Public Anxiety Research Articles

The Cartel Mystique: Race and the Social Construction of the Cannabis Grower

Racialization of the drug trade has been an ongoing feature of drug‐related moral panics for over a century. In the latter part of the twentieth century, public anxieties about ongoing economic changes made immigrants and Mexican drug cartels convenient scapegoats in the context of moral panics about cannabis and cannabis growers. In this research, I focus on the social construction of cannabis growers in the Emerald Triangle of Northern California, with a particular focus on the cartel grower construct. Through a content analysis of news media coverage, government and law enforcement reports, and field notes from personal communications with law enforcement officers and government officials, I identify racialized constructions of growers in the region. I also explore the relationships between local narratives and the broader cannabis discourse. In this “post‐prohibition” moment, this discourse impacts U.S. cannabis policy conversations and fuels anti‐immigrant rhetoric.

Unveiling public perceptions at the beginning of lockdown: an application of structural topic modeling and sentiment analysis in the UK and India

BackgroundThe appearance of the COVID-19 virus in December 2019, quickly escalated into a global crisis, prompting the World Health Organization to recommend regional lockdowns. While effective in curbing the virus’s spread, these measures have triggered intense debates on social media platforms, exposing widespread public anxiety and skepticism. The spread of fake news further fueled public unrest and negative emotions, potentially undermining the effectiveness of anti-COVID-19 policies. Exploring the narratives surrounding COVID-19 on social media immediately following the lockdown announcements presents an intriguing research avenue. The purpose of this study is to examine social media discourse to identify the topics discussed and, more importantly, to analyze differences in the focus and emotions expressed by the public in two countries (the UK and India). This is done with an analysis of a big corpus of tweets.MethodsThe datasets comprised of COVID-19-related tweets in English, published between March 29th and April 11th 2020 from residents in the UK and India. Methods employed in the analysis include identification of latent topics and themes, assessment of the popularity of tweets on topic distributions, examination of the overall sentiment, and investigation of sentiment in specific topics and themes.ResultsSafety measures, government responses and cooperative supports are common themes in the UK and India. Personal experiences and cooperations are top discussion for both countries. The impact on specific groups is given the least emphasis in the UK, whereas India places the least focus on discussions related to social media and news reports. Supports, discussion about the UK PM Boris Johnson and appreciation are strong topics among British popular tweets, whereas confirmed cases are discussed most among Indian popular tweets. Unpopular tweets in both countries pay the most attention to issues regarding lockdown. According to overall sentiment, positive attitudes are dominated in the UK whilst the sentiment is more neutral in India. Trust and anticipation are the most prevalent emotions in both countries. In particular, the British population felt positive about community support and volunteering, personal experiences, and government responses, while Indian people felt positive about cooperation, government responses, and coping strategies. Public health situations raise negative sentiment both in the UK and India.ConclusionsThe study emphasizes the role of cultural values in crisis communication and public health policy. Individualistic societies prioritize personal freedom, requiring a balance between individual liberty and public health measures. Collectivistic societies focus on community impact, suggesting policies that could utilize community networks for public health compliance. Social media shapes public discourse during pandemics, with popular and unpopular tweets reflecting and reshaping discussions. The presence of fake news may distort topics of high public interest, necessitating authenticity confirmation by official bloggers. Understanding public concerns and popular content on social media can help authorities tailor crisis communication to improve public engagement and health measure compliance.

Embodied national history: leaders, regime change, and regional historiographical trends of independent Cambodia

Abstract Post-independence national historical writings have often been seen as a product of nationalist advocacy and modern nation-state formation. Moving beyond this perspective, this article considers how political leaders took a direct role in promoting different kinds and forms of collective historical thoughts to strengthen their leadership. Specifically, the article explores an active engagement of independent Cambodia's leaders such as Prince Sihanouk, Lon Nol, and Pol Pot, who independently saw national historical understanding as one's own monopolized source of power. It also discusses how different historical accounts in the country were shaped by, and kept up with, other important factors such as Cold War confrontations and regional and global historiographical trends, including “Modernist” and “Marxist” approaches. Discussing these factors helps us understand more critically national historical accounts, which were closely intertwined with specific socioreligious and political circumstances such as political rule and legitimacy, widespread public anxieties, and geopolitical tensions. It also sheds light on the substantial impact of state-imposed historical interpretations on society. As informed by the Cambodian case, this impact can be seen in the implementation of state projects stirred by certain kinds of historical understanding which consequently transformed the living conditions of thousands of people.

Strategic Infectious Diseases in Beef Cattle in Balongpanggang during 2023

Strategic infectious animal diseases have a great impact on the national economy as they may cause great economic loss, public anxiety, and high mortality. In Indonesia, among the diseases considered as strategic infectious animal diseases is foot and mouth disease (FMD). This study reported the incidence of strategic infectious animal diseases in Balongpanggang district during 2023. Throughout 2023, FMD only accounted for 4% of the total diseases of the year and was the only strategic infectious animal disease reported that year. Meanwhile, bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) incidence reached 57% (876/1546) of the total diseases in beef cattle in 2023. In addition to BEF, official veterinary services reported a total case of 1546 throughout 2023 that comprises; diarrhea (99), limping (24), helminthiasis (91), ectoparasite (11), hematochezia (3), wound (3), mastitis (4), allergy (1), dystocia (28), vaginal prolapse (11), dermatitis (45), enteritis (27), tympani (11), scabiosis (122), arthritis (67), ophthalmic problem (11), endometritis (1), uterine retention (13), indigestion (2), pneumonia (21), hypoglycemia (5), abscess (21), ovariohysterectomy (1), orchitis (1), intoxication (1), and papilloma (1). In conclusion, the only strategic infectious animal disease reported in 2023 in Balongpanggang was FMD with the incidence as high as 3% as compared to the non-strategic infectious animal diseases, BEF, which reached 54% of the total cases during 2023.

AnxietyNet: social media trends with fuzzy logic trees

In the digital age, social media platforms have become integral parts of daily life, facilitating communication, information sharing, and community building on a global scale. However, alongside the benefits of connectivity, concerns regarding public anxiety within these virtual communities have emerged. This research paper delves into the phenomenon of public anxiety on social media and proposes a novel approach utilizing fuzzy tree logic to analyze and address this issue. Through a comprehensive review of literature, theoretical frameworks, and practical applications, this paper aims to provide insights into the complex dynamics of public anxiety and offer potential solutions leveraging machine learning techniques. The proposed methodology involves the development of a cascading model to dynamically compute individual anxiety scores within social media networks. By analyzing structural influences and user interactions, this model aims to provide a nuanced understanding of anxiety dynamics within online communities. Additionally, a probabilistic model is designed to measure anxiety scores of social network messages, utilizing a generalized user profile. The integration of fuzzy tree logic enables the construction of a tree structure to effectively compute anxiety scores, offering a more flexible and human-like decision-making process. Preliminary experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in capturing and analyzing public anxiety on social media platforms. The fuzzy tree model shows promise in accurately assessing anxiety levels and identifying key factors contributing to social anxiety within online communities. Moreover, the integration of machine learning techniques enhances the scalability and adaptability of the model, allowing for real-time analysis and proactive intervention strategies. This research underscores the importance of addressing public anxiety on social media through innovative analytical frameworks. By leveraging fuzzy tree logic and machine learning techniques, we can gain deeper insights into the dynamics of anxiety within online communities and develop targeted interventions to support individuals experiencing distress. Collaborative efforts in this endeavor hold the potential to foster societal well-being and resilience in the digital age.

Immigration and Its Impact on Europe's Societal Security: Examining the Rise of Far-Right Parties (2014-2024)

This study examines the relationship between immigration and the rise of far-right parties in Europe from 2014 to 2024, focusing on the implications for societal security. It explores how far-right parties have capitalized on immigration, framing it as a critical threat to national identity and social stability. Applying the Copenhagen School’s securitization theory, the research analyzes how these parties have redefined immigration as a national security issue, thereby legitimizing more stringent immigration policies and exclusionary practices. The findings indicate that far-right parties have effectively utilized public anxieties and uncertainties surrounding immigration to influence the political discourse across Europe. This shift has significant socio-political consequences, posing challenges to the European Union’s foundational principles of integration, democracy, and human rights. The study highlights concerns over democratic backsliding, the erosion of social policies, and threats to freedom of movement and human rights. Additionally, it examines the potential impacts on the EU’s cohesion policy, foreign policy, enlargement process, and environmental sustainability. The research underscores a major transformation in Europe’s political landscape with far-reaching implications for the stability of the European Union and its member states.

Strategic science performance and the illusion of consensus about Fukushima’s health effects

ABSTRACT After the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, one way that government authorities sought to quell public anxiety about the health impacts of radiation exposure was through the creation of the Fukushima Prefecture Health Management Survey (FHMS). Though the survey was intended to document the absence of harm, it instead made visible abnormally high rates of childhood thyroid cancer in Fukushima Prefecture. Despite this, the official state narrative remained unchanged: these cases were not causally related to radiation exposure, and there was still no need to worry about biological health impacts. Academic researchers affiliated with the FHMS have cemented this narrative through the depoliticized and authoritative platform of English-medium scientific literature, strategically mobilizing FHMS data to demonstrate the absence of a causal relationship between the cancer cases and the nuclear accident – despite also contending that the FHMS was not designed to be a robust empirical study capable of determining causal relationships. Through strategic science performance (SSP), they utilize tools of formal scientific discourse and credibility in a way that forecloses dissent and obscures the largely incomplete status of the underlying science. SSP in this context has contributed to the reconstruction of scientific ignorance about post-disaster radiation health impacts, and has further enabled the institutionalization of this ignorance in state governance that denies public accountability for the health and well-being of populations exposed to radiation contamination after the Fukushima accident.

Connecting efficiency and responsiveness in China: public sentiments and stakeholder perspectives towards COVID-19 crisis governance.

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic initiated debates on how crisis management affects democracy. In them, the balance between deploying control strategies that limit citizens' freedom and their democratic legitimation features prominently. Informed by theoretical debates about responsive crisis governance, this paper explores how Chinese citizens reacted by quantitatively and qualitatively analysing social media expressions and Chinese stakeholders' narratives. The quantitative analysis indicated that public sentiments towards pandemic control were complex and mostly related to the severe pandemic in Wuhan. Negative sentiments were mainly directed at local states; national states largely received respect. The qualitative analysis exhibited more nuances. Although Chinese crisis governance raised efficiency and trust, aggressive accountability efforts and improper information exchange caused justice deficits and public anxiety. Draconian social control misaligned public interests and a lack of specific partnership mechanisms frustrated social participation. Reconciling institutional efficiency with civic liberties on diverse governance levels is thus expected to increase the responsiveness of pandemic control to public demands.

A repeated cross-sectional pilot study of the relationship between perceived a community with shared future for doctor-patient and benefit finding: the mediating role of health self-consciousness and moderating role of anxiety

ObjectiveSince January 8, 2023, China has managed COVID-19 as a Class-B infectious disease, marking the epidemic's transition to a low-level stage. This study analyzes the relationship between the public's perceived a community with shared future for doctor-patient (PCSF), health self-consciousness, benefit finding, and anxiety in this stage. Additionally, it compares changes in these variables across different stages of COVID-19.MethodsUsing a repeated cross-sectional design, three surveys were conducted respectively in three different stages of COVID-19 in China. Specifically, the first survey was conducted in Beijing, Dalian, Zhengzhou, Heihe, and Shangrao from November 13 to 20, 2021 in the outbreak stage of COVID-19, yielding 1,252 valid responses out of 1,534 collected questionnaires. The second survey was conducted in Dalian, Zhengzhou, Heihe, Shangrao, and Lanzhou from December 1 to 19, 2021 in the stable stage of COVID-19, with 872 valid responses obtained from 1,075 collected questionnaires. The third survey was conducted in Beijing, Dalian, Zhengzhou, Heihe, Shangrao, Lanzhou, and Chengdu from January 29 to February 4, 2023 in the low epidemic level stage of COVID-19, achieving 2,113 valid responses from the 2,461 questionnaires collected.ResultsUnlike in the outbreak stage but similar to the stable stage, the public's anxiety, health self-consciousness and benefit finding decreased while PCSF was improved in the low epidemic level stage. Consistent with both the outbreak and stable stage, PCSF, health self-consciousness, benefit finding, and anxiety showed positive correlations in the low epidemic level stage, with health self-consciousness partially mediating the positive impact of PCSF on benefit finding. Unlike in the stable stage but similar to the outbreak stage, anxiety did not moderate the relationship between PCSF and health self-consciousness in the low epidemic level stage.ConclusionsThe public's health self-consciousness, benefit finding, and anxiety decreased, while PCSF increased in the low epidemic level stage. Furthermore, PCSF had a greater impact on benefit finding, and anxiety's impact on health self-consciousness was significantly reduced. Across different stages of COVID-19, PCSF directly increased benefit finding and also enhanced benefit finding by improving health self-consciousness. Thus, comprehensive intervention measures are beneficial in the low epidemic level stage.

Role of Media Representation in Shaping Public Perceptions of Crime in Tanzania

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the role of media representation in shaping public perceptions of crime in Tanzania. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Media representation plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions of crime in Tanzania by influencing how crime is perceived and understood by the general population. Sensationalized reporting and frequent coverage of violent crimes create a heightened sense of fear and insecurity, often leading to a distorted view of the prevalence and nature of crime. This can result in public demand for stricter law enforcement and punitive measures, sometimes disproportionately affecting certain communities. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Research on the role of media representation in shaping public perceptions of crime in Tanzania highlights several key points. Media coverage often emphasizes sensational or high-profile crimes, which can inflate public fear and skew perceptions of crime rates. Sensationalism and biased reporting contribute to distorted views, reinforcing stereotypes and increasing public anxiety. This media influence also affects policy and law enforcement responses, as crime coverage can shift political priorities and lead to reactive measures. Social media exacerbates these effects by spreading unverified information rapidly, adding to public concern.

Exploring the association between social support and anxiety during major public emergencies: a meta-analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a surge in research focusing on mental health issues faced by society, with particular emphasis on the interplay between social support and anxiety. However, the results of these studies have often been controversial. To address this, we conducted a meta-analysis of 104 studies (N = 107,660) to investigate the relationship between anxiety and social support and the potential moderate variables. Our meta-analysis revealed a negative correlation between social support and anxiety (r = -0.233). The study also demonstrated the variation in the relationship between social support and anxiety was moderated by cultural area (Q = 14.120, p < 0.05) and phrase of the pandemic (Q = 13.678, p < 0.05). The relationship between social support and anxiety can differ across different cultural areas and throughout the phrase of the pandemic. Consequently, we advocate for a nuanced assessment of the role of social support in mitigating public anxiety, taking into account the mediating effects of these factors in the context of major public emergencies.

Mapping of Government’s Communication Strategies in the COVID-19 Era on Social Media

This study explores the changing government communication methods throughout the unusual COVID-19 epidemic, with a focus on using social media as the main instrument for engaging with the public. We utilize a bibliometric methodology, examining an extensive dataset of articles obtained from journals indexed in Scopus. Using VOSviewer software, we provide a visual representation of the main theme clusters in this research. NVivo 12 Plus also supports word cloud analysis, which allows for the discovery of commonly used phrases and patterns within the analyzed material. The results of study reveals a range of communication strategies adopted by governments globally in response to the pandemic. These measures involve promoting communication in both directions, utilizing social media platforms to spread information, and using efficient strategies to communicate risks. The data demonstrates a predominance of research that specifically examines risk communication driven by the government, emphasizing its vital role in crisis management. In addition, the VOSviewer mapping reveals the presence of four unique theme clusters. The "government communication" cluster focuses on subjects such as communication strategy, the ongoing epidemic, the challenge of fake news, and the influence on public anxiety. These areas are key to the research and investigation within this cluster. This comprehensive analysis illuminates the complex correlation between social media communication techniques and successful public health actions amidst a worldwide crisis.

중국 합창지휘 전공 대학생의 공적 자의식이 공연불안에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study confirmed public self-consciousness, evaluation concern perfectionism, and performance anxiety among Chinese college students majoring in choral conducting, and verified the mediating effect of evaluation concern perfectionism in the relationship between public self-consciousness and performance anxiety. Methods Chinese college students majoring in choral and conducting were selected as research subjects and their public self-consciousness, performance anxiety, evaluation concerns, and perfectionism were measured, and the collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 statistical program. Results Public self-consciousness, evaluation concern, and perfectionism had a significant effect on performance anxiety among Chinese college students majoring in choral conducting, and the mediating effect of evaluation concern, perfectionism in the relationship between public self-consciousness and performance anxiety was confirmed to be statistically significant. Conclusions By confirming the influence of public self-consciousness as a factor affecting the performance anxiety of Chinese choral conducting college students, and by verifying the mediating effect of evaluation concerns and perfectionism in this path, the purpose of lowering the performance anxiety of student conductors and increasing performance satisfaction and quality is It is necessary to prepare support measures.

Online rumors during the COVID-19 pandemic: co-evolution of themes and emotions.

During public health emergencies, online rumors spread widely on social media, causing public information anxiety and emotional fluctuations. Analyzing the co-evolution patterns of online rumor themes and emotions is essential for implementing proactive and precise governance of online rumors during such events. Rumor texts from mainstream fact-checking platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic were collected and analyzed in phases based on the crisis lifecycle theory. The LDA topic model was applied to analyze the distribution of rumor themes at different stages. The Baidu AI Sentiment Analysis API was used to study the emotional tendencies of rumors at different stages. Line graphs were utilized to analyze the co-evolution characteristics of rumor themes and emotions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the themes of online rumors can be categorized into five types: epidemic prevention and control, panic-inducing, production and livelihood, virus dissemination, and social figures. These themes exhibited repetition and fluctuation at different stages of the pandemic. The emotions embedded in pandemic-related online rumors evolved with the progression of the pandemic. Panic-inducing rumors co-evolved with negative emotions, while epidemic prevention and control rumors co-evolved with positive emotions. The study results help to understand the public's focus and emotional tendencies at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby enabling targeted public opinion guidance and crisis management.

Time-to-first treatment for new cancer diagnoses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba, Canada.

e23103 Background: Disruptions to health care during the COVID-19 pandemic raises the possibility of delays in treatment for individuals diagnosed with cancer. It is critical that we evaluate the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and time-to-first treatment (TTFT) to address public and patient anxiety, inform recovery efforts, and identify strategies to reduce the cancer system’s vulnerability to future disruptions. Objective: To examine the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and time from cancer diagnosis to first treatment in Manitoba, Canada. Methods: A retrospective, population-based, quasi-experimental study that included individuals diagnosed with breast, colon, rectal, hematologic, lung, or prostate cancer between January 2015 and December 2021 was performed. Interrupted time series analyses with competing risk models were used to compare TTFT for those diagnosed before and after the start of the pandemic. Time-to-first treatment was calculated from diagnosis date to first treatment date (i.e., chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery). Death without treatment was included as a competing risk. Follow-up time was censored at three months post-diagnosis. Sub-hazard ratios (SHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Higher SHR indicates earlier treatment. The delta restricted mean time-to-treatment (D_RMTT) at three months was calculated to complement SHR values, where negative times indicate earlier treatment. Since observation is standard of care for low-risk prostate cancer and androgen deprivation therapy was widely used to temporize intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer patients, analyses were restricted to stage IV prostate cancer. Results: Time-to-first treatment was shorter for individuals diagnosed with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic period (SHR: 1.40; 95% CI 1.24-1.57; D_RMTT: -6.6 days). Time-to-first treatment was also shorter for individuals diagnosed with colon cancer from April 2020 to June 2021 (SHR: 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.42; D_RMTT: -6.5 days) but not from July 2021 to December 2021 (SHR: 0.96; 95% CI 0.81-1.15; D_RMTT: 1.2 days). All other analyses did not demonstrate a statistically significant change in TTFT: rectal cancer (SHR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.83-1.21; D_RMTT: 0.0 days), hematological cancers (SHR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.74-1.01; D_RMTT:3.9 days); lung cancer (SHR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.97-1.23; D_RMTT: -2.3 days); and stage IV prostate cancer (SHR: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.89-1.49; D_RMTT: -4.1 days). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has not increased the time from diagnosis date to first treatment date for individuals diagnosed with breast, colon, rectal, hematologic, lung, or stage IV prostate cancer in Manitoba, Canada.

Luddite or technophile?—policy preferences for governing technology-driven economic change

Abstract Recent robotics and artificial intelligence advancements have exacerbated fears of technology-driven unemployment and inequality. However, the relationship between automation risks and regulatory policy support remains inconclusive. Moreover, the role of institutional safety net in shaping this connection, and factors influencing preference shifts regarding automation, remain understudied. This study conducts an online survey experiment in the UK and Sweden to address these gaps. First, we find subjective concern, and occupational risks combined with perceived weaker labor market safeguards, lead to calls for automation restriction and job loss compensation. These trends are particularly pronounced in the UK, where institutional protection for workers is less robust. Second, people support accelerating technology-driven change when they see its benefits shared widely, but this shift is mainly observed among individuals relatively safer from automation risks. Our findings suggest strengthening the institutional safety net and envisioning equitable benefit-sharing are crucial for moderating public anxiety toward technology-driven economic change.

Deciphering decadal observation of Fukushima-derived radiocesium in the most polluted port near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant: from seawater to marine fish

The biological concentration effect of radionuclides in marine fish has exacerbated public anxiety about seafood security in the context of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water discharged into the ocean. However, the most polluted port near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) has seldom been investigated, especially for radioactivity in marine fish. In this study, decadal observations of radiocesium in marine fish and seawater from the most polluted port were simultaneously established after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident. We found a generally decreasing trend of historical 137Cs activity in seawater, with seasonal variations modulated by precipitation. Seasonal variations were elucidated with finer detail and divided into exponential decline in the dry season and steady variation in the wet season. A novel method was proposed to estimate the continuing source term of 137Cs derived from the FDNPP, which was 3.9 PBq in 2011 and 19.3 TBq between 2012 and 2022 on the basis of historical 137Cs. The biological concentration effect of marine fish is quantitatively emphasized according to the higher ratio of over-standards for radiocesium in marine fish relative to that in seawater. Long-term observation and analysis of radiocesium in marine fish and seawater from the most polluted port would provide insights into the scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of the decommissioning of the FDNPP in the past and share lessons on the fate of Fukushima-derived radionuclides in the future.

Analysis of the situations and influencing factors of public anxiety in China: based on Baidu index data.

Anxiety disorders have emerged as one of the most prevalent mental health problems and health concerns. However, previous research has paid limited attention to measuring public anxiety from a broader perspective. Furthermore, while we know many factors that influence anxiety disorders, we still have an incomplete understanding of how these factors affect public anxiety. We aimed to quantify public anxiety from the perspective of Internet searches, and to analyze its spatiotemporal changing characteristics and influencing factors. This study collected Baidu Index from 2014 to 2022 in 31 provinces in mainland China to measure the degree of public anxiety based on the Baidu Index from 2014 to 2022. The spatial autocorrelation analysis method was used to study the changing trends and spatial distribution characteristics of public anxiety. The influencing factors of public anxiety were studied using spatial statistical modeling methods. Empirical analysis shows that the level of public anxiety in my country has continued to rise in recent years, with significant spatial clustering characteristics, especially in the eastern and central-southern regions. In addition, we constructed ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) spatial statistical models to examine the relationship between social, economic, and environmental factors and public anxiety levels. We found that the GWR model that considers spatial correlation and dependence is significantly better than the OLS model in terms of fitting accuracy. Factors such as the number of college graduates, Internet traffic, and urbanization rate are significantly positively correlated with the level of public anxiety. Our research results draw attention to public anxiety among policymakers, highlighting the necessity for a more extensive examination of anxiety issues, especially among university graduates, by the public and relevant authorities.

Guiding Canada's Girls Toward the Empire

Through a critical analysis of Guiding's official programming books, the hierarchy of its organizational structure, and scholarly works on the history of the Guiding and Scouting Movements in Britain and Canada, this paper explores the early development of the Girl Guides of Canada; analyzing the early 20th century public's shifting views on girlhood and examining the relationship between Guiding and the British Empire. The central thesis of this essay is that the organization was originally founded in 1910 with a strict, conservative gender ideology and a strong imperial connection, but changed its messaging during the Interwar Period to reflect emerging modern notions of girlhood and imperialism; while still retaining its core values in its official programming. &#x0D; Born out of the Scouting Movement of Great Britain, the Girl Guides of Canada were originally founded with the intention of preparing young girls for a domestic life; serving the British Empire by being dutiful wives and mothers. The organization's mission was to address the public's anxiety surrounding modern girlhood. As new economic and leisure opportunities appeared for women and girls in Canada's urban areas, so did the fear that these working women would lead lives of promiscuity, potentially causing the breakdown of domestic life. Guiding sought to prevent this issue by taking up young girls' spare time with gendered instruction on subjects such as how to run a home and the role of women in the British Empire. This messaging and ideology was incredibly popular at the time, and the Guiding movement spread like wildfire.&#x0D; Following the First World War, the Canadian public's views on the role of girls and the British Empire were changing: through Guiding's wartime volunteer efforts, girls had proven themselves to be capable of much more than domestic instruction, and Canada began to question its place within the empire. The emergence of alternative youth movements, with a specific focus on physical training and fostering a Canadian national identity, reflected this change. In response to these developments, the Girl Guides released introduced international camps with messaging surrounding peace and international friendship, and promoted a more progressive view of girls with new badges and activities. This new rhetoric made the movement more appealing to a wider array of girls, but only obscured the organizations original values of imperialism and domesticity. The structure of the organization still adhered to a hierarchy that favoured British Girl Guides, with the Canadian arm taking all direction from Britain. Upon analysis of Guiding's programming books, it is also clear that gendered instruction was still the primary focus of the organization. This paper also examines how Canadian Girl Guides' programming was used to naturalize and assimilate girls who did not fit the Empire's idealized model of white womanhood, such as Indigenous girls attending residential schools and girls from immigrant households, further complicating its notion of internationalism.&#x0D; The changes to the Guiding Movement's programming reflect the organization's desire to spread its ideology to a wider audience, rather than a commitment to more modern ideas of girlhood and progressive notions of international friendship. The programming, while becoming more refined over time, still centered around domestic skills and preparing girls for motherhood, while the organization's international structure relied on a hierarchy that placed Britain at the top, and kept Canada at an arms' length.

Impact of Classic Music Intervention on Anxiety Levels of Medical Students during Online Learning on COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Situation of COVID-19 pandemic has become a global health problem and has caused public health anxiety, especially for medical students. Anxiety disorder experienced by a person can be treated by pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapy. One of many procedures of non-pharmacological treatments that can be done is by intervening in western classical instrumental music. According to existing studies, music interventions are known to have the effect of providing calm, elevating mood, and making a person feel more relaxed. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of receptive western classical instrumental music intervention in overcoming anxiety disorders in preclinical medical students of FKIK Atma Jaya University during online classroom learning during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This study was an experimental study composed of a single group with a research design of pre-test and post-test done by 78 medical students from FKIK UnikaAtma Jaya Batch 2021. The measuring instrument used was the GAD-7 questionnaire. The data analysis performed was univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis.Results: There were 78 respondents, with the majority aged 17-18 years old. The majority gender was female (61.54%). Most of the respondents were in the upper socioeconomic class (84.62%). The 78.21% of students live with their parents. Bivariate analysis showed a decrease in student anxiety before and after the music intervention. Multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between anxiety level and place of residence.Conclusion: Western instrumental classical music can reduce anxiety in medical students of FKIK UnikaAtma Jaya Batch of 2021 during online learning.