Antiquity Ages Research Articles

Translation Activities at Dar al-`ilm (The House of Knowledge) or Dar al-Tarjamah (The House of Translation) in Gondesaphur and the Influence of Translations on the Persian and Arab World

If the Alexandrian school was an important centre of culture and science in the Antique Age, the Gondesaphur Academy (or School) was the most important intellectual centre in the Medieval Age because the city of Gondesaphur, located in the south-west Iran in Khuzestan Province, had a particular importance as a city and as a centre of cosmopolitan culture. Between the fifth and ninth centuries, Gondesaphur became a centre of translations of classics and works on medicine, astronomy, astrology and other fields. Important works, especially on medicine, were translated from Sanskrit and Greek into Pahlawi, and then into Arabic at Dar al-‘ilm (The House of Knowledge) or Dar al-Tarjamah (The House of Translation) in Gondesaphur and these translations influenced the Persian and Arab world and science a lot. The translations of the Panchatantra, an Indian collection of stories; Kalila wa Demna and the Almagest of Ptolemy can be cited as some important works done in Gonesaphur. The aim of this study is to give information about the Gondesaphur Academy (or School), to examine the translation activities in Gondesaphur and the influence of these translations on the Persian and Arab world.

Methodology for the Study of the Vulnerability of Historic Buildings: The Reconstruction of the Transformation Phases of the Church of the Abbey-Castle of Santo Stefano in Monopoli in Puglia (Italy)

The study presented here concerns an analysis of the structural vulnerability of the arm of the church of the Castello di Santo Stefano Abbey in Monopoli in Puglia (Italy). The ancient monument is located on a small “Peninsula” between two ancient natural harbors, 3 km from Monopoli and 5 km from the archaeological site of Egnazia. Studies on the abbey-castle, have revealed different construction and deconstruction phases relating to historical periods of the Roman age, late antique age, medieval age, modern and contemporary age. The castle is typically attributable to a closed courtyard with four arms. The last one, close to the wall on the port of Tramontana, was added at a contemporary time. The arm of the church is characterized by the crypt with opus reticulatum walls from the two surviving bays of the former Benedictine church, from the residential palace of the 18th century, and from the residential extensions of the 20th century. The north-east and north-west arms, born in the 16th century as defensive earth-filled walls with respective bulwarks (north-east pentagonal and north-west at the tip of a spear), were redeveloped between the 17th and 18th centuries into residential buildings with panoramic loggias and overlooking new ditches enclosed by high walled defenses. The study was conducted with non-invasive methods such as: thermographic surveys; archaeological survey; stratigraphic survey of the walls; stratigraphic survey of plants; photogrammetric survey; 3D returns; Morpho-typological survey of the building material making it possible to acquire data on degradation, on the historicization of instability, on the phases of “growth” of the 18th century and of stylistic “reconstructions” of the 19th century. The data acquired, compared with each other, documented: the deterioration and instability of the foundation wall structures (the crypt) and that of the elevated structures: surviving spans of the church and residential building. Alveolization of the building material, deformations, variations in the geometric shape, lack of resistance of the foundation walls due to the typological and qualitative characteristics of the material (opus reticulatum in soft tuff) with high porosity and problems of the church roof system.

A Traditional Wooden Structure Technique from Anatolia. Wooden Granaries in the Ancient Region of Lycia (Teke Peninsula)

Teke Peninsula, known in the Age of Antiquity as Lycia, was a land of fertile plains and the scene of many settlements that contained storage areas bearing evidence of agricultural production dating to the Neolithic Era. Among the most important witnesses to the past production of the region are the wooden granaries that are still being used today. They are a manifestation of the area’s rich agricultural production and at the same time, a reflection of the wealth of its wooden architecture. The main aim of this article is to describe the architectural design and structural details of the wooden granaries of the Teke Peninsula, known as Lycia in the Age of Antiquity. The information provided can thus be transferred to future generations as documentation of the history of agricultural production in Anatolia and of the wealth of wooden architecture that displays firm ties to the past.

Clinical Pharmacological Activity of Ayurvedic Treatments in an Osteoarthritis and it’s Benefits Outcomes: Ethnopharmacology Review

Ayurveda is the world’s oldest clinical gadget and the maximum extensively used remedy for alopecia area, mainly in rural India, wherein 68-75% of the populace lives. Ayurveda performed an increasing number of critical functions in Europe and North America because it unfolds to Western international locations withinside the twentieth century. This approach is presently one of the fastest-developing CAM remedies withinside the world. Osteoarthritis is the maximum not unusual place form of arthritis that frequently happens in antique age. Osteoporosis is known as sandy Vata in Ayurveda. It is a joint sickness that reasons pain, swelling, and stiffness whilst the bones are driven into the joint because of abrasion of the cartilage and the bones rub in opposition to every other. The maximum not unusualplace joints are the knee, pelvis, arm, and spine. Osteoarthritis is a main purpose of incapacity withinside the elderly, affecting about 18-26 years of age in adults 22-27 years of age. The occurrence of osteoarthritis is 38tween a long time of forty and forty-five and 76tween a long time of 60 and 65, and the superiority and effect on fitness growth with age. Drug remedy is a complete symptomatic remedy for osteoarthritis of the knee and frequently keeps the person's mobility. This article reviews hints and recommendation on knee implant remedy withinside the new hints of the Asian Medical Association, highlights a few critical aspects, and discusses decision-making considerations. By realistically comparing the effectiveness of remedy, it plans to lessen the threat of clinical mistakes and preventable facet results and take extra meticulous measures.

Review: Knowledge, Ideology, and Civilization: An Attempt at Understanding History (Arabic Edition), by Ali Jarbawi

Review: <i>Knowledge, Ideology, and Civilization: An Attempt at Understanding History (Arabic Edition)</i>, by Ali Jarbawi

“GLADYATÖR” FİLMİNİN ARKEOLOJİK AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ A REVIEW OF “GLADIATOR” FROM THE ARCHEOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW

Epic Films, which is an important genre in cinema, have always won the appreciation of the audience and have been most popular in the 1950s and 60s with their samples that depict the “Antique Age”. The samples of this genre, that educate while entertain are still being made today. After the 2000 movie "Gladiator", many Epics have being produced. One of the best Epic Films, director Ridley Scott's 2000 film "Gladiator" is successful not only in terms of cinematic point of view but also in terms of its reflecting archaeological facts correctly. The film successfully transferred history to the pellicule in terms of venues, art design, accessories and the story line. In "Gladiator", director Ridley Scott gathered all the elements of Gladiator Films, -a subgenre of Peplas made in Italy in the 1960s- and reflected them in one film only. “Gladiator”, combines the themes of Peplas, such as Rome, gladiators, arenas, slaves and cruel rulers in a single work. The starting point of the movie is the competitions held in the Arena in the Ancient Age. Arenas are a platform not only individuals show themselves, but also the rulers to prove their power. In our study, starting from the formation of Amphitheaters, we examine the Arena Phenomenon, Gladiator Films and the place of "Gladiator" in between the similar works, respectively.

Imitative material culture: towards a philosophy for the authentic conservation of historical artificial materials and imitative techniques

ABSTRACT This article extends the concept of the term ‘material culture’ and addresses the production and use of artificial materials and imitative techniques as a phenomenon, defined here as ‘Imitative Material Culture’. It includes consideration of social, economic, technological, historical, and artistic aspects of this culture. While extensive literature exists on specific imitative crafts, perceiving these crafts as a part of one’s culture has not been studied. Its rejection by William Morris, Augustus Pugin and John Ruskin, who promoted conservation in England, left a gap without a clear methodological and philosophical approach towards conservation of this cultural heritage. Its origins have been traced to the age of antiquity; however, imitative material culture reached its zenith between the seventeenth and the nineteenth centuries. The utilisation of marble imitations such as scagliola, marmorino and marezzo increased significantly during this period, most notably in Bavaria, and was later warmly embraced by the Georgians in the UK. Conservation of imitative material culture challenges our perceptions regarding authenticity, as there is an evident philosophical paradox between authentic imitations and authentic conservation within this heritage. Thus, the study provides a platform for choosing an appropriate conservation approach for historic artificial materials and imitative techniques.

Life as a (bio)political input: critical genealogies of Michael Foucault and Giorgio Agamben

The present work means to analyze the relation between politics and life throughout Michael Foucault’s and Agamben’s critical-conceptual articulations. That way, we try to explain the following question: to what extent and under which arguments is it possible to reflect upon the politics over the biological human life taking as reference Foucault’s and Agamben’s thesis and even finding a connection between both? We hypothesize that: (1) it is possible to acknowledge the discovery of politics over life back at the Greco-Roman world, linking the bio politics to the Western political structure; (2) while having its spectrum projected in the Age of Antiquity, bio-politics blossomed within the Modern history, since the appearance of medico-social categories and the realizations around the human life potentiality. To inspect the underlying theme of the question, our text is organized in three different moments: first, we go through Foucault’s perception of bio-politics and its connections to the human life; next, we observe how Agamben proposes his thesis and which arguments he makes use of to sustain his statements; and lastly, we present a liaison between both thesis, putting forward how they connected themselves within a research hypothesis.

Elementy Hermeneutyki podmiotu Michela Foucaulta w powojennej korespondencji Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza z Jerzym Lisowskim

The article analyses the phenomena occurring in epistolary, namely the exchange of letters. The newly published correspondence of Jerzy Lisowski with Anna and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, during a very specific period, when, just after the war, the imposed socialist-realist regime was taking shape, will serve as an example. However, the practices connected with disciplining public order in Poland are not the subject of the article, but people with completely different aesthetic desires. Politics in this correspondence gives way to the plan of, for example, fascination with Romance studies and the achievements of Western culture, which not only united the authors of the epistolary dialogue, but also significantly shaped it for the rest of their lives. This is particularly important if one looks at the professions of both participants in the correspondence. The author of the article takes as a paradigm elements of Michel Foucault’s claims from the collection of lectures entitled Hermeneutics of the Subject from the College de France from the turn of 1981/1982. The correspondence is analysed in terms of claims related to the practices of the self, the exchange of letters between friends in the age of antiquity, and parrhesia. References to fragments of an elementary work on epistolography, namely Theory of a Letter [Teoria listu] by Stefania Skwarczyńska, are also an important element. One of the inspirations for writing the article was also New Theory of a Letter [Nowa teoria listu] by Anita Całek, who also proposes to look at the correspondence through the prism of the theorems of Foucault and Skwarczyńska. The aim of the article was to present not only the essential features of a letter in the context of the formation of interpersonal relations, but also the maturation of personality and to understand to what extent letters may become a testimony of rich autobiographical narratives.

The Problem of Education between Ontology and Epistemology and Application of Kierkegaard Thought to the Problem

Ontology and epistemology are two different basic disciplines of philosophy. In the course of philosophy history, the priority given to these two different disciplines varied between antique age and middle age and modern era. For sure, this central change was realized in the basis of the connection made by philosophers with metaphysics. The change in question is of power to influence human life in many aspects. As for education, it is a field prone to such kind of influences. Existentialism and existentialist philosophers are aware of this course of events in the history of philosophy. Kierkegaard is a philosopher coming to the forefront with his different stand in the modern era. The fact that he regards human being as an existence of synthesis and his style of approaching to the field of faith gave him an opportunity to examine philosophical problems on the ground of metaphysics and ontology. In the current study, the change in question will be evaluated with its dimensions reflected on education. Kierkegaard thought will be taken into consideration in order to answer the problem with a more holistic mind instead of producing some solutions-in-pieces. In this sense, related documents will be analysed in line with the above-mentioned problem and with its dimension related to education.

“Just a Swinging Door” – Examining the Egocentric Misconception of Meditation

Various kinds of contemplative practices have been a part of the western philosophical tradition since the Age of Antiquity. Today, however, philosophy as a way of life has ceased to be an integral part of academic practice. The capability to gain knowledge or understanding is believed to come out of pure intellectual endeavor, without exercising the mind and body holistically. This has created a blind spot for philosophy, where no profound pedagogical and moral transformation of subjectivity can be articulated. Furthermore, meditation practices have often been understood as egoistic, apolitical activity. Our purpose is to suggest that this understanding is due to the liberalist and Cartesian tradition of subjectivity today widely proliferated in education. However, through an analysis of a meditation exercise in breathing, it is possible to deconstruct these notions and open novel vistas for thinking about the relationship between truth and subjectivity in education. A simple breathing exercise can dissolve the dualisms ingrained in occidental philosophy and culture - which has many socio-political implications for educational theory and praxis

Population of the Armenian Higlands in the age of Antiquity (according of anthropological materials of urban and rural settlements)

Article is devoted to studying of bone remains from antique burial grounds from the territory of the Armenian Highland. Anthropological materials of burials consist of 322 skeletons and dated I–III c. AD. The article analyzes the differences in anthropological characteristics of urban and rural population of Armenia of Antiquity period. The work is based on classical craniometric and statistical research methods. Artificial cranial deformationare and unintended deformation of a cradle-type found among urban and rural populations. As an intragroup analysis showed, the main differences between male urban and rural population across the size of the width of the frontal bone and face. If the villagers face orthognatic, angle of horizontal profiling at the top level enters the category of averages, in urban women face mezognatik, the angle of horizontal profiling is characterized by small values. Intergroup analysis showed, closest to urban male groups it turned out the tribes of Chernyakhov culture and the population of the Middle East. A male part of the villagers shows intimacy with Scythians of Crimea, Ukraine and Transnistria. The female part of the towns’ people is close with the Scythians of Ukraine and Crim; villagers are morphologically similar to the carriers of the Middle Sarmatian cultures of the Don region, with a population of the first centuries AD from Tanais, European and Asian Bosporus. Morphological analogies with the population of Northern Turkmenistan (Tumek-Kichidzhik), Western Ukraine (Chernyakhov culture), Middle Dnieper and Moldova (Scythians) were also revealed. This circumstance confirms the fact of sustainable, constant migration flow to the territory of the Armenian Highlands.

INDIVIDUALITY IN ANTIQUE ART

Antik Çağ, günümüze de ışık tutan felsefi görüşlerin ortaya çıkması ve bu görüşlerin tartışılmasına izin verilmesi bakımından insanlık tarihi için çokönemli bir dönemdir. Ayrıca insan anatomisinin binlerce yıllık alışılmış biçimlendirilmesinden kurtularak resim ve heykelde yepyeni yaratımlar gerçekleştirilmesi ve insan anatomisinin hiçbir dönemde başarılamayan ideal bir güzellik unsuru olarak betimlenmesi bakımından da Antik Çağ önemini korumaktadır. Antik Çağ’da özgür kentlerin kurulmasıyla dünya tarihine yeni siyasi ve toplumsal bir anlayış gelmiştir. Kısmen de olsa insan hürriyetinin yeni kapılarının açıldığı bu dönemde doğan Antik Çağ heykeltıraş ve ressamları herhangi bir kurala bağlı kalmaksızın kendilerinden önceki dönemlere göre özgürce eserlerini üretme şansını bulabilmişledir. Halkın deniz ticareti ile uğraşması, pek çok farklı kültürü tanımalarına ve bunun sonucu olarak da daha demokratik düşünmelerine yol açmıştır. Kendilerinin de bir birey oldukları bilinci oluşmaya başlamıştır. Doğalcılık felsefesinin de etkisiyle MÖ V. yüzyıldan itibaren Yunanistan, en parlak dönemini yaşamasını aynı dönemde eş zamanlı olarak başlayan demokratik gelişmeye borçludur. Bu çalışmayla; Antik Çağ olarak bilinen MÖ 5. yüzyıldan MS 6. yüzyıla kadar olan süreç içinde felsefe ve bilimsel düşünceyle birlikte yönetim biçimlerinin değişmesi, akla dayalı yönetim biçiminin bireyler ve toplumda demokratik bilince dönüşmesi ve bu demokratik davranış bilincinin heykeltıraş ve ressamların bireysel üretimlerine nasıl yansıdığını değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Antik Çağ’daki sanatçı bireyselliği; geleneksel üsluplaşmış arkaik eserlerle karşılaştırılarak düşünce biçimi, aklın kullanılması ve yönetime katılım ilişkileri üzerinden incelenerek tartışılmıştır.

Evidence for Early European Neolithic Dog Dispersal: New Data on Southeastern European Subfossil Dogs from the Prehistoric and Antiquity Ages.

The history of dog domestication is still under debate, but it is doubtless the process of an ancient partnership between dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans. Although data on ancient DNA for dog diversity are still incomplete, it is clear that several regional dog populations had formed in Eurasia up to the Holocene. During the Neolithic Revolution and the transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer societies, followed by civilization changes in the Antiquity period, the dog population structure also changed. This process was due to replacement with newly formed dog populations. In this study, we present for the first time mitochondrial data of ancient dog remains from the Early Neolithic (8000 years before present (BP)) to Late Antiquity (up to 3th century AD) from southeastern Europe (the Balkans). A total of 16 samples were analyzed, using the mitochondrial D-loop region (HVR1). The results show the presence of A (70%) and B (25%) clades throughout the Early and Late Neolithic Period. In order to clarify the position of our results within the ancient dog population in Eneolithic Eurasia, we performed phylogenetic analysis with the available genetic data sets. This data showed a similarity of the ancient Bulgarian dogs to Italian (A, B, and C clades) and Iberian (clades A and C) dogs’ populations. A clear border can be seen between southern European genetic dog structure, on the one hand, and on the other hand, central-western (clade C), eastern (clade D) and northern Europe (clades A and C). This corresponds to genetic data for European humans during the same period, without admixture between dog populations. Also, our data have shown the presence of clade B in ancient Eurasia. This is not unexpected, as the B haplogroup is widely distributed in extant Balkan dogs and wolves. The presence of this clade both in dogs and in wolves on the Balkans may be explained with hybridization events before the Neolithic period. The spreading of this clade across Europe, together with the A clade, is related to the possible dissemination of newly formed dog breeds from Ancient Greece, Thrace, and the Roman Empire.

„Митология“ и „религия“ в латинската християнска литература на IV–V в.

Christianity illuminated the world in the age of Antiquity but it differed significantly from the life of the ancient world. The Christian writers of IV–V cc. treat the ancient mythology in a negative way. The present article discusses the characteristics of ancient mythology which were unacceptable from a Christian point of view. Why are the concepts of ‘mythology’ and ‘religion’ opposed in the minds of the Christian writers? Christian literature depicts a different world. What are the characteristics of this world? What demonstrates its reality and veracity? The answers to these questions are given in the article “Mythology and Religion in Latin Christian Literature of IV–V cc.”

Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: the past and the present

The article reflects the history of treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia from the age of antiquity to the present day. Approaches to surgical treatment have undergone significant changes in the last century – from traumatic open operations to minimally invasive surgical interventions using innovative endoscopic technologies. However, some issues in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia remain unresolved which leads to the search for new, safer and more effective methods of surgical treatment of the disease.

The Logic of the West’s History: Three Ages

The postmodern turn of the last quarter of the twentieth century, which consisted in a fi - nal rejection of metanarratives, makes great philosophical systems one of the areas of mythological narratives. However, this fact does not mean we do not have to comprehend the modern situation, which has become an inalienable attribute of modern identity. In this way, generalized metaphors, generalizing our knowledge at the intuitive level of aesthetic perception, become more and more important. From this philosophical and metaphorical instrumentation’s point of view, the history of the West can be schematically described in the form of three ages, symbolized, respectively, by the Mind (intelligence), the Reason, and the Sensuality, each of them having their own unique system-forming meanings that suggest relevant cultural practices. The Mind, or the age of Antiquity, affi rms the identity of the unconcealed in reality with the ontological basis of the existing — the cosmic mind. The Christian Middle Ages raise the line between the world of divine archetypes and sinful empirism. The Reason becomes human’s symbol and destiny. The new age or Modernity focuses on what is happening here and right now, brings reality to the momentary and pragmatic, and therefore can be described as the age of Sensuality. Thus, the logic of the West’s history, understood in this way, allows us to look at the whole historical process from a new perspective, at the same time opposing it (the logic) to the classical view, which became classical in the times of M. Weber, on history as on an ongoing process of disenchantment, the result of which is the mankind teleologically moving towards the incarnation of formal rationality.

Francos, Aquitanos y Vascones. Testimonios arqueológicos al Sur de los Pirineos

Este artículo constituye un breve avance de las investigaciones que, desde hace algunos años, viene efectuando el autor sobre la época tardoantigua en el área de los Pirineos más occidentales. El descubrimiento en tierras alavesas y navarras de dos necrópolis de los siglos VI y VII, con un número de armas digno de mención y con rituales, depósitos y ajuares funerarios que nos remiten no a un contexto cultural hispanovisigodo sino al norte de los Pirineos, permite abrir un debate que replantee las interpretaciones historiográficas actuales para este período.

Anadolu'da Keşfedilmiş Antikçağ Dönemine Ait Üriner Kateterler

Objectivite: Urinary catheterization using urethral catheters is a frequently performed procedure in daily urology practice. Especially in cases of urinary retention, it removes the troubles caused by the inability to urinate. The beginning of the process of drainage of full, distended and painful bladder due to inability to urinate extends to the antique age. During the Ancient Greek and Roman periods, various urinary catheters were developed for this purpose and used for urinary retention. Similar processes took place in Ancient Anatolia where ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were lived. Material and Methods: Including the site reports of the archaeological explorations and the writings of antic age physicians and writers, related literature was surveyed and also sample urinary catheters of private collections and the ones in the archaeological museums of Turkey were viewed. Results: During Anatolian archaeological excavations in ancient cities such as Allianoi, Ephesos and Kolophon, various types of surgical tools and urinary catheters belonging to the Roman period were discovered. Many ancient Anatolian physicians of Anatolia like Soranus of Ephesus and Galen of Pergamon used these catheters and described their own experiences in their daily works. Conclusions: In ancient times, it was known that urethral anatomies were different in male and female gender, and for this reason it was seen that catheters were used in different shapes and sizes for men and women.

Plants Producing Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins in Traditional Medicine.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are enzymes that deadenylate nucleic acids and are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom. Many plants that contain RIPs are listed in the pharmacopoeias of folk medicine all over the world, mostly because of their toxicity. This review analyses the position occupied in traditional medicine by plants from which RIPs have been isolated. The overview starts from the antique age of the Mediterranean area with ancient Egypt, followed by the Greek and Roman classic period. Then, the ancient oriental civilizations of China and India are evaluated. More recently, Unani medicine and European folk medicine are examined. Finally, the African and American folk medicines are taken into consideration. In conclusion, a list of RIP-expressing plants, which have been used in folk medicine, is provided with the geographical distribution and the prescriptions that are recommended by traditional healers. Some final considerations are provided on the present utilization of such herbal treatments, both in developing and developed countries, often in the absence of scientific validation. The most promising prospect for the medicinal use of RIP-expressing plants is the conjugation of purified RIPs to antibodies that recognise tumour antigens for cancer therapy.