Anti-social Elements Research Articles

A Novel Approach for Bluetooth Mesh Network Detection using Machine Learning and Correlation Analysis

Bluetooth (BT) mesh networks are used in several ad hoc network communication scenarios, including natural disasters, calamities, war zones, etc. However, there are situations where Bluetooth mesh networks are misused by anti-social elements during riots etc. As of now there no such research article that showcases detection of BT mesh networks using machine learning tools. Therefore, there is a need to build novel methods for detecting the very presence of Bluetooth mesh networks to aid the law enforcement agencies. This paper contributes to building a new dataset for the aid of machine learning tools to detect the presence of Bluetooth mesh networks. The dataset is extracted from a simulated Bluetooth mesh network with 52 BT network traffic attributes, using the Bridgefy application. Further, the dataset is optimized by identifying prime features, using label encoding, one-hot encoding, correlation analysis and evaluated by various Machine Learning (ML) tools. An accuracy of 99.6% is achieved after optimizing the feature set.

Cyber Crime Legislation in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis from Islamic Law Perspective

The advent of IT era has lightened our life but at the same time it has created various complex problems like regulatory issues and use of IT for criminal and other nefarious purposes by various anti-social elements. Regulatory issues related to the use of information technology require a legal framework and laws. In Pakistan, the latest and most comprehensive of these laws is the “Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016”. In fact, the subject of concern of this research work is understanding this law, its basic objectives, determining its effectiveness, and a critical analysis of the crimes and violations covered by this law in the light of Islamic law.

Lateral septum DREADD activation alters male prairie vole prosocial and antisocial behaviors, not partner preferences

Although much has been written on the topic of social behavior, many terms referring to different aspects of social behavior have become inappropriately conflated and the specific mechanisms governing them remains unclear. It is therefore critical that we disentangle the prosocial and antisocial elements associated with different forms of social behavior to fully understand the social brain. The lateral septum (LS) mediates social behaviors, emotional processes, and stress responses necessary for individuals to navigate day-to-day social interactions. The LS is particularly important in general and selective prosocial behavior (monogamy) but its role in how these two behavioral domains intersect is unclear. Here, we investigate the effects of chemogenetic-mediated LS activation on social responses in male prairie voles when they are 1) sex-naïve and generally affiliative and 2) after they become pair-bonded and display selective aggression. Amplifying neural activity in the LS augments same-sex social approach behaviors. Despite partner preference formation remaining unaltered, LS activation in pair-bonded males leads to reduced selective aggression while increasing social affiliative behaviors. These results suggest that LS activation alters behavior within certain social contexts, by increasing sex-naïve affiliative behaviors and reducing pair bonding-induced selective aggression with same-sex conspecifics, but not altering bonding with opposite-sex individuals.

SBRidAPI – DETECT DECIMATE AND PREVENT SOCIALBOT IN OSN USING DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES

WEB 2.0-BASED Online Social Networks (OSNs) are one of the high impacting human innovations of the 21st century that facilitate their users to express views and thoughts on current affairs and personal life, connect with friends and celebrities, and get updated with the breaking news. OSNs facilitate their users in terms of connectivity, information sharing, knowledge acquisition, and entertainment, but these are not without any repercussions. The real-time message broadcasting and anonymity have exposed. The malicious and anti-social elements generally perform such activities using fake profiles in the form of bots, human-assisted cyborgs, Sybil, and compromised accounts. Recently, OSN platforms have witnessed emerging threats, having serious repercussions that are much more sophisticated in comparison to the classical cyber threats like spamming, DDoS attack, and identity theft. Among OSN-specific threats, automated profiles (aka social bots) are one of the major enablers of advanced illicit activities like political astroturfing. Social bots are very deceptive; they mimic human behavior to gain trust in an OSN and then exploit it for illicit activities. As a result, researchers are analyzing different malicious aspects of social bots. This project presents SBRidAPI, to profile users for detecting social bots on OSNs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first deep learning-based approach that jointly models a comprehensive set of profile, temporal, activity, and content information for user behavior representation, which is fed to a two-layer stacked BiLSTM, whereas content information is fed to a deep CNN.

COVID 19 pandemic and laws during it

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is the fatal disease which is spreading all across the world. Multispectral impact can be seen on people’s lives most of them is adverse and negative impact. SUMMARY: COVID-19 is tackled by preventive measures and it needs the backing of laws and regulation to strengthen the fight against COVID-19. Various laws are invokes and needs to be revisited and followed in letter and spirit. CONCLUSION: The laws which invoked in the COVID-19 pandemic must have some checks and balancing mechanism most suitable a judicial oversight or supervision to properly and justly implement the law. Vaccine hesitancy can be seen among people as many anti-social elements are spreading lies about the dosages of vaccine. Therefore proper care needs to be taken care of such elements. Necessary changes in laws must be made in order to keep them relevant in modern times.

HCovBi-Caps: Hate Speech Detection Using Convolutional and Bi-Directional Gated Recurrent Unit With Capsule Network

Adversaries and anti-social elements have exploited the rapid proliferation of computing technology and online social media in the form of novel security threats, such as fake profiles, hate speech, social bots, and rumors. The hate speech problem on online social networks (OSNs) is also widespread. The existing literature has machine learning approaches for hate speech detection on OSNs. However, the effectiveness of contextual information at different orientations is understudied. This study presents a novel <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Convolutional</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BiGRU</i> , and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Capsule</i> network-based deep learning model, HCovBi-Caps, to classify the hate speech. The proposed model is evaluated over two Twitter-based benchmark datasets – DS1(balanced) and DS2(unbalanced) with the best performance of 0.90, 0.80, and 0.84 respectively considering <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">precision</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">recall</i> , and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f-score</i> over unbalanced dataset. In terms of training and validation accuracy, the proposed model shows the best performance of 0.93 and 0.90, respectively, over the unbalanced dataset. In comparative evaluation, HCovBi-Caps demonstrates a significantly better performance than state-of-the-art approaches. In addition, HCovBi-Caps shows comparatively better performance over the unbalanced dataset. We also investigate the impact of different hyperparameters on the efficacy of HCovBi-Caps to ascertain the selection of their values. We observed that a higher value of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">routing iterations</i> adversely affects the model performance, whereas a higher value of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">capsule dimension</i> improves the performance.

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND CRIME PREVENTION

Delinquent children are extraordinary children who display significant deviation in their social adjustment and are therefore labeled as socially deviant or socially impaired. They have been discovered to have criminal tendencies and to engage in antisocial behavior. In this regard, they are similar to criminals and antisocial elements. However, in legal parlance, they are referred to as delinquents rather than criminals. The enormous increase in juvenile violence, notably killings, which began in the mid-1980s and peaked in the early 1990s, sparked widespread fear and concern among the public, prompting federal, state, and municipal governments to implement policy adjustments. For example, in response to the rise in juvenile violence and predictions of a new wave of increasingly violent youth, most states tightened their juvenile justice laws, including measures that allow, or in many cases require, children to be transferred to the adult system at younger ages and for a wider range of offences. A considerable body of research has begun to identify characteristics that may raise the risk of adolescent crime. The research has also resulted in the development and evaluation of prevention interventions.

CRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS CHALLENGE TO INDIAN DEMOCRACY

The political system of "Parliamentary Democracy" which the Constituent Assembly adopted was built on the ideals of democratic republic, popular sovereignty and secularism. In India, because of its heterogeneous political-socio-economic structure, it was decided to implement this concept owing to the notion that a political representative would act as a catalyst to integrate the country. The politicians were seen as personifications of social service, leadership, and sacrifice by the people of the Country. People were expecting Gandhian ideology in politics. But today, India's growing criminalization of politics is an important element of the political life of the country. The emerging scandals and occurrences in government are an indication of loot and malfeasance in governance. From the viewpoint of the law and order, one can notice a clear decline over the decades, and the situation now is such that getting convictions for significant offences has become a lot more difficult. This is because politicians turn to criminals during the time of elections. When criminals and antisocial elements are under pressure from law enforcement agencies, they also go to politicians to seek support. As a result, the process of obtaining incriminating evidence in criminal investigations is greatly hindered by the politicians. Now things have only gotten worse. As criminals realize that politicians can be elected through the use of muscle power, more and more of them try to run for office themselves. A good number of them have contested for the elections and been elected as well. In fact, there are several of them who now hold ministerial positions. Recent experience has shown that if someone is elected to a legislative or ministerial position- all criminal charges against him go into drawers where they are forgotten about forever. The fall-out in other sectors has been no less devastating, since political criminalization has devastated the health and clean functioning of our democratic political system.

English

Ligature strangulation is an important aspect of forensic practice and unless proven otherwise is considered to be a homicide. We report a case of a traveler, who was attending a political procession, but was later robbed and strangulated with a scarf by some anti-social elements. His body was subsequently abandoned in the wilderness to get decomposed leading to the diminution of valuable traumatic signatures over the neck, thereby presumably raising difficulties in diagnosis of cause and manner of death. After the body was recovered, a careful autopsy was conducted on it with fruitful results. The cause of death was opined to be homicidal ligature strangulation. Therefore, thorough assessment and proper documentation of strangulation injuries, even in highly decomposed corpses, may lead to smooth execution of justice. Key words: Decomposition, ligature strangulation, hyoid bone fracture, garroting.

Face recognition using facial features

Face recognition is in demand today due to its utility in person identification, where a small input image or a glimpse can help recognise the person from a database. In India this method of identification is not that popular but it is the need of the hour, biometric identification systems should also have facial recognition, so as to make the system contactless, and more robust in terms of security. Therefore, in this paper the authors have tried to analyse the aptness of the two face recognition algorithms namely facenet and facial landmarks for (i) Crime detection, (ii) face verification and (iii) human tracking. The features are extracted and pre-processed, converted into an array and the region of interest is matched to identify the person. The features selected are Euclidean distance between eyes, structure of nose, lip to lip distance. This project will help in securing industrial area where there is possibility of trespassing, person identification from the crowd, tracking missing personal and help keep a track on some anti-social elements of the society. It has a great application in places with high security like the parliament or bank vault etc.

It and information security

Internet has come to stay in all activities of most of the people who carry out transactions such as reservation for journey, payment of bills, bank transactions, medical prescriptions and so on and so forth in their everyday life. Such activities involve handling of storage and retrieval of information. When computers became popular in public use, the devices were of standalone nature. Therefore there was no problem for individuals or organisations in ensuring the security of information stored in the computers. However, with the connectivity of computers with outside world through Internet the information held privately in computer became accessible to unknown persons who could play mischief by hacking, phising, etc. That is, information stored in computers fallen prey to unscrupulous and unauthorised persons for manipulations by them. Sometime ago, strangers entered the house of a owner of private company running the business of employment exchange at mid of night, opened his computer and attempted to steal the data of prospective candidates who had applied for job. On hearing the commotion the owner woke up and the thieves ran away. The number of such cyber crimes have increased recently thus putting at grave risk the business of corporations. Of late, there have been a large number of cases of abuse of computer information. In this modern age of widespread internet use for various business activities of an organization, it has unwittingly exposed the confidential information of these organizations to hackers and antisocial elements. This has endangered the security of information of the organizations to very high level of risks. Classified information at the hands of anti-social elements could jeopardize the security of the country too. Information Security (IS) is the most important aspect of IT and its risk management helps the organizations to identify and manage the potential risks associated with information and information technology in a cost-effective way.

Deep Neural Network-based Relationship Identification Framework to Discriminate Fake Profile Over Social Media

Involvement of social media like personal, business and political propaganda activities, attracts anti-social activities and has also increased. Anti-social elements get a wider platform to spread negativity after hiding their identity behind fake and false profiles. In this paper, an analytical and methodological user identification framework is developed to significantly binds implicit and explicit link relationship over the end-users graphical perspective. Identify malicious user, its communal information and sockpuppet node. Apart from that, this work provides the concept of the deep neural network approach over the graphical and linguistic perspective of end-user to classify as malicious, fake and genuine. This concept also helps identify the trade-off between the similarity of nodes attributes and the density of connections to classifying identical profile as sockpuppet over social media.

Towards Deep Learning-Based Image Steganalysis: Practices and Open Research Issues

Steganalysis is the technique of identifying secret messages concealed in cover objects using newly developed content-adaptive steganographic algorithms. Steganography has been explored by many anti-social elements and attackers as it permits for secret communication without making third parties to notice. As a result, uncovering those behaviours becomes a crucial task that may be accomplished using steganalysis, which is a method of determining whether or not a cover object contains hidden message. In the recent past, the deep learning-based approaches have shown the prominent performance compared to handcrafted–based counterparts. This paper presents a study and analysis of various state-of-the-art deep learning-based image steganalysis techniques. In addition, we have identified the various open research challenges that may provide a future direction in this active field of image steganalysis. Our analysis indicates the paucity of large-scale data for training Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) models that is a major hurdle for deep learning-based approaches. The arbitrary size of images, cover mismatch problem still remains the open research issues.

India needs to follow a comprehensive policy toward protect secularism: A critical analysis

Ideology of Secularism was framed by India's freedom fighters and legislators based on the location, structure and types of India's culture and religion for protect multi-people interests. Basically, India is a country where diversified people are living with diversified interest and happiness.The government and its policy should be guardian of all religion without creating stumbling blocks to interest and welfare any religion habits, customs and convention.Because, once this formula was broken by an any anti-social elements or wrong government policy it would be highly and deadly dangerous to secularism and India's integrity. To avoid these kinds of forth coming dangerous of anti-secularism activities from the any community and political parties, the government needs to adhere strictly a common wheel polices and approaches irrespective of the caste, class and religion.The vision of India's ancestor on secularism is to make a pivotal parts of India's government that should be looked frequently by the ruler and administrator to ensure the integrity of India and protect secular identity of various people. This type of oversee attitudes of ruler and administrator makes people to feel that they are part and parcel of multi religious country of India without socio, economic and political draw backs. In India there are lot of anti-secularism and minority violence are increasing from the government side instead of arising from the people side.In old days policies were legislated for integrate people interest for maintain ideology of secularism. The present government is treating and enacting policy against the secularism and minority communities on account of minority people could not do any think against majority community. Therefore this study has been focusing on importance of secularism for the integration of India's in future as well as at present and suggests to accommodate minorities’ interests and stop killing them in India.

The Impact of Covid-19 on Youth Unemployment in India and Bangaladesh: A Comparative Study

Youth are invincible and an integral component of the core strength of civil society. Significantly, they help to promote community development. It is very critical to examine the role of youth in the socio-political context in South Asian Countries. In the post-modern era of nation building, the parameters of capital and technology are critical in maintaining the stability of youth in several domains. Irrespective of caste, gender, social and political status, instabilities are disturbing young minds, curbing their personality and creating an environment for anti-social elements to be nurtured. The disruption caused by COVID-19 has deeply impacted youth especially in areas related to education and employment. The crisis has had a negative impact on the overall development of youth, specifically in South Asian Countries. Youth employability also has reduced because of the lack of mobility in academics. Changing life styles. Standards of living and the life expectancy of youth have critically reshuffled in the pandemic. Hence, the fulfillment of the basic needs of youth is the foremost priority of the respective governments of the nations of South Asia by introducing the several programmes and initiatives. Therefore, the role of the policy makers becomes significant in youth employment. The mobility of youth given the socio-economic conditions of South Asian Countries is inevitable to the growth and development of the country.

Dissecting bitcoin blockchain: Empirical analysis of bitcoin network (2009–2020)

Bitcoin system (or Bitcoin) is a peer-to-peer and decentralized payment system that uses cryptocurrency named bitcoins (BTCs) and was released as open-source software in 2009. Unlike fiat currencies, there is no centralized authority or any statutory recognition, backing, or regulation for Bitcoin. All transactions are confirmed for validity by a network of volunteer nodes (miners) and after collective agreement is subsequently recorded into a distributed ledger “Blockchain”. Bitcoin platform has attracted both social and anti-social elements. On the one hand, it is social as it ensures the exchange of value, maintaining trust in a cooperative, community-driven manner without the need for a trusted third party. At the same time, it is anti-social as it creates hurdles for law enforcement to trace suspicious transactions due to anonymity and privacy. To understand how the social and anti-social tendencies in the user base of Bitcoin affect its evolution, there is a need to analyze the Bitcoin system as a network. The current paper aims to explore the local topology and geometry of the Bitcoin network during its first decade of existence. Bitcoin transaction data from 03 Jan 2009 12:45:05 GMT to 08 May 2020 13:21:33 GMT was processed for this purpose to build a Bitcoin user graph. The characteristics, local and global network properties of the user's graph were analyzed at ten intervals between 2009 and 2020 with a gap of one year. Small diameter, skewed distribution of transactions, power-law distributed in and out degrees, disconnected graph, and presence of large connected components were the observations from network analysis. Thus, it could be inferred that despite anti-social tendencies, Bitcoin network shared similarities with other complex networks. Network analysis also uncovered twenty types of legal and anti-social entities operating on Bitcoin and provided a path for uncovering these anti-social entities.

Psychological factors of fear of crime: an empirical study of older people in Lucknow, India

Purpose The incidents of elder victimisation and cases of victimisation, in general, are increasing fast in the society. These incidents have had negative impact on the sense of well-being and way of life of the older people. Therefore, fear of crime is being considered as a most concerning psycho-social problem amongst the older people in contemporary time. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of crime rate on the well-being of the older people and examine the linkage between psychological factors and fear of crime amongst the older people. Design/methodology/approach The present study is based on the mixed method approach and an exploratory research designed applied to conduct the study. The field survey has been done from October 2012 to January 2013 on a sample of 220 older people of rural and urban areas of Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh through purposive sampling. For the study, researcher has interviewed 137 male older people and 83 female older people through interview schedules and case studies. The data have been analysed through descriptive and narrative analysis. Findings The study finds that those older people have direct or indirect experience of victimisation, they have anxiety and feel insecurity that someone can victimise them. The study also finds that the happiness of older people is more affected due to anxiety and phobia and have higher level of feeling of fear of crime in their neighbourhood and home. The study also finds whenever anti-social elements are active in the neighbourhood and they commit crimes, fear of crime and anxiety grasp the older people to a large extent causing a fracture in their psychological well-being. Originality/value This work is the original work of researcher. This paper is related to the researcher’s PhD dissertation work. This paper talks about how the psychological well-being of older people affects due to nature of crime in neighbourhood, phobia of crime and anxiety due to criminal activities.

Socialbots: Impacts, Threat-Dimensions, and Defense Challenges

Online Social Networks (OSNs) are the modern communication media at the peak of Internet technology that facilitate users' ability to connect with friends and celebrities, and to disseminate breaking news and updates on real-life events. Connections and interactions among OSN users generate a massive amount of data containing a rich collection of knowledge that could be useful to various realworld data modeling and predictive analytics problems like open-source intelligence, business intelligence, event prediction, and product recommendations. On the Web, adversaries explore and target products and services for misuse and vulnerabilities, and OSNs are no exception. Their large user base, easy-to-use functionality, and open nature further attract antisocial elements to these OSNs. In OSNs, cybercrimes and illicit activities are generally committed using various forms of fake profiles, such as clone profiles,1 sybil,2 and bots.

داخلی امن و استحکام سے متعلق قرآنی مبادیات: ایجابی وسلبی پہلو:

Peace and security are the essential pre-requisites of a civilized human society, and thus fundamentally prime responsibility of a state to ensure its maintenance and consolidation. The Holy Quran, emphasizes the significance of peace and security, both internal and external, and provides perfect guidance laying down basic principles and guidelines encompassing diversified aspects of peace to bring about and maintain security and tranquility in the society under the elaborate state structure based on policy measures. These guiding principles of Quran, whenever put into practice, have yielded immensely beneficial outcome in terms of policy formulation and strategic implementation. Internal peace and security of a state can only be guaranteed if all the ingredients of social, economic, political and criminal justice, as ordained by Allah, are put in place. The positive measures prescribed by Holy Quran include character building of the citizens on the lines prescribed by Quran, economic welfare and social betterment of the masses besides social integration, political enlightenment and supremacy of law. Eradication of economic depravity and social inequalities, curbing criminal and anti-social elements, waging effective war against internal and external hostile forces and coming down on all forms of injustice with iron hands are the negative measures to achieve the goal of a peaceful and secure society in the light of Quran.

E-Passport Verification System

In this digital world, RFID technology is applied to many applications in different fields such as transportation, health-care, industries etc. This technology along with Internet of things (IOT) facilitates wireless identification using active and passive tags with suitable readers. In this paper, RFID technology is applied for passport verification system to authenticate the passport holder. This avoids forgery and manual work associated with traditional passport verification system. The passport checker checks the passenger’s passport by means of e-passport embed with RFID tag, fingerprint sensor and OTP through GSM. This e-passports are used in strengthening the security and helps the Airport authorities to identify the movement of order breakers or antisocial elements.