercial pollination, honey bee colonies regularly face exposure to limited diversity in their pollen diet as they are placed in flowering monocrops. Lack of access to diverse plant species compromises the availability of plant secondary compounds (phytochemicals), which, in small amounts, provide significant benefits to honey bee health. We analyzed the beneficial phytochemical content of honey and stored pollen (bee bread) samples from colonies in large apiaries through the active bee season. Samples were evaluated for 4 beneficial phytochemicals (caffeine, kaempferol, gallic acid, and p-coumaric acid), which have previously been shown to improve honey bee health. Our results, as relevant to the apiary locations in the study, indicated that p-coumaric acid is uniformly available throughout the season. Caffeine is completely absent, and gallic acid and kaempferol are not regularly available. Our results suggest the need to explore the potential to deliver beneficial phytochemicals as nutritional supplements to improve bee health. It may be vital for the pollination industry to consider such targeted dietary supplementation as beekeepers strive to meet the increasing demand for crop pollination services.

Occurrence of Nosemosis in honey bee, Apis mellifera L. at the apiaries of East Kazakhstan.

Nosemosis is the most common disease in honey bee Apis mellifera L., and is a major issue related to bee health worldwide. Therefore, the purpose of this research study was to determine prevalence of microsporidia parasitic infection of the genus Nosema spp. in East Kazakhstan Region (EKR). In the years of 2018 -2021, 394 honey bee samples were collected at 30 apiaries located in four districts of East Kazakhstan Region (Katon-Karagay, Urzhar, Borodulikhinsky, and Shemonaikhinsky). In order to determine the level of infestation, firstly, the presence of Nosema spp. spores was detected using optical microscopy, and then the average amount of spores per bee was counted using a hemocytometer. The degree of nosemosis prevalence was determined in points by means of a semi-quantitative method, and as a percentage from the total of samples and of the amount of positive tests. At the outcome of the study, microsporidia of the genus Nosema spp. were detected in 23.3% of cases (92 samples). Prevalence at its low degree was found in six samples (1.5%), at an average degree in 55 samples (14%), and at a high one in 31 samples (7.9%). This research study proved that microsporidia of the genus Nosema spp. are widely spread at the apiaries of East Kazakhstan Region in different orographic and climatic conditions. Notwithstanding that it was impossible to statistically determine any significant differences between the dependence of nosemosis prevalence and the apiary location, this indicator is actually higher in the mountainous regions than in the steppe. Concurrently, a close inverse correlation was recognized between the amount of spores in one bee and the level of infestation in bee families from the duration of the vegetation season at the apiary location. This gives grounds to assert that the environmental factors have an impact on formation and development of nosemosis. The results of the research presented in the article indicate the need for further research aimed at increasing the number of studied apiaries, and above all the use of molecular biology methods to distinguish the species that cause nosemosis infection (PCR).

The Potency of Honey Bee Forage on Beekeeping of Apis cerana F. in Wanagama Education Forest, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta

Apis cerana became a common species for beekeeping activities in Indonesia. The sustainability of beekeeping activities depended on the availability of feeds in forests with various plant species, which served as honey bee forage. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the forage plant diversity for A. cerana beekeeping in Wanagama Education Forest, Gunungkidul, from November 2018 to April 2019. Data collection was done through the inventory of trees and understorey plant species around the apiary locations to measure their abundance, flowering conditions, and the number of honey bees on the flower. The analysis indicated that 20 species (10 families) of trees and 60 species (19 families) of understorey plants had potential forage. The observation revealed that honey bees collected nectar and pollen from seven species of trees and 12 species of understorey plants. The highest visitation intensity was in the morning from two trees (Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis) and three understoreys (Oxalis barrelieri, Passiflora suberosa, and Zea mays). Information on potential plant species for honey bee forage could improve beekeeping development in Wanagama Education Forest.

Natural Disaster Risk Assessments for Pine Honey Apiaries in Muğla, Turkey

Since Muğla province has 90% of the world's total pine honey production, ensuring efficiency and economic income requires the determination of measures for apiary locations and estimation of risks. However, ensuring development and productivity requires identifying natural disasters susceptibility such as forest fires and floods to maintain productivity. Muğla province has a high forest fire potential due to its dense forest cover and approximately 200 forest fires occur each year. Forest fires are one of the main factors that threaten apiaries, as there are a lot of apiary places (approximately 15,000) in forests for pine honey. On the other hand, due to the mountainous topography and high precipitation rate of Muğla, the province has a high rate of flood formation (20 per year), which threatens the hive sites by destroying the entire colony. In this study, Apiary Locations Risk Index (ALRI) was carried out to guide the insurance process for apiary locations by applying the Forest Fire Risk Index (FFRI) and the Flood Hazard Risk Index (FHRI). Determination of forest fire risk zones and flood hazard maps requires environmental, forestry, topographic, economic and meteorological parameters to be handled within a decision support platform. For this purpose, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in the creation of sensitivity maps. As a result, 1533.40 ha (11.82%) of the study area was determined as extremely risky areas for apiary areas. The results were confirmed with 1454 forest fire sites and 20 flood hazard sites where the Eşen, Dalaman, Çine, Sarıçay, Akçay, Kamiişdere and Namnam rivers were stated to be highly susceptible to flood hazard.

Sustainable varroa mite (Varroa destructor) control in field conditions

Experiments assessed the comparative efficacy of oxalic acid solution (OA) and combination of formic acid (FA) evaporation and trickling OA to control the honey bee mite, Varroa destructor, at two apiary locations. Queen caging, consecutive OA treatments of broodless colonies, or combined treatments using OA and FA in colonies with brood increased mite mortality (P &lt; 0.05) in comparison to the pre-treatment period. FA application in colonies with brood in September and October resulted in an average mite mortality of 18% in the first apiary and subsequent FA applications in the same period in the second apiary killed, on average, 73% and 71% of mites; respectively. OA treatment of broodless colonies after queen caging at two apiaries resulted in 18% and 47% mite mortality. Caging the queens and OA treatments in broodless colonies or subsequently use consecutive OA or FA treatments ensure adequate mite reduction before wintering the colonies. Synergistic control methods of Varroa mites using OA and FA along with queen caging is discussed.

Model for finding the number of honey bee colonies needed for the optimal foraging process in a specific geographical location

Finding a proper location for a bee apiary is a crucial task for beekeepers and especially for travelling beekeepers. Normally beekeepers choose an appropriate apiary location based on their previous experience and sometimes the location may not be optimal for the bee colonies. This can be explained by different flowering periods, variation of resources at the known fields, as well as other factors. In addition it is very challenging to evaluate how many bee colonies should be placed in one geographical location for an optimal nectar foraging process. This research presents a model for finding the number of honey bee colonies needed for the optimal foraging process in the specific location, taking into account several assumptions. Authors propose to take into account potential field productivity, possible chemical contamination, surroundings of the apiary. To run the model, several steps have to be completed, starting from the selection of area of interest, conversion to polygons for further calculations, defining the roads in the selected area. The outcome of the model number of colonies that should be placed is presented to the user. The Python language was used for the model development. The model can be extended to use additional factors and values to increase the precision of the evaluation. In addition, input from users (farmers, agricultural specialists, etc.) about external factors that can affect the number of bee colonies in the apiary can be taken into account. This work is conducted within the Horizon 2020 FET project HIVEOPOLIS (Nr.824069).

Determination of Quality Characteristics, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis from Southeastern Mexico

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the variability of physicochemical parameters, phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of propolis collected from different apiaries in southeastern Mexico. A high variability was found in the moisture content (1.96–8.26%), ash (0.66–5.50%) and sensory characteristics of raw propolis from southeastern Mexico, but the raw propolis samples met the requirements of the quality regulations. In the same way, most of the ethanolic extracts also complied with the quality regulations. Of all the extracts, PE2 obtained from Santa Cruz showed the highest values for dry extract, content of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). The content of the individual phenolic compounds varied according to the geographical location of the apiary, but the PE2 extract resulted in the highest pinocembrin and chrysin content. A positive correlation was obtained between TPC and TF with antioxidant activity. Propolis extracts were classified into two groups through principal component analysis (PCA). These results indicate that the apiary location in southeastern Mexico influenced the characteristics of propolis.

The contribution of land cover change to the decline of honey yields in the Northern Great Plains

Decreased availability of forage, as well as increased pesticide exposure, are important factors in the decline of honey bee health. Here, we isolate land cover transitions and their effect on honey production at 160 commercial apiaries in the Northern Great Plains. We found that land cover changes from 2008 to 2012 caused an annual decline in honey yields of 0.9% in the study area. Transitions from grassland to soybean (but not corn) were particularly detrimental to honey yields, potentially due to bee contact with pesticides within and around agricultural fields. When our results are applied to known apiary locations across all of North Dakota (U.S.A.), we estimate a 2.5% (1.6 million USD) decline in 2012 honey yields due to land cover changes occurring between 2008 and 2012. Even when controlling for changes in land cover, we found that on average colonies in the study area experienced a 14% annual decline in honey yields. We discuss possible explanations for these non-land-cover-related honey yield declines, including changing economic conditions (e.g. pollination services), changes in land management (e.g. pesticides), and increases in pests or diseases.

Integration of NDVI Imagery and Crop Coverage Registration System for Apiary Schedule

Abstract Beekeepers need to establish migratory apiaries to benefit from pollen and nectar source plants as in order to increase honey yield. Thus, following the flowering seasons of honey source plants has vital importance when deciding the route of migration. In this study, MODIS imagery was used to generate weekly NDVI data between 1st April to 31st August 2018, when beekeeping activities start and end in the study area. Although MODIS images have high temporal resolution, low spatial resolution (250 meters) makes them insufficient when deciding the crop types and plants. While detecting plants in natural plant areas requires high spatial resolution NDVI, Crop Coverage Registration System (CCRS) parcel-based crop coverage records can enrich the NDVI data without increasing spatial resolution in agricultural lands. Thus, the CCRS data were integrated with NDVI images for migratory beekeeping in agricultural areas as an innovation. To generate both high temporal and spatial resolution, NDVI and CCRS data were integrated together with a beekeeping suitability map to generate the apiary schedule. The results were verified with 176 existing apiary locations and production dates retrieved from field studies which revealed the existence of three seasons in the study area as early and late apiaries (in natural plant areas) and apiaries in agricultural lands. Accuracy analysis showed that 82% of the apiaries intersected with suitable locations and that apiaries in agricultural areas were detected five days earlier than in field studies and obtained more accurately than natural plant apiaries.

Using AHP and PROMETHEE multi-criteria decision making methods to define suitable apiary locations

Beekeeping activities have a rapidly increasing importance due to their derived products and their contributions to human health, biodiversity, agriculture, and pollination. Moreover, beekeeping can play a major role in supporting rural development and bringing the benefits of sustainable developments and productivity. Thus, the decision on correct apiary locations via suitability analysis techniques seems essential to sustain and increase the yield and efficiency. However, this decision-making process requires a large number of parameters including the topography of the field surrounding environment and climate conditions. At this point, Multi Criteria Decision Analysis techniques can provide efficient solutions for decision making on suitable apiary locations. In this study, suitable apiary site selection analysis for beekeeping activities via Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and The Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment of Evaluations (PROMETHEE) methods was proposed for Konya city located in Central Anatolia as a pilot application. Aspect, elevation, slope, flora, water resources, roads, railroads, settlements, electricity lines, buildings, precipitation, and natural disaster area criteria were assessed to generate beekeeping suitability for apiaries. The restrictions and requirements of beekeeping activities were specified considering expert beekeeper decisions and recent studies for the study area. The AHP and PROMETHEE suitability maps were validated with existing 461 apiary locations to be able to determine the reliability and applicability.

Does pollen diversity influence honey bee colony health?

Aim of study: Colony losses of the western honey bee Apis mellifera have increased alarmingly in recent years. These losses have been attributed to nutritional deficiency, environmental conditions, viral infection and the global presence of the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor. Ensuring pollen availability may improve colony health, so the present study aimed to examine whether the diversity of pollen collected by the colony as well as landscape characteristics of apiaries influence colony health.Area of study: Tenerife Island (Canary Islands, Spain).Material and methods: Colonies at eight apiaries were sampled in late summer to determine colony strength, presence of varroa and load of DWV. Pollen was collected during six months and analyzed. Landscape of each apiary was spatially analyzed.Main results: Pollen diversity did not correlate significantly with colony strength or the load of DWV, but it positively correlated with varroa levels. In contrast, DWV load correlated with varroa infestation, and both variables negatively correlated with colony strength. Weak colonies were located in landscapes with areas less suitable for bee nutrition.Research highlights: These results suggest that DWV and varroa infection as well as landscape characteristics influence colony survival, while pollen diversity on its own does not seem to have direct relationship. Our findings highlight the usefulness of DWV and varroa as predictors of colony losses, and they suggest the need to carefully assess honey bee apiary location in order to ensure adequate nutritional resources.

Apiculturists’ issues and challenges: a basis for invoking IT model in beekeeping industry

The most significant activity of honey bees, as far as advantages to people, is their pollination of natural vegetation. Bees and other pollinators seem to be declining globally. Beekeeping in the Philippines is a thriving industry that perfectly matches the natural landscape of the country. The goal of this study was to define the challenges and issues of Apiculturists in the Philippines where-in an IT approach was formulated to address these issues. Up to now, there is no initiative Information Technology approach in the beekeeping industry in the Philippines. Design thinking has been used as methodology in this study. Several challenges and issues were determined, and it is stated that the main problem to be addressed in order for the bee colonies to have a longer lifespan is its Apiary Location, an IT solution via Drone Technology with a Computer Vision approach was proposed named as Apiary Locator. A proposed framework of the Apiary Locator has been prepared. It is then recommended for the Apiary Locator to be developed as it shall benefit the apiculturists of the Philippines. Also, it will be a basis for developing IT solutions for the Beekeeping industry.

Colony Size, Rather Than Geographic Origin of Stocks, Predicts Overwintering Success in Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Northeastern United States.

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are key pollinators of agricultural crops. However, approximately 30% of managed colonies die each winter in the United States. There has been great interest in breeding for 'locally adapted stocks' which survive winter conditions in a particular region. Here, we evaluate the impact of geographic origin of stock on colony weight, population size, and overwintering survival. Comparing four different U.S. honey bee stocks (two bred in southern and two bred in northern regions) under standard beekeeping practices in three different apiary locations in central Pennsylvania, we examined possible adaptation of these stocks to temperate conditions. We confirmed the genotypic difference among the stocks from different geographic origins via microsatellite analysis. We found that stock or region of origin was not correlated with weight, population size, or overwintering success. However, overwintering success was influenced by the weight and population size the colonies reached prior to winter where higher colony weight is a strong predictor of overwintering survival. Although the number of locations used in this study was limited, the difference in average colony sizes from different locations may be attributable to the abundance and diversity of floral resources near the honey bee colonies. Our results suggest that 1) honey bees may use similar strategies to cope with environmental conditions in both southern and northern regions, 2) colonies must reach a population size threshold to survive adverse conditions (an example of the Allee effect), and 3) landscape nutrition is a key component to colony survival.

Application of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) to apiculture potential assessment: A case study of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Kerala, India

Apiculture now emerged as an important segment of agriculture in rural as well as urban areas. The prompt identification of beekeeping suitability areas is strategic for maximizing productivity. The Analytical Hierarchy Process is a tool to support decision-making in the identification of suitable sites with utmost potential for various agricultural practices. This study tested a GIS based AHP tool to assess urban beekeeping suitability zones in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Kerala state. Furthermore, the study utilized data, which were completely retrieved from various public sector repositories. The resulting map indicates, over 65% of the land area of the corporation have a high or very high potential of apiculture. The map can also be utilized by Government agencies to implement various promotional measures and also the beekeepers to identify suitable sites for apiary location and relocation for maximizing their profit. The study also created a model for utilization of public data domains for decision making, using GIS. Keywords: Apiculture; multi-criteria decision analysis; GIS; AHP classification

Wild, native bees and managed honey bees benefit from similar agricultural land uses

Although both managed and unmanaged bees are important pollinators of crops and wild plants, efforts to address questions about landscapes that best support pollinators often focus on either wild pollinators or honey bees. This study examined if there was concordance between the success of wild bee communities and managed honey bee colonies at sites varying in floral availability and disturbance level in a predominantly agricultural landscape. We also determined which agricultural land uses best supported wild bee communities. The study area in the state of North Dakota in Northern Great Plains in North America is home to understudied native bee communities as well as over ¼ of U.S. commercial honey bee colonies during the summer months. There is an assumption that honey bees can do well in agricultural areas but that wild bees need natural areas to thrive. We compared wild bee community success with health and survival of managed honey bees (data obtained from a related study) at six apiary locations over three years. We examined wild bee communities and surrounding land uses at 18 locations, three of which were spatially associated with each of six apiary locations. Wild bee abundance and species diversity were positively correlated with honey production, a measure of honey bee success, indicating that locations supporting successful honey bee colonies also supported successful wild bee communities. Grasslands, bee-forage crops, wooded areas, and wetlands were associated with increased abundance, species diversity, or functional diversity of wild bee communities. Crops not providing forage for bees, predominantly soybean, corn, and wheat, were associated with decreased functional diversity, decreased above-ground nesting bees and bees with shorter active season durations, and decreased honey bee survival. Pollinator conservation efforts retaining and enhancing grasslands, wooded areas, wetlands, and crops providing bee forage will likely support the growth, reproduction, and survival of diverse wild bee communities and the success of managed honey bees in areas dominated by intensive agriculture.

Mapping floral resources for honey bees in New Zealand at the catchment scale.

Honey bees require nectar and pollen from flowers: nectar for energy and pollen for growth. The demand for nectar and pollen varies during the year, with more pollen needed in spring for colony population growth and more nectar needed in summer to sustain the maximum colony size and collect surplus nectar stores for winter. Sufficient bee forage is therefore necessary to ensure a healthy bee colony. Land-use changes can reduce the availability of floral resources suitable for bees, thereby increasing the susceptibility of bees to other stressors such as disease and pesticides. In contrast, land-based management decisions to protect or plant bee forage can enhance pollen and nectar supply to bees while meeting other goals such as riparian planting for water-quality improvement. Commercial demand for honey can also put pressure on floral resources through over-crowding of hives. To help understand and manage floral resources for bees, we developed a spatial model for mapping monthly nectar and pollen production from maps of land cover. Based on monthly estimated production data we mapped potential monthly supply of nectar and pollen to a given apiary location in the landscape. This is done by summing the total production within the foraging range of the apiary while subtracting the estimated nectar converted to energy for collection. Ratios of estimated supply over theoretical hive demand may then be used to infer a potential landscape carrying capacity to sustain hives. This model framework is quantitative and spatial, utilizing estimated flight energy costs for nectar foraging. It can contribute to management decisions such as where apiaries could be placed in the landscape depending on floral resources and where nectar limited areas may be located. It can contribute to planning areas for bee protection or planting such as in riparian vegetation. This would aid managed bee health, wild pollinator protection, and honey production. We demonstrate the methods in a case study in New Zealand where there is a growing demand for mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey production.