Antiquity Period Research Articles

A Late Antiquity case of a chronic osteomyelitis from the population of Cortijo Coracho, Córdoba, Spain (IV-VIII centuries AD).

The Cortijo Coracho archaeological site dates from the Late Antiquity period, from the 5th to the 8th century AD. During this period, a number of populations settled in the area (Germanic peoples until Visigothic rule, Byzantine until the arrival of the Arabs, etc.), each of them concentrating the historical characteristics in the Sub-Baetic that are currently known. The Cortijo Coracho archaeological site is currently located in the city of Lucena (Cordoba, Spain), found after the works on the A-45 motorway. The necropolis consists of 294 inhumations and the remains of a basilica, although after a series of surveys it is estimated that there are around 700 additional burials, which would make it the largest necropolis with ad sancti burials surrounding a martyrial basilica dating back to the 4th century AD. Among the burials, 397 subjects were recovered, which implies a large presence of shared and/or reused burials. These subjects were transferred to the city's museum, where they were examined, reorganised and classified. At this point, subjects of scientific interest were found, as is the case of subject 204, the topic of this article. This individual, described as an adult male, is an example of the living conditions of this period, since despite his injury on the left lower extremity, a double fracture aggravated by a chronic osteomyelitis infection, he continued to use that limb. This paper will give the details of that distinctive lesion and the possible hypotheses underlying it.

Structural Investigation of Drini River Bridges, Case Study of Structures Analyses

The Drini is the longest river not only in Albania, but in the west Balkan region, with a total length of 285 km. It is well known for a lot of number and famous bridges constructed since the antiquity period and continuing nowadays. This paper is focused on the structural development of bridges that used to be called “Kukësi Bridges” located over the White and Black Drini rivers. The old bridges were built and designed in 1974 using KTP Albanian national codes, carrying the first-class road until the building of a national road. The new bridge is in the final construction stage with the reconstruction of the national road highway, designed with advanced requirements regarding Eurocode standards. This paper analyses the structural bridges' progress related to historical and technical points of view.

Еволюція ідей захисту прав дитини

The article examines the ideas of children's rights protection from a historical perspective. It was found that in the Antiquity period, a child's life was not regarded as particularly valuable; children could be killed or left without proper care. The state had a significant influence on the process of child-rearing, shaping the skills and beliefs necessary for society. During the Middle Ages, children were seen as an economic resource for the family, and religion had a substantial impact on their upbringing. The Renaissance marked an important period for the development of humanistic ideas concerning human rights, including children's rights. Ideas emerged about the necessity of protecting children's rights, ensuring their proper upbringing, and creating a conducive environment for the development of their moral and intellectual qualities. Childhood began to be recognized as a distinct stage of life with its own unique characteristics and needs. In the Enlightenment period, ideas about the necessity of protecting and guaranteeing children's rights began to take shape. It was recognized that children had a certain level of freedom and rights to self-expression and selfrealization. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th-19th centuries initiated discussions about the need to recognize children's rights to protection from exploitation, improve their living conditions, and legally enshrine children's rights. From the beginning of the 20th century, following World War I, there was a growing interest in the issue of child protection in most European and North American countries. In 1924, the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child was adopted, which, despite being purely declarative, became the first international legal document aimed at protecting children's rights and interests. In 1959, as a continuation of the ideas of the Geneva Declaration, the UN General Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, which was more comprehensive and detailed. However, these documents were not legally binding and served merely as recommendations. The 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child became the foundation for international protection of children's rights and is mandatory for implementation by the states that have ratified it.

Results of a palynological study of the contents of small glass bottles of the Late Antiquity from the Kanchaani Cemetery (Southeastern Georgia)

Eight small glass bottles (vials) have been obtained from five graves of the Kanchaani cemetery, dating to the 1st-3rd centuries AD. The objects came to the laboratory almost intact, and their contents have also survived. Analysis of the plant pollen and the study of non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP) of these contents showed that there was a set of various medicinal plants in seven bottles, and one bottle contained an infusion made from in-sects, which also had medicinal properties. The pollen of 23 medicinal plants has been determined to genus and species levels in the contents of the bottles. The paper describes in detail the characteristics of all found medici-nal plants and their use in folk medicine. It turns out, that the ethnopharmacology of the Late Antiquity Period in the region under consideration was rather well developed.

전통의학 차별 속에서도 일제 식민 지배에 맞선 한의(약)계의 독립운동

From the High Antiquity Period, Eastern Medicine (and medical studies), which have been passed down, were thoroughly undervalued and treated as barbaric alongside the Western-style modernization policies during the Japanese colonial era, leading to legal and institutional discrimination. Such transitions, often branded as innovation, invariably bring confusion, division, and conflict. Starting with occupational discrimination, certain professional groups, entangled with nationalistic discrimination, the struggle for occupational survival, and the calling of the independence movement, entered and expanded into a new phase. Practitioners of Oriental Medicine formed alliances by establishing organizations to preserve traditional medicine, with efforts manifesting as records of 'military doctors' being incorporated into the armed forces starting from the post-Righteous Army (1907) period. Subsequently, Oriental Medicine practitioners participated in the March 1st Movement and played roles under the provisional government's united command system, employing unique strategies for independence utilizing their professional specialties. This study comprehensively analyzes the status shifts and sur vival crises of Oriental Medicine, including participation in the Righteous Army in the 1900s and the independence movement in the 1910s.

Античность (Тысячелетие до Рождества Христова). Базис европейской культуры

The essay is devoted to a summary review of the main phenomena of global artistic culture in the Antiquity period (a millennium before the Birth of Christ). The work provides a holistic vision of artistic phenomena. The author consistently examines the achievements of ancient masters in various art forms: literature (the creation of the spiritual foundation of ancient culture in religious canons and national epic), architecture (the appearance of the order in ancient Greek classics), sculpture (as the leading genre of Antiquity), fine art (based on preserved frescoes and mosaics), theatrical art (tragedies of ancient Greek playwrights), poetry (Roman classicism). Attention is also paid to the development of art in line with Hellenism and to the parallels to Greco-Roman Antiquity in the territories of the East. In addition, an overview of the last stage of Antiquity, the Roman stage (the heyday of Roman architecture and sculpture), is given. In conclusion, the author finds that the art phenomena of the period of Antiquity played the most important role as the basis of European culture.

OLBIAN DOLPHIN PROTO-COINS: STURGEONS, SHARKS OR DOLPHINS?

Introduction. Olbian dolphin proto-coins is one of the most common and simultaneously unique serial metalworks of the early antiquity period. The question of biological prototypes, which, according to different researchers, could be either fish or dolphins, remains debatable. The absence of species affiliation analysis of the dolphin-like depictions does not allow to give a clear answer to this question. Objective. Determination of zoological prototypes of dolphin protocoins by comparative anatomical analysis. Results. Among the 36 anatomical feautures that can be identified on the coins, 25 are inherent in fish, in particular 21 are specific for sturgeons and 19 for sharks, and only 9 clearly belong to dolphins. The presence and distinctiveness of the traits creates a variety of types of proto-coins, and the combination of feautures from fish and dolphins causes the depictions to look whimsical. Archaic and primitive proto-currency herewith have a fish prototype. Diagnostic features of fish on the coins: big eyes on the sides of the head, operculum, lateral line, two dorsal fins, pressed to the body pectoral fin, truncated caudal fin. Some feautures (hypertrophied elongated snout, dorsal fin being closer to caudal fin, scutes on the body, heterocercal caudal fin) correspond to sturgeons, others (gill slits, location and shape of dorsal and pectoral fins, heterocercal caudal fin) to sharks. Bulging forehead should be considered as direct proof of a dolphin prototype for the coins, while other traits are either overlaped by fish feautures, or their interpretation is subjective. Conclusions. 1. The multiplicity of types and forms of dolphin-like coins, which combines traits of dolphins and different species of fish, indicates an absence of a single prototype. 2. The majority of the traits on anepigraphic coins is native to fish. The prototypes are sturgeons and possibly sharks. 3. By combinations of features it is possible to distinguish sturgeon- and shark-type proto-coins. 4. Some creations have bizarre depictions. 5. Heavyweight dolphins - whimsical representations with features of sharks as well as possibly other fish and dolphins. 6. Epigraphical dolphins with an «АРІХО» inscription bear signs of fish, whilst smaller ones with «ΘΥ» are rather bizarre depictions. 7. Predominance of fish traits on archaic and primitive items proves the primacy of the image of the fish.

Animal Husbandry During Late Antiquity: Archaeozoological Analysis and Regional Comparison of the 4th to 6th Century AD Small Rural Settlement in Podersdorf am See (Burgenland, Austria)

ABSTRACT This study investigates the faunal assemblage from excavations in Podersdorf am See (easternmost Austria) dating between the 4th and 6th century AD. The site is located in a flat area east of Lake Neusiedl (Hungarian: Fertő tó), surrounded by numerous (palaeo-)lake depressions and comprises remains of small-scale rural installations from three phases between the 2nd and 13th century AD. In contrast with previous studies, which focus on urban sites or villae rusticace, Podersdorf offers the opportunity to examine the Late Antiquity period of transition at a peripheral, small-scale, rural site. In total, 904 animal bones were investigated. Although several features hint at a rural site of producers, such as the dominance of female sheep/goats there are, also indications for animal imports, including a high number of male/castrated cattle and pigs along with the presence of three different cattle morphotypes. Age and sex profiles of the main domesticated species (cattle, sheep/goats and pigs) show a slight emphasis on meat consumption. Chop and cut marks on horse and dog bones indicate cynophagy and hippophagy. Compared with contemporaneous sites in north-eastern Austria, Podersdorf has the highest NISP number of wild mammals, the second highest number of horses, and the second highest number of birds.

Delos Archaeological Marbles: A Preliminary Geochemistry‐Based Quarry Provenance Study

This paper presents for the first time chemical data on the ancient (Antiquity period) marble quarries of Delos Island and some architectural marbles from its famous and exceptionally well‐preserved archaeological site. Delos geological substratum is mostly composed of granite, including very few decametric marble enclaves. However, ancient Delian architecture is dominated by gneiss and marbles. A large quantity of marble had thus to be imported from neighbouring Cycladic Islands and continental Greece. Their provenances remain mostly unknown. Several analytical methods have been developed in archaeometry for years to determine the origin of marbles, but they are generally destructive. This paper reports a methodology based on a hand‐held portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyser to detect major and trace elements often used in provenance studies. Drawbacks of using those elements for marble provenance and analytical limitations attached to portable instruments were frequently discussed. Here the usefulness of pXRF for marble provenance research was tested in association with principal component analysis (PCA). Two artefacts of presumed Delian origin were selected and the results showed that one of them came undoubtedly from a Delian quarry while the other one was not of local origin. This protocol appeared to be a powerful tool when conventional destructive analyses are precluded.

The history of the emergence of ideas about the principle of reasonableness in the mechanism of interpretation of law

The issue of the history of the origin of ideas about the principle of reasonableness in law occupies a central place within the study of historical and legal aspects of the principles of law in general. The author proves that the ideas about the principles of law in general are marked by the historical duration of their formation and development, and today the legal doctrine is represented by a wide range: a) worldview and scientific ideas of thinkers of antiquity; b) various theoretical and practical ideas of philosophers of the medieval period; c) scientific works of the Modern Age and the Enlightenment; d) innovative concepts and theories put forward by modern philosophers, modern jurists, political scientists, philosophers and scientists (both representatives of legal sciences and other branches of scientific research). In addition, the paper analyzes the history of the origin of worldviews and scientific ideas about the principle of reasonableness in law, as well as identifies the factors that led to its separation as an object of scientific knowledge. It is substantiated that thinkers of the Antiquity period comprehend and reveal the ideas of reason in law (law) through a set of other concepts and categories that form a connection with this ideological principle, namely: the logos, which is defined as the eternal world order; law, legislative activity as a manifestation of the logos, the ability to formalize the logos; wisdom as a result of education and human experience, public interests and balancing the interests of various subjects of social relations; common sense, etc. Summarizes the position that in the views of thinkers arises and develops the worldview that law is a product of mental human activity, which should be educated, vitally wise, and therefore able to think, analyze the objective needs of society, distinguish between «good» and «evil». This idea became a component of sophistry, which later in the views of Roman jurists expanded and rethought in terms of lawmaking and law enforcement on the mental abilities of man, who invest in the content of laws rational ideas and able to understand and apply them with the mind. It is stated that despite the fact that in the legal teachings of antiquity the principle of reasonableness in law has not yet become an independent subject of worldview or scientific understanding, nor has it been singled out as a separate legal category, it should be noted the research interest of ancient thinkers in development and improvement law, its nature, essence and functional purpose, actions and effectiveness, which are understood, including through the prism of ideas about human wisdom (mind), rationality in law, features of the implementation of law in human consciousness and behavior. Keywords: law principles, functions law principles, principle of reasonableness in law, role of principle of reasonableness in law, system law principles.

Churchmen and Statesmen: Christian Ecclesiastical Embassies and Diplomacy for Non-Christian Empires during Late Antiquity and Medieval Period (4th–14th centuries)

Churchmen and Statesmen: Christian Ecclesiastical Embassies and Diplomacy for Non-Christian Empires during Late Antiquity and Medieval Period (4th–14th centuries)

The formation of human rights and freedoms in the teachings of philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome

The formation of human rights and freedoms in the teachings of philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome

LAND MANAGEMENT AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF TERRACES FOR DRY FARMING: THE CASE OF THE SOREQ CATCHMENT, ISRAEL

SummaryThe construction of terrace walls for dry farming in the highlands of the Levant was traditionally associated with demographic growth that caused pressure on available land for cultivation. In this paper we suggest an alternative model and claim that terraces were adopted as a subsistence strategy at periods when land ownership was centralized in the hands of either powerful landowners or managed through complex family‐based cooperation like the Musha system of the Late Antiquity period. This claim is based both on the study of land use and settlement patterns within the Upper Nahal Soreq, north‐west of Jerusalem, where close to 350 excavated or surveyed sites of all kinds were catalogued and mapped, and on the results of an OSL dating project that directly dated the construction of terrace walls for dry farming in the highlands of Jerusalem in general and at the Upper Nahal Soreq catchment in particular.

Population of the Armenian Higlands in the age of Antiquity (according of anthropological materials of urban and rural settlements)

Article is devoted to studying of bone remains from antique burial grounds from the territory of the Armenian Highland. Anthropological materials of burials consist of 322 skeletons and dated I–III c. AD. The article analyzes the differences in anthropological characteristics of urban and rural population of Armenia of Antiquity period. The work is based on classical craniometric and statistical research methods. Artificial cranial deformationare and unintended deformation of a cradle-type found among urban and rural populations. As an intragroup analysis showed, the main differences between male urban and rural population across the size of the width of the frontal bone and face. If the villagers face orthognatic, angle of horizontal profiling at the top level enters the category of averages, in urban women face mezognatik, the angle of horizontal profiling is characterized by small values. Intergroup analysis showed, closest to urban male groups it turned out the tribes of Chernyakhov culture and the population of the Middle East. A male part of the villagers shows intimacy with Scythians of Crimea, Ukraine and Transnistria. The female part of the towns’ people is close with the Scythians of Ukraine and Crim; villagers are morphologically similar to the carriers of the Middle Sarmatian cultures of the Don region, with a population of the first centuries AD from Tanais, European and Asian Bosporus. Morphological analogies with the population of Northern Turkmenistan (Tumek-Kichidzhik), Western Ukraine (Chernyakhov culture), Middle Dnieper and Moldova (Scythians) were also revealed. This circumstance confirms the fact of sustainable, constant migration flow to the territory of the Armenian Highlands.

Evidence for Early European Neolithic Dog Dispersal: New Data on Southeastern European Subfossil Dogs from the Prehistoric and Antiquity Ages.

The history of dog domestication is still under debate, but it is doubtless the process of an ancient partnership between dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans. Although data on ancient DNA for dog diversity are still incomplete, it is clear that several regional dog populations had formed in Eurasia up to the Holocene. During the Neolithic Revolution and the transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer societies, followed by civilization changes in the Antiquity period, the dog population structure also changed. This process was due to replacement with newly formed dog populations. In this study, we present for the first time mitochondrial data of ancient dog remains from the Early Neolithic (8000 years before present (BP)) to Late Antiquity (up to 3th century AD) from southeastern Europe (the Balkans). A total of 16 samples were analyzed, using the mitochondrial D-loop region (HVR1). The results show the presence of A (70%) and B (25%) clades throughout the Early and Late Neolithic Period. In order to clarify the position of our results within the ancient dog population in Eneolithic Eurasia, we performed phylogenetic analysis with the available genetic data sets. This data showed a similarity of the ancient Bulgarian dogs to Italian (A, B, and C clades) and Iberian (clades A and C) dogs’ populations. A clear border can be seen between southern European genetic dog structure, on the one hand, and on the other hand, central-western (clade C), eastern (clade D) and northern Europe (clades A and C). This corresponds to genetic data for European humans during the same period, without admixture between dog populations. Also, our data have shown the presence of clade B in ancient Eurasia. This is not unexpected, as the B haplogroup is widely distributed in extant Balkan dogs and wolves. The presence of this clade both in dogs and in wolves on the Balkans may be explained with hybridization events before the Neolithic period. The spreading of this clade across Europe, together with the A clade, is related to the possible dissemination of newly formed dog breeds from Ancient Greece, Thrace, and the Roman Empire.

Osvrt na arhitektonski kompleks na Mogorjelu kao problem historiografije XIX, XX i XXI stoljeća / A review of the Mogorjelo architectural complex as the historiographical problem of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries

Ever since it has been mentioned for the first time in the 19 century, the site of Mogorjelo has sparked the interest of the scholarship. Much of what we know today about this architectural complex is owed to Carl Patch who conducted a systematic archaeological research at this site from 1899 to 1903. Patch believed that the discovered remains of the complex, in fact, represent a former Roman camp or a castrum, one link in the system of Roman forts between the rivers Krka and Neretva. He dated this camp to the period of the 1 st th century which was restored in the second half of the 3 rd century after being destroyed at the beginning of the 2 century. Scholars such as Bojanovski, Anthes, Swoboda, Duval and Špehar agreed with Patch that Mogorjelo was a military camp, but they rejected the 1 century as its date. The second group of scholars rejected this view and believe that this site was the center of a large agricultural estate with supporting facilities. When it comes to construction phases and dating, the majority of scholars agree that the remains, visible today in Mogorjelo, belong to the Late Antiquity period, more specifically the 4 century. However, their opinions differ in case of construction. Thus, some scholars, such as Basler and Vetters, believe that the first construction phase can be dated to the 1 th century, whereas others believe that this phase took place somewhat later. st Although it has been more than one century since the discovery of Mogorjelo, we can assume that two basic requirements are necessary for obtaining a definite answer regarding its character and construction phases. The first requirement is the analysis and publication of over 150 crates of materials that Carl Patsch has dug out during the systematic research between 1899 and 1903. This material was sent to the National Museum in Sarajevo where it has been sitting in its depot ever since. An important drawback in the study of Mogorjelo is the lack of access to the logs compiled by Carl Patch, as well as his drawings, photographs and plans prepared from 1899 to 1903 that are being kept today in Südost-Institut in Munich. The unavailability of his excavation insights, remarks and notes represent a gap for all researchers who have dealt with Mogorjelo. Thus the second requirement is the publication of Patch’s materials which would enable all interested researchers to access his work and study this site.

Ampurias en la Antigüedad Tardía. Una nueva perspectiva

La historiografía tradicional ha venido sosteniendo que durante la Baja Antigüedad la ciudad de Ampurias no era otra cosa que el fantasma apenas tangible de su lejana grandeza. Sin embargo, una lectura atenta de los datos y un conjunto de nuevas evidencias, textuales y arqueológicas, permiten plantear los hechos de manera bien distinta y reconocer, para esta etapa histórica, un período de gran importancia para la ciudad. sede episcopal y el puerto más activo de un vastísimo territorio.

To the origins of the 'unitary psychosis' doctrine: from Aretaeus to V. Chiarugi

The concepts of the authors of 'unitary psychosis' doctrine preceeding the famous concepts of the XIX-th century authors J. Guislain, A. Zeller and W. Griesinger are analyzed. The beginnings of unitary psychosis doctrine are presented in the works of the antiquity period physician Aretaeus the Cappadician (II century), the founder of neurology, the English physician Thomas Willis (XVII century), the author of the term 'neurosis', the Scottish physician W. Cullen and the Florentine psychiatrist V. Chiarugi (XVIII century). The notions of partial and general insanity and some counter-arguments of the opponents of unitary psychosis concept are also discussed.

Human-shaped landscape history in NE Greece. A palaeoenvironmental perspective

Following palaeobotanical, sedimentological and archaeological research recently conducted on and around the tell of Dikili Tash (Eastern Macedonia, Greece), we present continuous palaeoenvironmental data on this multi-period site. This study combines pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs), macro-charcoal and sedimentological analyses that are compared with archaeological data from the Middle Neolithic to Antiquity period. It provides an overview of the local environment near the former Tenaghi-Philippon marsh and a comprehensive view of human impact on vegetation cover in lowlands. As early as ca. 4550cal BCE, an initial phase of change in vegetation cover, has been recorded. This period, in the Eastern Mediterranean region, is one of intensifying human activities and social interactions into the Balkan region, which resulting in the foundation and transformation of early Late Neolithic societies. Although the palynological record does not show the crops species grown, the intensive clearance resulted in the increase of open herbaceous landscapes with anthropogenic indicators. This, as well as the increase of macro-charcoal values strongly supports a more or less continuously shaping of the landscape by human induced fires. New tree species that also became established at this time include Olea and Castanea. The presence of three main formations can be argued from the Early Neolithic to Antiquity: (1) riparian vegetation, (2) oak woodlands and (3) open vegetation in the form of wooded grasslands. Beyond the responses to climate changes, the vegetation composition reflects a regionally diversified land management system as indicated by a greater diversity in cultivated or harvested plants. The study reveals two phases of decline in land use directly on the edge of the marsh, although indicators of anthropogenic disturbance of the vegetation never entirely disappear during these periods between 3900 and 3300cal BCE at the transition from the Late Neolithic (LNII) to the Bronze Age and from 1650 to 800cal BCE when we observe a reorganization of the settlement on the higher slopes. In contrast, four periods are characterized by an increase in land use extension and intensification: Late Neolithic (4500–3900cal BC); Early to Middle Bronze Age (3000–1600cal BCE), the Iron Age (1000–800cal BCE) and Antiquity during the Macedonian (ca. 357–148cal BCE) and Roman periods (148cal BCE–cal 395CE).

Unpublished glass findings from the eastern necropolis of Naissus (Jagodin Mala, Nis)

In the period from 1952-1967, during the systematic archaeological excavations of the area of the eastern necropolis of Naissus, in the modern day city quarter of Jagodin Mala, in Nis, a large number of glass objects was found. A representative portion of the findings was published in various publications, while the other findings, which belong to the study collection of the National Museum in Nis, have not been the subject of any separate study. These are new kinds of findings, such as glass lamps, window panes and tesserae, and the collection also includes the familiar, standard repertoire of glass vessels of the Late Antiquity period. The findings come from the grave units, the cemetery basilica with its crypt, and the archaeological layers from the area of the necropolis in Jagodin Mala. Besides the typological-chronological, as well as the topographic analysis, the paper also presents a complete image of the glass objects from the area of the necropolis, used in the burial and liturgical practices of the population of Naissus in Late Antiquity.