Antisocial Disorder Research Articles

Mental pathology in the field of personality and psychotic disorders, systematic review of its relationship with the commission of homicide and violent acts

AbstractMental pathology and violence have been studied by the scientific community, a topic that is sometimes perceived as controversial, partly due to the prevailing stigma around psychiatric disorders. In this project, all those factors concomitant with psychotic pathologies and ‘Cluster B’ antisocial disorders, which could interfere with the commission of violent actions, and their maximum expression, the homicide, are addressed from a comprehensive psychological perspective. To this end, a rigorous methodological selection of 15 high‐impact articles has been carried out, from which the results have been extracted and compared in this systematic review. The findings obtained revolve around the importance of adherence to treatment, the therapeutic alliance, the absence of toxic consumption, and concomitance with other mental pathologies, taking into account the idiosyncratic differences of the subjects, as well as between the pathologies and diagnoses described, always maintaining the comparison between said disorders, and with the population in absence of pathology.

Assessment of anxiety in drug-dependent adults institutionalized in rehabilitation centers

Consumption of psychoactive substances has been a controversial issue to world public health due to its harmful effects that go beyond the individual's physical health and affect other areas of their lives such as the social, family-related, academic and work-related spheres. Consequently, as consumption increases, psychological disorders of diverse kinds become evident; anxiety is one of the most prevailing. These problems are more apparent in patients recovering from their addiction since their situation makes them vulnerable. Therefore, this research aims to describe the anxiety levels in drug-dependent adults institutionalized in rehabilitation centers. For this purpose, search engines in PubMed and Scopus were used, using Boolean operators and descriptors in Spanish and English; besides, PRISMA was used to identify and select information. The most significant finds include sex-related differences where women have more prevalence of anxiety than men. Furthermore, these patients' most frequent psychiatric comorbidities include depression, ADHD, antisocial disorder and psychotic disorder. Finally, new non-pharmacological approaches showing promising results have been found to treat anxiety, such as electrical acupuncture, martial arts and physical exercise

Antisocial Behavior Monitoring Services of Indonesian Public Twitter Using Machine Learning

Antisocial behavior is a personality disorder that has characteristics such as repetitive actions that violate social norms, deceit and lying, impulsiveness, irritability and aggression, reckless disregard for the safety of oneself and others, consistently irresponsible, and lack of remorse. The cause can be from various factors, including genetics, psychological conditions, interactions in the environment, and wrong parenting. The impact of antisocial behavior on social life can cause people to tend to be aggressive and take it into action by not having feelings of guilt for their actions. Thus, a monitoring of antisocial behavior disorders is needed so that it can be a warning for the public to be more concerned about the difficulties experienced by each other. The potential gained from the availability of tweet data access from the Twitter API opens up opportunities for monitoring antisocial behavior. By utilizing traditional machine learning and deep learning methods, it can be an opportunity to automate labeling on Twitter data that contains elements of antisocial behavior. Based on the description of the problems and opportunities found, this study proposes a multi-class classification monitoring service to identify public antisocial behavior on Twitter Indonesia using machine learning.

Do boys with MAOA_LPR*2R allele present cognitive and learning impairments?

ABSTRACT.Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) polymorphisms have been associated with antisocial disorders. Less attention has been paid to the cognitive functioning of individuals with different MAOA alleles. No study has described the cognitive phenotype associated with the less frequent, low enzyme activity allele, MAOA_LPR*2R.Objective: We describe the cognitive correlates of boys having MAOA_LPR*2R allele, ascertained in a sample of school children with normal intelligence, not referred for behavioral disorders.Methods: Participants were eight boys, attending from the second to fifth grades in state-run schools. They were identified among 712 children with typical general cognitive ability, genotyped for MAOA_LPR polymorphism. Participants were assessed with general intelligence, mathematics and spelling achievement, and verbal and visuospatial working memory tests. Neuropsychological performance was compared to published standards, using 1 SD below the mean as a cutoff value for low performance.Results: Intelligence of boys with MAOA_LPR*2R allele varied from above average (N=2) to low average in the other children. Five out of eight boys with the MAOA_LPR*2R allele had low mathematics achievement, and three presented additional difficulties with spelling. Four out of eight children had low short-term and working memory performance.Discussion: This is the first study describing cognitive correlates and school performance in boys having the MAOA_LPR*2R allele. Having this allele, and therefore, probably low MAO-A activity, does not necessarily imply low intelligence or low school performance. However, learning difficulties, particularly in math, and low working memory performance were observed in boys having this allele. This suggests a role of MAOA in learning difficulties.

Family and social environment associated with traits of antisocial personality disorder in the prison population of Peru.

Introduction The prison environment in Peru is one of the worst in the continent. In situations such as these, where there is considerable stress, many inmates can develop antisocial disorders, especially if they come from a conflictive family setting. Objectives To determine the association between family relationships, social environment and features of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in the Peruvian prison population in 2016.Material and method Analytical cross-sectional study based on a sub-analysis of the First National Penitentiary Census of Peru in 2016. The sample is the prison population (≥18 years old) that participated in said census, which was carried out in 66 correctional facilities nationwide and reached a coverage of 98.8%.Results Of the 77,086 prisoners, 76,152 participated in the analysis. The prevalence of antisocial traits was 96% and half of the population met two criteria for the disorder. Independently associated factors were, being male (RPa: 1.35; 1.30-1.40), born outside the capital (RPa: 0.89; 0.88-0, 91), friends in the neighborhood who committed offences (RPa: 1.01; 1.00-1.02) and not living with a father (RPa: 1.00; 1.00-1.01).Discussion The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder traits in the Peruvian prison population was 96%. We found greater association with the male sex, in those born in Lima and in those who escaped from their home before the age of 15.

Some Aspects of Emotional Functioning in Hard-of-Hearing Students

Input at early ages, hearing loss can compromise emotional health and cause learning difficulties. Nonetheless, there are relatively few relevant investigations addressing emotional development in hearing-impaired students. The current research intended to compare the self-reported emotional functioning in hearing and hearing-impaired students in order to examine whether there are differences between them. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 94 hard-of-hearing individuals and 104 typical hearing subjects between 16 and 24 years of age from three institutions in Kazakhstan. The overall happiness, life satisfaction, level of anxiety, and emotional preferences were assessed with the Subjective Happiness Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a questionnaire developed by Dodonov, respectively. The data were subjected to the multivariate analysis of variance. Children and adolescents with hearing loss are reportedly more likely than typical hearing peers to experience various psychosocial difficulties, antisocial disorders, and reactions. However, in the present research, both groups were similar regarding the emotional preferences, apart from the altruistic scale, which was significantly higher (P <0.001) in hearing-impaired participants relative to their hearing counterparts. When compared to normal-hearing persons, hard-of-hearing respondents had higher scores (P <0.001) for trait and state anxiety while having lower scores (P ≤0.001) for satisfaction with life and overall happiness, which could be seen as a matter of concern. As a potential future line of research, throwing more light on other aspects of emotional functioning in learners with hearing loss might be necessary. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory performed on hearing-impaired youth. The findings from this investigation could be of practical help to practitioners working with hard-of-hearing students, providing additional information on their emotional well-being.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEHARMONISAN KELUARGA DENGAN PERILAKU AGRESIF PADA SISWA MADRASAH ALIYAH RAUDLATUSSHIBYAN NW BELENCONG TAHUN PELAJARAN 2019/2020

Abstract. Marriage is designed to form a harmonious and eternal family in accordance with Law number 1 of 1974. Therefore it is the responsibility of parents in teaching various knowledge, value and norm as well as role model in behavior to children. It was found that children with disharmony family background will experience the disorder of personality, emotional, antisocial and behavioral disorder (delinquent). The purpose of this study was to know the relationship between family harmony with aggressive behavior in students of the Belencong Aliyah Raudlatushibyan NW Madrasah in Academic Year of 2019/2020. Family harmony is characterized by a form of two-way communication, mutual respect for opinion, mutual love and the attitude of parents who protect children. Aggressive behavior intended in this research is in the form of physical, psychological, verbal and non-verbal aggressive The design of this study used quantitative research that is a causal relationship. The sample in this study were 21 students from disharmony families. Data collection technique using the questionnaire method as the main method, observation, interview and documentation as a complementary method. By the result of data analysis using statistical method with Product Moment analysis showed that the value of r-count <r-table was 0.871 <1.729 then the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted at a significance level of 5% so that it can be interpreted that there is a Relationship Between Family Harmony with Aggressive Behavior Students of the Belencong Aliyah Raudlatushibyan Madrasah in Academic Year of 2019/2020.Key word: harmony family, aggressive.

ANTISOCIAL DISORDER OF JOKER CHARACTER IN THE DARK KNIGHT MOVIE DIRECTED BY CHRISTOPHER NOLAN

The objective of this research is to know what is antisocial disorder that was conducted by watching the dark knight movie. In this paper, the writers used descriptive qualitative method by visited the library and browsed of internet to get the references and data that related to the topic. For data collection, all information was collected by librarian research to obtain the theories of literary work and all support information that related to the objective of the research. The next stage was analyzing of The Dark Knight movie by watching it several times . The result of this research indicated that; (1) there are seven symptopms of antisocial disorder that occurred in joker character such as failure to conform to social norm, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety of self or others, consistent irresponsibility, and lack of remorse (2) antisocial disorder in joker character developed by childhood trauma and abuse which is caused by his father’s treatments (3) there are three moral messages that can learned from the dark knight movie such as humanity, teamwork, and consideration.

Antisocial Disorders in Adolescence and Youth, According to Structural, Emotional, and Cognitive Transdiagnostic Variables: A Systematic Review.

Transdiagnostic causal variables have been identified that have allowed understanding the origin and maintenance of psychopathologies in parsimonious explanatory models of antisocial disorders. However, it is necessary to systematize the information published in the last decade. The aim of the study was to identify through a systematic review, the structural, emotional and cognitive transdiagnostic variables in antisocial disorders of adolescence and youth. Recommendations for systematic reviews and meta-extraction and analysis of information according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), the Cochrane Collaboration and Campbell were followed. We found 19 articles from 110 reviewed documents. The results indicated that at a structural level there is a general psychopathological factor (psychopathy or externalizing), non-emotional callousness and impulsivity from behavioral inhibition and activation systems, and negative affect traits as base structures. In the emotional level, the study found a risk component from emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance. In the cognitive level, a key role of anger-rumination and violent ideation as explanatory variables of antisocial disorders. We concluded that the interaction of these identified variables makes it possible to generate an evidence-based transdiagnostic model.

Chapter 25 - Sex differences in antisocial and aggressive disorders that onset in childhood and persist into adulthood

As many as 10.7% of males and 7.5% of females display early-onset, stable, antisocial and aggressive behavior (ESAAB). Most research has focused on males. These individuals are diagnosed with conduct disorder in childhood and antisocial personality disorder in adulthood, and a very few, almost all males, present the syndrome of psychopathy. ESAAB includes three subgroups: (1) conduct problems and callousness; (2) conduct problems, callousness, and anxiety; and (3) conduct problems. Heritability of the first two subtypes is high. This high heritability derives, at least in part, from genes involved in regulating serotonergic functioning early in life and to genotypes that confer sensitivity to trauma. The first subtype is rare and characterized by difficulty in face emotion recognition, especially fear and sadness, and hypoarousal as indexed by both autonomic and neural measures, and by structural brain abnormalities. By contrast, those with conduct problems, callousness, and anxiety are more common. They include a greater proportion of females and show hypersensitivity to threat that triggers reactive aggression and that is reflected in both autonomic and neural functioning. In sum, fewer females than males present ESAAB, but many characteristics, autonomic and neural correlates, and etiology are similar. Importantly, however, females with ESAAB play a critical role in the intergenerational transfer of antisocial behavior. Despite higher prevalence of EASSB in males than females, few sex differences in neural abnormalities have been identified.

Revisión bibliométrica sobre el estudio de la Teoría de la Mente y la Personalidad

El propósito del presente artículo es presentar una revisión bibliométrica sobre las investigaciones que trabajan el concepto de Teoría de la Mente (ToM) y de Personalidad. Se seleccionaron 30 estudios de las bases de datos Scopus, Science Direct, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo y Springer, de los cuales se obtuvieron 75 artículos científicos experimentales publicados entre los años 2012 y 2016. Se halló una relación de la ToM con trastornos de la personalidad, tales como el trastorno límite, narcisista y antisocial. También se encontró relación con rasgos específicos, como baja empatía, el tipo de apego y los altos niveles de insensibilidad emocional. Se concluye que, aunque se ha avanzado en el conocimiento de la relación entre la ToM y la personalidad, las investigaciones no son lo suficientemente extensas para aclarar cómo opera esta interacción con la totalidad de las dimensiones y los rasgos de personalidad en sujetos con y sin psicopatología.

Abstract #90: tDCS as a Potential Intervention to Improve Empathy and Reduce Violent Behavior: A Literature Review

Introduction: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that stimulates specific brain regions by altering neuronal excitability through the application of a weak electrical current. There has been a growing interest in using tDCS as a treatment for psychiatric disorders (i.e. depression, substance abuse, antisocial disorders), as it has been proven effective in several studies. Substance use patients show a dysfunction in the vmPFC, which is related to empathic abilities that could lead to antisocial behavior and an increase in aggression. As there are no studies yet investigating the effect of tDCS over the vmPFC in increasing empathic abilities and in reducing violent behavior in forensic substance use patients, this literature review aims to investigate literature related to this. Hence, this review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tDCS as a potential intervention to increase empathic abilities and decrease violent behavior. If the current review support its effectiveness, then tDCS over the vmPFC may be investigated as a potential intervention in offenders with substance use problems.

Subclinical eating disorder traits are correlated with cortical thickness in regions associated with food reward and perception.

Behavioral traits associated with various forms of psychopathology are conceptualized as dimensional, varying from those present in a frank disorder to subclinical expression. Demonstrating links between these behavioral traits and neurobiological indicators, such as brain structure, provides one form of validation for this view. However, unlike behavioral dimensions associated with other forms of psychopathology (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, antisocial disorders), eating disorder traits have not been investigated in this manner in spite of the potential that such an approach has to elucidate etiological mechanisms. Therefore, we examined for the first time neural endophenotypes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia via dimensional traits (measured using the Eating Disorders Inventory-3) in a large subclinical sample of young adults (n = 456 and n = 247, respectively; ages = 18-22years) who each provided a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. Cortical thickness was quantified at 81,924 vertices across the cortical surface. We found: 1) increasing eating disorder traits correlated with thinner cortex in the insula and orbitofrontal cortex, among other regions, and 2) using these regions as seeds, increasing eating disorder trait scores negatively modulated structural covariance between these seed regions and other cortical regions linked to regulatory and sensorimotor functions (e.g., frontal and temporal cortices). These findings parallel those found in the clinical literature (i.e., thinner cortex in these food-related regions in individuals with eating disorders) and therefore provide evidence supporting the dimensional view of behavioral traits associated with eating disorders. Extending this approach to genetic and neuroimaging genetics studies holds promise to inform etiology.

Trastorno antisocial y factores de personalidad en candidatos a policía de Asunción durante el año 2016

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, no experimental y de corte transversal, cu-yo objetivo fue determinar la presencia de trastorno antisocial y los factores de la perso-nalidad predominantes en candidatos a policía de Asunción. Se trabajó con una muestra intencionada de 100 participantes, a la cual se administró la adaptación latinoamericana del Inventario de Personalidad NEO-FFI de Cordero y Seisdedos, 1999, instrumento que ofrece un examen rápido y general de cinco factores de la personalidad. Para el análisis de datos utilizaron los softwares R versión 2.1 y Excel 2013. Los participantes de sexo femenino exhibieron mayores puntuaciones en todos los factores evaluados por el ins-trumento: neuroticismo (p= .233; x1-x2= .165), extraversión (p= .463; x1-x2= .874), apertura (p= .870; x1-x2= .213), amabilidad (p= .001; x1-x2= 3.18) y responsabilidad (p= .276; x1-x2= 1.69). Por otra parte, se encontró una relación inversa entre el nivel en cada una de las dimensiones evaluadas y la edad de los participantes, ya que conforme aumentaba la edad iban disminuyendo los niveles de neuroticismo (p= .987; F= .23), extraversión (p= .334; F= 1.109), apertura (p= .577; F= .554), responsabilidad (p= .840; X2= 12.98) y amabi-lidad (p= .002; F= .175). Finalmente, se encontró que el 72% (f=72) de los evaluados cumplió con los criterios para el diagnóstico de Trastorno Antisocial de la Personalidad.

O suicídio como questão de saúde pública

O suicídio como questão de saúde pública

Antenatal care and outcomes for women with a severe mental illness: 10 years of a specialist service

This chapter focuses on how mental health and mental illnesses vary according to people's social status or that of their parents. Aside from overall mental health, attention is given to various addictive disorders such as alcoholism, drug addiction in general, and pathological gambling. Various types of antisocial disorders such as externalizing behavior, childhood conduct disorder, and psychopathy are also given attention, as is depression and schizophrenia. Also covered in this chapter are relationships between social status and eating disorders, phobias, and obsessive compulsive disorder, as well as stress, suicide, and sleep quality.

Estudio psicométrico del Cuestionario de Detección del Trastorno de Conducta (CDTC)

In Mexico an elevated rate of violence exists and it has been increasing over the years. A high percentage of these violent individuals fulfill the criteria of Antisocial Personality Disorder in their adult life or Conduct Disorder (CD) in their childhood or adolescence. The behavior of these individuals is aggressive and there is a violation of the rules and the rights of others. Since CD carries serious consequences and can progress to an antisocial disorder, it is advisable to treat children and adolescents as soon as possible. Therefore, it is necessary to have an instrument for the diagnosis of CD in Mexico. In order to have a reliable tool, the DSM-IV questionnaire was analyzed for the diagnosis of the conduct disorder (Previously dissocial disorder in DSM-IV-TR) with a sample of 305 high school students, 155 female and 150 male students from the city of Morelia, Michoacan (Mexico). It was concluded that the best solution was 1 factor in terms of its internal structure and a Cronbach alpha value of .87. All 14 items were suitable, Pearson's correlations were made with other measures, obtaining positive and moderate correlations with the Plutchik Impulsivity Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Knight CRAFFT scale (Assess risk of substance abuse), and there was no correlation with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results support that this instrument possesses adequate psychometric properties to be administrated on the city of Morelia, Michoacan (Mexico).

Correlations between the affective response and aggressiveness level at patients with psychotic disorders

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, conceptual disorganization and behavioral), negative symptoms, cognitive dysfunction and improper emotional responses are considered cardinal symptoms. Hostility and aggression are common in major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar affective disorders, aggressive behavior constituting a diagnostic criterion for certain personality disorders: antisocial disorder and borderline disorder. Emotional expressiveness may cause malfunctioning, verbal and physical aggression. Material and method: The preliminary study was conducted on a total of 26 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder according to DSM-V operational criteria (2013) and ICD 10 (1992). In the study group were predominantly male, urban areas, the average age being 37 years old; most patients had secondary education. We applied: scale PANSS with subscales PANSS positive PANSS negative and PANSS general scale YMRS, HAM-D, HAM-A and questionnaire aggression Bush & Perri (1992) with four subscales (physical aggression and verbal, anger, hostility). The objective of this study was to establish correlations between the level of aggression and emotional response PANSS negative subscale scores determined by, YMRS, HAM-D, HAM-A. Results and discussions: Applying regression methods multiline and correlations between variables were revealed significant positive relationships between YMRS scale values, namely (a) total score of aggression questionnaire (r = .428, p = .029, (b) Physical Aggression Factor ( r = .593, p = .001), and (c) factor Anger (r = .418, p = .034). The items of the scale PANSS negative subscale correlated significantly negative with the Anger factor in the aggression questionnaire (r = - 0.440, p = .024). Conclusions: Aggression and anger are positively correlated with manic symptoms and negative with affective flattening, apathy. In conclusion, physical aggression can be predicted by YMRS score or PANSS negative score.

Differences in Psychopathology among Patients with Dual Diagnosis that are Entering Mental Health Services in Cyprus in Correlation with Alcohol Dependence

Introduction: Dual diagnosis is undoubtedly one of the most important problems that mental health services are currently facing. The common problem of all patients is that they resort to psychiatric services due to complications caused by the use or abuse of legal and illegal substances and at the same time due to the presence of another psychiatric disorder. The literature supports the hypothesis that psychiatric disorders and substance abuse disorders coexist more frequently than initially estimated. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine, assess and compare the characteristics and the psychopathology between patients with dual diagnosis receiving treatment for mental disorders and those receiving treatment for substance abuse disorders within the framework of the substance abuse treatment programs provided by the Mental Health Services of Cyprus. Furthermore, this study examines the differences in psychopathology in correlation with alcohol dependence, duration of treatment and the number of hospitalizations in relation with dual diagnosis. Methods: In this study three hundred patients were used: 150 of them were dually diagnosed and admitted to drug addiction therapeutic and rehabilitation centers for legal and illegal substances and 150 were dually diagnosed and admitted to psychiatric units in the Mental Health Center in Cyprus. The EuropASI the AUDIT, and the PDQ4 were administered individually to each participant. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The results revealed that the dually diagnosed patients who were admitted to psychiatric units had higher figures of diagnosis (mhuM=3.03, duM=2.55, pvalue), higher figures of hospitalization in Mental Health Services (mhuM=12.25, duM=7.73) and significantly more psychological problems (mhuM=63.02, duM=18.78), as well as longer prison time (mhuM=5.55, duM=2.10), compared to those that entered substance abuse treatment programs. The mean age of first use for men was 17.88 for psychiatric patients and 17.52 for patients entering substance abuse treatment programs (p value=0.001). For women, the mean starting age was 17.50 in psychiatric units and 17.60 in substance abuse treatment programs (p value=0.01).In most cases, the main substance of dependence was cannabis, followed by cocaine, in both study groups (57.5% the case of cannabis, 20% for cocaine in psychiatric units and 30% for cannabis, 20% for cocaine in substance abuse treatment programs). A total of 53.4% of the patients admitted to substance abuse treatment programs had a family history of alcoholism, while the corresponding figure for those in psychiatric units was 46.6%; 50% of both groups had a family history of drug addiction. The patients with anti-social disorder according to the PDQ-4 questionnaire had a higher incidence of alcohol dependence than patients without anti-social disorder. The use of alcohol over the last 30 days was associated with an increase in the frequency of alcohol dependency. Implications for Mental Health Nursing: The results indicate that the lack of a specialized treatment center creates a significant gap for treatment, which leads to Mental Health Services overuse and misuse, and to continuous hospitalizations and relapses, leading dual diagnosis patients to disorganization and isolation. Mental health specialists should learn and be educated in new therapeutic approaches in order to treat dually diagnosed patients holistically.

Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Part 1 The field of child and adolescent psychiatry: classification of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders - an historical review development of the subspecialty of chld and adolescent psychiatry future trends in child and adolescent psychiatry. Part 2 Assessment and diagnosis: normal growth and development - an overview concepts of diagnostic classification clinical assessment in infancy and early childhood clinical interview of the child clinical interview of the adolescent the parent interview the family interview use of rating scales and questionnaires psychological and neuropsychological testing laboaratory and diagostic testing diagnosis and diagnostic formulation presentation of findings and recommendations. Part 3 Developmental disorders: mental retardation autistic disorder other pervasive developmental disorders developmental disorders of language and learning. Part 4 Schizophrenic and affective disorders: schizophrenic and psychotic disorders mood disorders in children mood disorders in adolescents. Part 5 Disorders of conduct and behaviour: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder oppositional defiant disorder conduct disorder conceptual and diagnostic issues conduct disorders in childhood adolescent conduct and antisocial disorders. Part 6 The anxiety disorders: separation anxiety, overanxious and avoidant disorders obsessive-compulsive disorder simple phobia, social phobia, and panic disorders post traumatic stress disorder in children. Part 7 Eating and nutritional disorders: eating and nutritional disorders of infancy and early childhood anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa obesity of infancy and childhood. Part 8 Tic and movement disorders: tic, stereotypy, and habit disorders. Part 9 Disorders in somatic function: sleep disorders - infancy through adolescence disorders of elimination concept and classification of psychosomatic disorders the somatoform disorders. Part 10 Special issues in childhood and adoleescence: substance use and abuse gender identity and psychosexual disorders adjustment and reactive disorders child physical abuse child sexual abuse acquired immune deficiency syndrome suicide and suicidality personality disorders forensic psychiatry. Part 11 Treatment: psychopharmacology psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy behaviour modification focused timelimited psychotherapy and crisis intervention family therapy group therapy hypnosis.