Antioxidant Mixture Research Articles

Effect of combinations of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and its esters on the oxidative stability of fish oil–containing trace water

AbstractThe current study aims to comprehend the effect of the various combinations of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4‐DHPA) and its esters in varying molar ratios on retarding oxidation in bulk refined fish oil in the presence of 0.3% w/w water. All the esters and 3,4‐DHPA exhibited better performance than the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. In the presence of trace water, the parent compound was found to have a synergistic effect with hexyl ester when used at a molar ratio of 2:1, respectively, exhibiting a higher percent reduction among all the esters and their combinations. The study also showed that the presence of extraneous water can significantly accelerate the oxidation (twofold) in a bulk fish oil system. This suggests that the microenvironment of the oil is altered when water is present and that association colloids play a key role in enhancing the rate of oxidation. Thus, while designing a competent mixture of antioxidants, the specific site of oxidation involved and the surface‐active components should be taken into consideration to efficiently retard oxidation.Practical Applications: Analyzing the impact of trace amounts of water on the efficiency of natural antioxidants, including 3,4‐DHPA and its lipophilic esters, helps to comprehend the required optimal antioxidant concentrations for such a dynamic bulk oil system. The study finds application in controlling oxidation in PUFA‐rich oils containing surface‐active minor components that can accelerate oxidation. The results of the study show that 3,4‐DHPA and its esters could be a potential replacement for the synthetic antioxidant BHT in all aspects.

Colorimetric sensor array for identifying antioxidants based on pyrolysis-free synthesis of Fe–N/C single-atom nanozymes

Iron-anchored nitrogen/doped carbon single-atom nanozymes (Fe–N/C), which possess homogeneous active sites and adjustable catalytic environment, represent an exemplary model for investigating the structure-function relationship and catalytic activity. However, the development of pyrolysis-free synthesis technique for Fe–N/C with adjustable enzyme-mimicking activity still presents a significant challenge. Herein, Fe–N/C anchored three carrier morphologies were created via a pyrolysis-free approach by covalent organic polymers. The peroxidase-like activity of these Fe–N/C nanozymes was regulated via the pores of the anchored carrier, resulting in varying electron transfer efficiency due to disparities in contact efficacy between substrates and catalytic sites within diverse microenvironments. Additionally, a colorimetric sensor array for identifying antioxidants was developed: (1) the Fe–N/C catalytically oxidized two substrates TMB and ABTS, respectively; (2) the development of a colorimetric sensor array utilizing oxTMB and oxABTS as sensing channels enabled accurate discrimination of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), gallic acid (GA), and caffeic acid (CA). Subsequently, the sensor array underwent rigorous testing to validate its performance, including assessment of antioxidant mixtures and individual antioxidants at varying concentrations, as well as target antioxidants and interfering substances. In general, the present study offered valuable insights into the active origin and rational design of nanozyme materials, and highlighting their potential applications in food analysis.

Changes in the gut microbiota induced by an oral formulation of multiple peptides and plants contribute to its antihypertensive effects

The homeostasis of the gut microbiota is a crucial factor in regulating peripheral and central blood pressure. Formulating a food-derived mixture of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds and prebiotics to maintain the homeostasis of the gut microbiota will be essential for preventing and alleviating hypertension. Although bioactive peptides and plant extracts have been demonstrated not only to be excellent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents but also to promote the homeostasis of the microbiota, few studies have investigated the influence of multiple peptides mixed with plant extracts on the gut microbiota of hypertensive rats. This is the first study to characterize the fecal microbiome of spontaneously hypertensive rats supplemented with a mixture of multiple peptides and plant extracts by integrating 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. During the six-week experiment, the animals were healthy and without mortality. The results revealed that oral supplementation with the formulation reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, improved the gut microbiota by increasing the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, and increased the relative abundance of specific genera, such as Lactobacillus. This study suggested that a synergistic formulation of multiple peptides mixed with plant extracts could be a novel strategy for preventing and alleviating hypertensive diseases.Graphical

Determination the influence of the synthetic antioxidants mixture on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil

The object of the study is the process of sunflower oil oxidation under conditions of increased temperature. Sunflower oil is one of the most common oils and is used in the chemical, food and other industries. The main type of oil spoilage is oxidation, which is accelerated under the influence of radiation, elevated temperatures, long-term storage with oxygen access. Oxidation products prevent the effective use of oil in chemical reactions and technological processes. An important task is to develop and improve methods for increasing the oxidative stability of sunflower oil using antioxidants. The oxidation process of refined deodorized frozen sunflower oil according to DSTU 4492 (CAS Number 8001-21-6) was studied by the method of differential scanning calorimetry. The simultaneous effect of synthetic antioxidants (tert-butylhydroquinone, butylhydroxyanisole, butylhydroxytoluene) in different ratios on the oil induction period at a temperature of 110 °C was determined. The total concentration of the antioxidant mixture in each experiment was 0.02 %. The initial oil induction period is 270.61 min. Rational ratios of antioxidants were determined: tert-butylhydroquinone: butylhydroxyanisole: butylhydroxytoluene (16.67:66.67:16.67) %; tert-butylhydroquinone: butylhydroxyanisole: butylhydroxytoluene (33.33:33.33:33.33) %. The corresponding oil induction periods were 382.56 min. and 385.87 min. The effect of citric acid (0.005 %) and defoamer (polydimethylsiloxane, 0.0002 %)) on the induction period of oil with the addition of antioxidant mixtures was determined. The corresponding oil induction periods were 420.78 min. and 430.25 min. The results of the study make it possible to increase the oxidative stability of sunflower oil, which will contribute to the effective use of oil in various areas

Preparation of Ni/Co layered double hydroxide hollow cakes as an electrochemical sensing platform for monitoring the production of hydrogen peroxide in formulated beverages

Beverages containing redox-active compounds may produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during shelf storage. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a crucial role in biological systems. Anomaly concentration of H2O2 may cause irreversible tissue damage. Therefore, it is challenging work to design nanomaterials with unique structures and explore their electrochemical activity for accurately and highly sensitively detecting H2O2 in beverages. In this study, the Ni/Co layered double hydroxide hollow cake (NiCo-LDH HC) was constructed using the Co-zeolitic imidazolate framework (Co-ZIF) as precursors by simple ion etching. The nanosheets LDH were self-assembled into nano-hydrangea shapes, which furtherly covered the HC structures, resulting in more effective active sites, more electrochemical catalytic sites exposure, and accelerated ion mass transfer. The prepared NiCo-LDH HC was used as a working electrode for H2O2 electrochemical sensing. The results show that a sensitivity of 7050 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.22 μM (S/N = 3) were obtained with good electrocatalytic activity. Finally, the concentrations of H2O2 in functional beverages and non-functional beverages were measured under ambient and ‘potentiated’ conditions (adding a reducing agent ascorbic acid (AA)). The results show that the presence of AA can significantly increase the levels of H2O2 due to the reaction between anti-oxidant mixtures and dissolved oxygen in beverages.

Novel assaying method for the accurate and rapid analysis of antioxidant total capacity based on hexachloroiridate(IV)

We introduce a novel method, namely IrRAC, for assessing total antioxidant capacity utilizing the single electron oxidant hexachloroiridate(IV). This method leverages the 488 nm absorption band of [IrCl6]2− largely reducing interferences from antioxidants and their oxidation products. [IrCl6]2− is stable 6 h in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) ensuring consistent and reproducible absorbance readings and rendering spectrophotometric determinations under physiological neutrality. Individual assessments of 23 antioxidants reveal a linear correlation between decreasing absorbance and increasing antioxidant concentration. When the IrRAC assay was compared with several established water-based methods, strong correlations were found. Importantly, [IrCl6]2− shows a minimal oxidation of non-antioxidative substances. Moreover, IrRAC performs well with synthetic antioxidant mixtures and real samples, highlighting that the nature of antioxidants dominates the assay without much disturbance. Commercial availability of K2[IrCl6] eliminates the need of pretreatment of the oxidant. Undoubtedly, the new method confers a compelling and cost-effective alternative to the existing electron transfer-based methodologies.

Improving the technology of oxidative stabilization of rapeseed oil

The object of the research is the oxidation process of rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil is used for technical purposes, in the chemical and food industries, in particular, in the production of ecological fuel. Vegetable oils are subjected to oxidative deterioration processes, which are intensified under the conditions of access to oxygen, elevated temperatures, etc. Oxidation products worsen the technological properties and complicate the use of oils in chemical reactions. An important task is to improve the technology of oxidative stabilization of rapeseed oil, which is of great industrial importance. The oxidation process of refined deodorized rapeseed oil according to DSTU 8175 (CAS Number 120962-03-0) at a temperature of 110 °C was studied by the method of differential scanning calorimetry. The influence of different ratios of antioxidants (tocopherol, butylhydroxyanisole and butylhydroxytoluene) in the mixture on the oil induction period was determined. The total concentration of the antioxidant mixture in each experiment was 0.02 %. The induction period of the initial oil is 408.48 min. The rational ratios of the components of the antioxidant mixture were determined: tocopherol: butylhydroxyanisole (75:25) %; tocopherol: butylhydroxyanisole: butylhydroxytoluene (66.67:16.67:16.67) %. The corresponding oil induction periods were 579.75 min. and 561.55 min. The physico-chemical indicators of rapeseed oil after 12 months of storage at a temperature of (20±2) °C in its original form and with the addition of the developed antioxidant mixtures were determined. The peroxide value of the oil was 12.5, 4.59, 6.45 ½ O mmol/kg, respectively. The research results allow improving the technology of oxidative stabilization of rapeseed oil at elevated and standard temperatures. This will help to extend the oil shelf life, more efficiently and rationally use the oil in various areas

Browning prevention of oil palm somatic embryos in the temporary immersion system with antioxidant mixture and modification of basal media

Browning on in vitro culture is one of the problems in somatic embryo regeneration that leads to growth inhibition and death of explants. This study aimed to prevent and control browning of oil palm somatic embryos (SE) in the Temporary Immersion System (TIS). The research was conducted in two stages; the first stage was applying an antioxidant mixture at concentrations of 20, 50, and 100 mg L-1 on the browning palm oil SE in TIS. The second stage was carried out by modification of the basal media, namely DF (control), MS, SM, and SMT. The explants used in experiment 2 were browning and fresh SE. The results showed that using 50 ppm antioxidants mixture increased the formation of new SE by up to 15 embryos per flask. Applying SMT basal media on browning SE could decrease browning rate sharply after two cycle cultures by up to 60% browning rate reduction. In this media, it was also seen that the number of new SE increased by up to 250 embryos and produced 15 germinants, while in control, only 60 SE and five germinants were formed. Whereas using SMT basal medium on fresh embryos could prevent browning and increase the formation of new embryos and germinants. In conclusion, using 50 ppm antioxidants can stimulate the formation of new embryos. Using SMT basal media could prevent browning and overcome the occurrence of browning in embryos by increasing the formation of new embryos and germinants.

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and update conclusions from a 2-year double-blind rct testing fermented papaya preparation in healthy middle-aged/elderly subjects

Background:T his study represents the second part of a 2-year interventional study in middle-aged /elderly healthy subjects treated either with an antioxidant supplementation (200mg trans-resveratrol, 100mg Centella asiatica extract, 80mg ubiquinol, 50mg epigallo-cathechin-gallate, 20 mg anthocyanidins, 5mg zinc, and 200 IU vitamin E) or with a proprietary fermented papaya preparation (FPP). The choice of the fermented papaya preparation was based on over 12 years of experimental and clinical data proving its effectiveness on redox and immune regulation. The aim of this study was to complete a 24-month investigation of the potential beneficial effect of this functional food on key age-related immune system parameters.Methods: Study population: From a total of 106 subjects, we analyzed data collected from ninety-eight clinically stable, healthy community dwelling males and females aged 58 to 76 years. The investigation followed a double-blind methodology involving two groups, A and B. Group A received FPP® 4.5 grams, one sachet twice a day, coupled with a placebo capsule in the morning. Meanwhile, Group B was administered a papaya-flavored sachet twice a day, with an additional antioxidant mixture capsule in the morning, referred to as the AA group. Morning blood samples were collected and tested for: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), apoptosis of PBMCs and blood including Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) after 12 months, i.e. corresponding to 24 months of the 2-year study (Visit VI of the initial protocol). Results: As compared to the first preliminary published year of the study, this further 12-month study enabled a more comprehensive analysis with a significant increase of analyzed overweight (≥25 and ≤29.9 kg/m2) subjects (58 vs 31, P<0.05). On the 24-month mark, AA-group showed a significant increase of NLR (P<0.05 vs entry level and FPP group), whereas FPP-group maintained a stable value. Urinary 8-OHdG values maintained, as in the preliminary study, a wide dispersion of data but both treatments equally reduced its value in over 27BMI/r over 70y old subjects, which as taken separately, had significantly elevated values (p<0.05 vs younger subjects). ADMA and frequency of apoptotic cells values were beneficially reduced only by FPP supplementation throughout all 24 months of the study (P<0.05 vs baseline and vs AA supplementation). A significant correlation between NLR and Apoptosis of PBMCs appeared in FPP-treated subjects and this was more pronounced in subjects with >27BMI or over 70 years of age.Conclusions: The novelty of the present work was the finding that FPP represents a substantial pharma-grade, non-GMO technological advancement over uncontrolled traditional plant extracts. This functional food affects oxi-inflammatory aging phenotype and NLR, a marker worth great attention for its preventive interventional potential in middle-age/elderly communities health care. Keywords: Fermented Papaya Preparation, NLR, ADMA, apoptosis, antioxidants, SARS-Cov19

Interval estimates of total content of antioxidants for different analytical assays

Determination of total content (сΣ) of similar analytes recalculated to the standard substance Xst is a commonly used but metrologically incorrect measuring procedure leading to significant systematic errors (B-type uncertainties). Interval estimate сΣ is an alternative method (V.I. Vershinin et al., 2016) not requiring recalculation to Xst and, in difference from calculating total indices, not depending on the nature and ratio of the sought group constituents present in the sample. Such estimates are used for evaluating total content of antioxidants (AO) in foodstuffs. However, the dependence of these estimates on the choice of group reagent and signal measuring procedure is uncertain. To address this question, model mixtures of AO with known сΣ values ranging from 10–5 to 10–4 mol/L were prepared and examined. Generalized signals were measured spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) and FRAP methods, and traditional and interval estimates of сΣ were calculated and compared. The true values of сΣ were within the respective intervals for all model mixtures; in case of F-C method the intervals were wider and shifted towards higher сΣ values. The FRAP procedure was modified by using AO-concentrations in mol-eq/L, reducing the reaction time and substituting the auxiliary reagent. This modification successfully leveled the sensibility coefficients of individual AOs and made the relative width of intervals three times as narrower. Modified FRAP method was used for group analysis of wines, black tea infusions and juices. Corresponding interval estimates of сΣ were obtained and compared. Unresolved issues and future research directions related to interval estimates are discussed.

Designing of A Synergistic Mixture of Natural Antioxidants Through Statistical Approaches for Enhancing the Oxidative Stability of Sardine Oil

Designing of A Synergistic Mixture of Natural Antioxidants Through Statistical Approaches for Enhancing the Oxidative Stability of Sardine Oil

#158 : Whole Transcriptome Analysis of In Vitro-Aged Mouse Oocytes: Effects of Antioxidant Mixture on Oocyte Quality

Background and Aims: Aging is known to have negative impacts on oocyte quality. We reported in the previous meeting that the quality of in vitro-aged oocytes was restored by application of a new antioxidant mixture (AOM). Aiming to understand how AOM influenced on oocyte quality, a whole transcriptome analysis was conducted in this study. Method: Using an in vitro aging model, oocytes were collected from superovulated ICR mice, and part of them were cultured for 5h with (AOM group) or without (Aging group) AOM. Oocytes from fresh oocytes (Control group), Aging group and AOM group were subjected to RNA extraction, amplification, and a genechip microarray analysis. Genes expressed with absolute log2 fold change of [Formula: see text] 2 between two groups were designated as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was conducted for further analysis of DEGs. Results: In vitro aging triggered a total of 643 DEGs when compared with the control group. These DEGs were enriched in 19 biological processes, mostly associated with ribosomal synthesis, metabolic process, response to oxidative stress, apoptosis, signal transduction and mRNA processing. These changes are thought to be related to decreasing oocyte quality. AOM effectively prevented age-related change of those DEGs in a broad spectrum. The genes restored by AOM including Rpl7, Rpl35a, Rpl8, Mt1, Fabp2, Acadm, Hadhb, Gstm4, Ncf4, Ppp3ca, Fzd9, Phka2, Spp1 and Lsm6, are highly associated with cellular homeostatic events, suggesting that AOM not only induces changes of response to oxidative stress, but also normalizes gene expression related to cellular activities resulting in improving oocyte quality. Conclusion: This study strongly suggests that AOM restores the gene expression involved in cellular homeostasis. Also, these findings provide new insights of oocyte quality.

#149 : Improved Embryo Quality of Infertile Women at Different Ages by Oral Administration of an Antioxidant Mixture

Background and Aims: Oxidative stress is known to affect oocyte/embryo quality. In the previous meeting of ASPIRE, an antioxidant mixture (AOM) developed by us was shown to improve oocyte/embryo quality. Since oxidative stress is related to aging of body, AOM may be able to support the oocyte/embryo quality of women at advanced ages. We therefore examined the effects of AOM administration on the oocyte/embryo quality of women at different ages. Method: AOM supplement was given orally for at least one and half month (at most 7 months) to infertile women who had participated in at least one IVF/ICSI program and whose quality of embryos was poor or fair. After the supplementation period, oocyte-pickup was carried out, and either IVF or ICSI was subjected to the patients. Then, the data of oocyte maturity, fertilization, developmental capacity, and bioavailability of embryos (No. of embryos transferred and cryopreserved) were collected retrospectively. Results: The effects of AOM on the embryo quality of women at different ages were compared (Age groups were: [Formula: see text] 30yr; 31 [Formula: see text] 35yr; 36 [Formula: see text] 40yr; 41yr[Formula: see text]). In all groups, oocyte retrieval and maturation rates were slightly increased. More evidently, the developmental capacity, especially blastocyst formation, was significantly improved by AOM in all groups ([Formula: see text] 30yr: 20.0% vs 63.6%; 31 [Formula: see text] 35yr; 30.8% vs 68.9%; 36 [Formula: see text] 40yr: 36.4% vs 60.8%; 41yr[Formula: see text]: 36.4% vs 52.9%). Accordingly, the number of embryos cryopreserved was markedly increased ([Formula: see text] 30yr: 0.3±0.6 vs 1.8±2.4; 31 [Formula: see text] 35yr; 0.7±0.9 vs 1.4±1.2; 36 [Formula: see text] 40yr: 0.6±0.8 vs 1.1±1.0; 41yr[Formula: see text]: 0.0±0.0 vs 0.6±0.9), indicating that embryo quality in all groups was improved. Conclusion: Although it was more beneficial for younger women, AOM administration was very effective to improve oocyte/embryo quality in all age groups. Our present results strongly suggest that AOM can ameliorate age-dependent decrease of embryo quality.

Antioxidant supplements as a means to prevent Alzheimer’s disease following COVID-19 infection

Oxidative stress has been proposed as a factor in many conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, there is a link between oxidative stress and a variety of COVID-19 symptoms. The occurrence of multiple diseases can be ascribed to long-term exposure to heightened oxidative stress impeding the body’s normal homeostatic function. Complications arising from elevated levels of oxidative stress include lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein oxidation, damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), glycoxidation, weakened antioxidant defence, and impaired amyloid clearance. Moreover, oxidative stress leads to the onset of inflammation through an increase in the levels of active inflammatory factors. It is widely accepted that the prolongation of this detrimental cycle contributes to the development of pathological states. Consequently, interruption of the cycle of oxidative stress is imperative to prevent disease onset. Research has primarily focused on individual antioxidants, with an emphasis on vitamins C and E, owing to their significant properties as antioxidants that help reduce oxidative stress. Compared to individual antioxidants, supplements encompassing a harmonious assortment mixture of multiple antioxidants may be more effective in combating various symptoms associated with pre-existing conditions and current health concerns like COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease. This review explores the correlation between oxidative stress, COVID-19 infection, and Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, we suggest the use of Twendee X, a remarkably powerful antioxidant compound, to reduce the rate of cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, Twendee X can prevent and alleviate COVID-19 and its associated symptoms.

Predicting Antioxidant Synergism via Artificial Intelligence and Benchtop Data.

Lipid oxidation is a major issue affecting products containing unsaturated fatty acids as ingredients or components, leading to the formation of low molecular weight species with diverse functional groups that impart off-odors and off-flavors. Aiming to control this process, antioxidants are commonly added to these products, often deployed as combinations of two or more compounds, a strategy that allows for lowering the amount used while boosting the total antioxidant capacity of the formulation. While this approach allows for minimizing the potential organoleptic and toxic effects of these compounds, predicting how these mixtures of antioxidants will behave has traditionally been one of the most challenging tasks, often leading to simple additive, antagonistic, or synergistic effects. Approaches to understanding these interactions have been predominantly empirically driven but thus far, inefficient and unable to account for the complexity and multifaceted nature of antioxidant responses. To address this current gap in knowledge, we describe the use of an artificial intelligence model based on deep learning architecture to predict the type of interaction (synergistic, additive, and antagonistic) of antioxidant combinations. Here, each mixture was associated with a combination index value (CI) and used as input for our model, which was challenged against a test (n = 140) data set. Despite the encouraging preliminary results, this algorithm failed to provide accurate predictions of oxidation experiments performed in-house using binary mixtures of phenolic antioxidants and a lard sample. To overcome this problem, the AI algorithm was then enhanced with various amounts of experimental data (antioxidant power data assessed by the TBARS assay), demonstrating the importance of having chemically relevant experimental data to enhance the model's performance and provide suitable predictions with statistical relevance. We believe the proposed method could be used as an auxiliary tool in benchmark analysis routines, offering a novel strategy to enable broader and more rational predictions related to the behavior of antioxidant mixtures.

Dual Crosslinked Antioxidant Mixture of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles as a Bioink for 3D Bioprinting.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has made it possible to fabricate structures with intricate morphologies and architectures, which is considered difficult to do when using other conventional techniques like electrospinning. Although the 3D printing of thermoplastics has seen a huge boom in the past few years, it has been challenging to translate this technology to cell-based printing. A major limitation in bioprinting is the lack of inks that allow for the printing of 3D structures that meet the biological requirements of a specific organ or tissue. A bioink is a viscous polymer solution that cells are incorporated into before printing. Therefore, a bioink must have specific characteristics to ensure both good printability and biocompatibility. Despite the progress that has been made in bioprinting, achieving a balance between these two properties has been difficult. In this work, we developed a multimodal bioink that serves as both a cell carrier and a free radical scavenger for treating peripheral nerve injury. This bioink comprises poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cerium oxide nanoparticles (also called nanoceria (NC)) and was developed with a dual crosslinking method that utilizes citric acid and sodium hydroxide. By employing this dual crosslinking method, good printability of the bioink and shape fidelity of the bioprinted structure were achieved. Additionally, a cell viability study demonstrated that the cells remained compatible and viable even after they underwent the printing process. The combination of this PVA/NC bioink and the dual crosslinking method proved to be effective in enhancing printability and cell biocompatibility for extrusion-based bioprinting applications.

A combination of three antioxidants decreases the impact of rural particulate pollution in Normal human keratinocytes.

It is well established that exposure of human skin to airborne pollution, particularly in the form of particulate matter sized 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ), is associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation, leading to premature signs of skin aging. Because much of the damage results from oxidative stress, we examined the effects of a topical composition containing three antioxidants in an in vitro model system to assess the potential for amelioration of premature aging. The use of multiple antioxidants was of interest based on the typical composition of therapeutic skincare products. It is important to determine the efficacy of multiple antioxidants together and develop a short-term assay for larger scale efficacy testing. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes were exposed to a rural-derived source of PM2.5 in the presence and absence of an antioxidant mixture of resveratrol, niacinamide and GHK peptide. Endpoints related to inflammation, premature aging and carcinogenicity were monitored after 5 h of exposure and included IL-6, CXCL10, MMP-1 and NRF2. Differentially expressed genes were monitored by RNA-seq. Pre-treatment of keratinocytes with the antioxidant preparation in the absence of PM2.5 reduced baseline levels of MMP-1, IL-6 and CYP1A1 and reduced PM2.5 -induced increases in all four endpoints, MMP-1, IL-6, CXCL10 and CYP1A1. Antioxidants significantly increased NRF2 protein in the presence of PM2.5 , indicating a protective response. RNA-seq interrogation of antioxidant-treated cells further showed increased expression of NRF2 inducible genes. The expression of CYP1A1 and genes related to aryl hydrocarbon activation were induced by PM2.5 and suppressed by antioxidants. Specific signalling pathways known to be correlated with skin inflammation and aging were examined based on their suitability for use in efficacy testing for the prevention of skin damage due to ambient hydrocarbon pollution. Endpoints examined after only 5 h of exposure provide a useful method amenable to high through-put screening. The results obtained reinforce the concept that a multiple antioxidant preparation, topically applied, may reduce pro-inflammatory signalling and cellular damage and thereby reduce premature skin aging due to exposure to rural-derived airborne pollution.

Increasing the oxidative stability of linseed oil

The object of the research is the process of oxidation of linseed oil at elevated temperature. Linseed oil is a valuable raw material for the chemical, food, cosmetic and other industries. The use of linseed oil is complicated by intensive oxidation processes associated with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, an important task is to develop and improve methods of oxidative stabilization of linseed oil. The oxidation process of unrefined linseed oil (CAS Number 8001-26-1) at a temperature of 110 °C in its original form and with the addition of antioxidants was studied. The effect of antioxidant concentrations (tocopherol, butylhydroxyanisole and butylhydroxytoluene) in the mixture on the induction period of linseed oil was found. The induction period was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The total concentration of the mixture of antioxidants in each experiment was 0.02 %. The induction period of the initial oil was 155.31 min. Rational ratios of antioxidants in the mixture were found: tocopherol: butylhydroxyanisole (50:50) %; tocopherol: butylhydroxytoluene (50:50) %; tocopherol: butylhydroxyanisole: butylhydroxytoluene (33.33:33.33:33.33) %. At the same time, the oil induction periods are 295.7 min., 290.1 min. and 290.2 min., respectively. The quality indicators of the initial linseed oil and with the addition of the determined rational ratios of antioxidants after 2 hours of aging at a temperature of 110 °C were determined. The peroxide values of the samples were 8.5, 3.2, 3.6, 3.7 ½ O mmol/kg, respectively. The research results make it possible to introduce antioxidants in the production of linseed oil in rational concentrations. This will help increase the production of linseed oil resistant to oxidation at elevated temperatures, which will provide various industries with high-quality raw materials

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with a Mixture of Natural Antioxidants on Milk Yield, Composition, Oxidation Stability and Udder Health in Dairy Ewes.

Due to the limitations in the use of antibiotic agents, researchers are constantly seeking natural bioactive compounds that could benefit udder health status but also milk quality characteristics in dairy animals. The aim of the current study was therefore to examine the effects of a standardized mixture of plant bioactive components (MPBC) originated from thyme, anise and olive on milk yield, composition, oxidative stability and somatic cell count in dairy ewes. Thirty-six ewes approximately 75 days after parturition were randomly allocated into three experimental treatments, which were provided with three diets: control (C); without the addition of the mixture, B1; supplemented with MPBC at 0.05% and B2; supplemented with rumen protected MPBC at 0.025%. The duration of the experiment was 11 weeks, and milk production was weekly recorded, while individual milk samples for the determination of composition, oxidative stability, somatic cell count (SCC), pH and electric conductivity were collected. Every two weeks, macrophage, lymphocyte, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts were also determined in individual milk samples. It was observed that milk yield was the greatest in the B2 group, with significant differences within the seventh and ninth week (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were found for milk composition, with the exception of the seventh week, when protein, lactose and non-fat solid levels were lower in MPBC groups (p < 0.05). Oxidative stability was improved in the groups that received the MPBC, with significant differences at the third, seventh, tenth and eleventh week (p < 0.05). SCC was also significantly lower at the second, eighth and ninth week in B2 compared to the other groups (p < 0.05), while no significant effects on the macrophage, lymphocyte, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts were observed. In conclusion, the MPBC addition had a positive effect on sheep milk yield, oxidative stability and somatic cell count, without any negative effect on its composition.

Microfluidic paper chip based multicolor chemiluminescence sensing strategy for discrimination of antioxidants

The development of chemiluminescence (CL) sensing strategy with multiple-parameters for discrimination of small molecules remains a great challenge. Herein, a multicolor CL sensing strategy for the discrimination of five antioxidants, including dopamine, catechin, cysteine, glutathione, and thioctic acid was presented. Firstly, multilayer paper chips modified with luminol-Co(II), luminol-fluorescein-Co(II), and luminol-rhodamine B-Co(II) that can produce strong blue, green and purple colored light emission, respectively, via CL and CL resonance energy transfer (CRET) reactions were fabricated. The presence of antioxidants exhibits different inhibition or enhancement effect on the CL reactions, creating unique multicolor CL response pattern to each antioxidant. The red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channel split from the purple, green and blue CL image, respectively, generate cross-reactive sensing parameters for the discrimination of the five antioxidants. The distinct R, G, and B values of the CL images to each antioxidant are created as analytical fingerprints to identify five antioxidants by using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Satisfied results were obtained for discrimination antioxidant mixtures and spiked antioxidants in serum samples. Identification of 10 unknown samples resulted in 100% accuracy. This work presents the first example of multicolor CL sensing strategy for the discrimination of small molecules.