Antitumor Effects Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Antitumor effects of polysaccharides from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg via regulation of intestinal flora and enhancing immunomodulatory effects in vivo.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with high medicinal value, and antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological activities. However, while several studies have focused on flavonoids in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum tubers, there are few studies on the enhanced immune effect of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum polysaccharides (THP). In this study, we evaluated the antitumor effect of THP in a lung tumor model and explored the mechanism of antitumor activity through intestinal flora. In addition, a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression model was used to declare the immunomodulatory effect of THP in the immunosuppressive state induced by antitumor drugs. The results showed that THP increased the content of ileum secreted immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and cecum short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and improved microbial community diversity, regulating the relative abundance of dominant microbiota flora from the phylum level to the genus level, and recovering the intestinal microflora disorder caused by tumors. Additionally, THP can increase the organ indices and improve immune organ atrophy. THP can upregulate routine blood counts and stimulate the production of the serum cytokines. THP also promoted the macrophage phagocytic index, NK-cell activation, and complement and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM) levels. The detection of Splenic lymphocyte proliferation and T lymphocyte subsets also sideways reflects that THP can restore CTX-induced immune inhibition in mice. In conclusion, this study suggests that THP can effectively achieve the enhanced antitumor effects, regulate gut microbiota and improve the immunosuppression induced by antitumor drugs. Therefore, THP can enhance the immune capacity and provide novel immunomodulatory and antineoplastic adjuvant agents.

Polysaccharides From the Aerial Parts of Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Induce Bidirectional Immunity and Ameliorate LPS-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Mice.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg (Sanyeqing, SYQ) has traditionally been used to treat inflammation, high fever and improve immune function of patients. Polysaccharides have been proved to be one of the important components of SYQ. Previous studies have confirmed the antipyretic and antitumor effects of polysaccharides from SYQ (SYQP), and clarified that SYQP could enhance immunity through TLR4 signalling pathway. However, there were more possibilities for the mechanism by which SYQP exerted immunomodulatory effects and the role of SYQP in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is elusive. The purpose of this study was further to explain the bidirectional modulation of immunity mechanism of SYQP in vitro and its effect in LPS-induced ARDS in vivo. Experimental results showed that SYQP significantly stimulated gene expressions of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 and secretion of cytokines in RAW264.7 cells. Individual or combined application of TLR2 antagonist C29 and TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 could reduce SYQP-mediated stimulation of cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) to varying degrees. On the other hand, SYQP markedly inhibited the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, NO, iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-treatment RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, in vivo results indicated that SYQP significantly reduced LPS-induced damage in ARDS mice through alleviating LPS-induced pulmonary morphological damage, inhibiting myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression levels, ameliorating the inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and improving hematological status. Meanwhile, SYQP evidently reduced IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion, the overexpression levels of TLR2 and TLR4, as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. In addition, SYQP reduced the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT1 and the overexpression of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-8 in lung tissues of ARDS mice. In summary, our study confirmed that SYQP induced bidirectional immunity and ameliorated LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice through TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB, NLRP3/caspase and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, which provided a theoretical basis for further use of SYQP.

Anti-tumor effect of polysaccharide from Pleurotus ostreatus on H22 mouse Hepatoma ascites in-vivo and hepatocellular carcinoma in-vitro model

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated death across the globe. Malignant ascites are the major clinical attributes in cancer patients. Despite the advancements in HCC treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and hormonal therapy, researchers are pursuing novel natural edible compounds for the treatment of cancer to eliminate dreadful side effects. Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most edible cuisines in Asia as well as all over the world. It has been a source of nutritious diet since it was classified as an edible mushroom with no or negligible side effects. The present study focused on the natural anti-cancerous and anti-ascites capabilities of polysaccharides extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus in-vivo as well as in-vitro. Administration of polysaccharide Pleurotus ostreatus showed a significant decrease in tumor cell metastasis while the increase in the survival period among mice models of H22 malignant ascites. Downregulation of regenerative genes Foxp3 and Stat3 and secretion of immunological factors such as IL-2, TNF α, and INF γ were observed after treating with the partially pure extracted polysaccharide. Twining with the hypothesis of tumor suppression in-vivo model polysaccharide showed a decrease in invasion and migration abilities and henceforth responsible for the gene regulation such Cytochrome C which supposedly induced the chain of gene regulation process resulting in apoptosis in HCC cell lines observed in-vitro experiments. Collective research findings manifested that polysaccharide extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus bears anti-proliferative activity and thus influence tumor suppression in-vivo and in-vitro against hepatocellular carcinoma and can be used for therapeutic purposes as a potential anti-cancerous source in the future.

Research Progress on the Antitumor Effect of Polysaccharides from Fungus Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Cancer is a serious threat to human health. Fungal polysaccharide is a polar biological macromolecule with low toxicity. It has a wide range of biological activities, including immune regulation, antitumor activity, and antiviral activity. In recent years, the research results have shown that polysaccharides from fungus in traditional Chinese medicine have excellent antitumor effect in liver cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, and lung cancer. Therefore, the research and development of fungal polysaccharides are of great significance for the development of antitumor drugs in the future.

Polysaccharides with Antitumor Effect in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Non-Clinical Studies.

Purpose: To review the effects of polysaccharides and their proposed mechanisms of action in breast cancer experimental models. Data sources, selection, and extraction: Articles were selected by using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Medline, assessed from 1 May 2019 to 1 July 2020. The systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Prospero) under the number CRD42020169103. Results: Most of the studies explore algae polysaccharides (43.2%), followed by mushrooms (13.5%), plants (13.5%), fruits (10.8%), fungus (2.7%), bacteria, (2.7%), and sea animals (2.7%). A total of 8.1% investigated only in vitro models, 62.1% evaluated only in vivo models, and 29.7% evaluated in vitro and in vivo models. The mechanism of action involves apoptosis, inhibition of cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and antimetastatic effects through multiple pathways. Conclusions: Findings included here support further investigations on the anti-tumor effect of polysaccharides. Some polysaccharides, such as fucoidan and β-glucans, deserve detailed and structured studies aiming at translational research on breast tumors, since they are already used in the clinical practice of other proposals of human health.

Structural features, selenization modification, antioxidant and anti-tumor effects of polysaccharides from alfalfa roots

Hot water extraction and chromatographic purification methods were used to extract and purify two polysaccharides (RAPS-1 and RAPS-2) from the roots of alfalfa. Subsequently, RAPS-2 was modified using the HNO3/Na2SeO3 method to obtain Se-RAPS-2. The structural features, antioxidant and in vitro anti-tumor activities of the three polysaccharides were evaluated. The structural analysis revealed that RAPS-1 (Mw = 10.0 kDa) was composed of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, galacturonic acid, mannose and glucose, whereas RAPS-2 (Mw = 15.8 kDa) consisted of rhamnose, xylose, galacturonic acid, mannose, glucose and galactose. RAPS-1 contained 1 → 2, 1 → 4, 1 → 3, and 1 → 6 or 1 → glycosidic bonds; however, while RAPS-2 lacked 1 → 4 glycosidic linkages. The molecular weight of Se-RAPS-2 was 11.0 kDa less than that of RAPS-2. The results of activities demonstrated that Se-RAPS-2 displayed superior antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect in HepG2 cells than RAPS-1 and RAPS-2.

Anti-tumor effect of polysaccharide from Hirsutella sinensis on human non-small cell lung cancer and nude mice through intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Our previous works had proved the structural properties of Hirsutella sinensis polysaccharide-III(HSP-III). Herein, its anti-tumor effect on lung cancer correlated with mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was investigated. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that HSP-III induces the apoptosis of H1299 cells; however the proliferation viability of normal lung epithelial cells is not affected. HSP-III treatment collapses the H1299 cell mitochondrial membrane potential, and western blot analysis of cytochrome C, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 further indicates that apoptotic effects induced by HSP-III is through the mitochondrial pathway. Furthermore, we found the apoptotic effects of HSP-III are triggered by Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Blue native Polyacrylamide Gel-Electrophoresis (PAGE) showed the expressions of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I–V were also decreased. Taken together, anti-tumor effect of HSP-III is through intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis mechanism pathway and involving ROS increasing. Finally, in vivo nude mice experiment, HSP-III attenuated the growth of tumor compared with control. In contrast, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) could restore the cell apoptosis effects induced by HSP-III. These findings suggest that HSP-III induce apoptosis of H1299 cells and attenuated growth of nude mice tumor in vivo through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and stimulating ROS. HSP-III could be a composition for lung cancer treatment.

Anti-tumor Effect of Polysaccharides From Scutellaria Barbata D. Don on the 95-D Xenograft Model via Inhibition of the C-Met Pathway

Polysaccharides isolated from Scutellaria barbata (PSB) have been reported to have anti-tumor effects. To investigate the underlying mechanism, a highly invasive, metastatic and phospho-c-Met overexpression lung carcinoma cell, 95-D cell line was used. The results showed that in vitro, PSB not only could inhibit the proliferation of 95-D cell line (IC(50) = 35.2 μg/mL), but also down-regulated the expression of phospho-c-Met and its downstream signaling molecules including phospho-Erk and phospho-Akt. In vivo, PSB inhibited tumor growth in the 95-D subcutaneous xenograft model in a dose-dependent manner; after once-daily intraperitoneal injection for 3 weeks, tumor growth inhibition T/C ratio for 100 and 200 mg/kg treatments was 42.72% and 13.6%, respectively. In the end of the in vivo study, tumor tissues were harvested for further evaluation of the phosphorylation level of c-Met, AKT, and ERK. Ex vivo results demonstrated that the phosphorylation of c-Met and its downstream signaling molecules were also significantly inhibited by PSB. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed dose-dependent inhibition of tumor cell proliferation (Ki67) and reduction of microvessel density (CD31). In summary, the results indicated that PSB exerted anti-tumor growth activity on human lung cancer 95-D in vitro and in vivo by directly regulating the c-Met signaling pathway and the anti-tumor effects were mainly based on its anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis action.

Study on the anti-tumor effect of polysaccharides from sweet potato

Study on the anti-tumor effect of polysaccharides from sweet potato

Studies on interrelation of structure and antitumor effects of polysaccharides: Antitumor action of periodate-modified, branched (1 → 3)-β- d-glucan of auricularia auricula-judae, and other polysaccharides containing (1 → 3)-glycosidic linkages

Antitumor activities of two (1 → 6)-branched (1 → 3)-β- d-glucans, isolated from the fruiting body of Auricularia auricula-judae (“kikurage”, an edible mushroom), and other branched polysaccharides containing a backbone chain of (1 → 3)-α- d-glucosidic or (1 → 3)-α- d-mannosidic linkages [and their corresponding (1 → 3)- d-glycans, derived by mild, Smith degradation] were compared. Among these polysaccharides, a water-soluble, branched (1 → 3)-β- d-glucan (glucan I) of A. auriculajudae exhibited potent, inhibitory activity against implanted Sarcoma 180 solid tumor in mice. The alkali-insoluble, branched (1 → 3)-β- d-glucan (glucan II), a major constituent of the fruiting body, showed essentially no inhibitory activity. When the latter glucan, having numerous branches attached, was modified by controlled, periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction, and mild, acid hydrolysis, the resulting, water-soluble, degraded glucan, having covalently linked polyhydroxy groups attached at O-6 of the (1 → 3)-linked d-glucosyl residues, exhibited potent antitumor activity. Further investigations using the glucan-polyalcohol indicated that the attachment of the polyhydroxy groups to the (1 → 3)-β- d-glucan backbone may enhance the antitumor potency of the glucan. On the other hand, partial introduction

Relationship between antitumor effect of polysaccharides and biogenic amines in tumor tissues.

Relationship between the host-mediated antitumor effect and biogenic amines was investigated. Histamine and serotonin values in solid tumor of sarcoma 180 were periodically determined by fluorometric method. When treated with the antitumor active polysaccharide (EA5), significantly high histamine values were detected at the end of 2 weeks after tumor transplantation. Although some increase of the histamine value was also found at 2 and 3 weeks by treatment with the antitumor inactive polysaccharide (EA505) and/or cyclic adenosine monophosphate it was not significant in comparison with the remarkable increase in the antitumor active polysaccharide (EA5) treatment. Any remarkable increase of serotonin values in tumor tissues was not found.

Antitumor effect of polysaccharides and its relationship to biogenetic amines in tumor tissues under vitamin B6 deficient feeding.

Antitumor effect of polysaccharides and its relationship to biogenetic amines in tumor tissues under vitamin B6 deficient feeding.