Antioxidant Radical Scavenging Research Articles

Recent developments in the design of functional derivatives of edaravone and exploration of their antioxidant activities.

Edaravone, a pyrazalone derivative, is an antioxidant and free radical scavenger used to treat oxidative stress-related diseases. It is a proven drug to mitigate conditions prevailing to oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, reducing inflammation, and thereby preventing endothelial cell death. In recent years, considerable interest has been given by researchers in the derivatization of edaravone by adding varieties of substituents of versatile steric and functional properties to improve its antioxidant and pharmacological activity. This review accounts all the important methods developed for the derivatization of edaravone and the impacts of the structural modifications on the antioxidant activity of the motif.

Ruthenium(II) Complex-Based Tetradentate Schiff Bases: Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Investigations.

In this work, we describe the synthesis of novel Ruthenium (II) complex-based salen Schiff bases. The obtained Ruthenium (II) complexes are characterized using usual spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques, viz., IR, UV-Vis, NMR (1H and 13C), powder X-ray diffraction, and HRMS. Further techniques, such as DTA-TGA and elemental analysis, are used to well establish the structure of the obtained complexes. Octahedral geometries are tentatively proposed for the new Ru(II) complexes. The measured molar conductance for the Ruthenium (II) complexes shows their electrolytic nature (4.24-4.44 S/m). The new Ru(II) complexes are evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays show that the obtained complexes are more potent than the used positive control. They also exhibit promising antibacterial responses against pathogen bacteria: [RuH2L3Cl2] exhibits an important inhibition against Bacillus subtilis DSM 6633, with an inhibition zone of 21 ± 1.41 mm with an MIC value of 0.39 mg/mL, and Proteus mirabilis INH, with 16.50 ± 0.70 mm and an MIC value of 0.78 mg/mL, while [RuH2L2Cl2] exerts interesting antibacterial effects versus Bacillus subtilis DSM 6633 (21 ± 1.41 mm) and Proteus mirabilis INH (25.5 ± 0.70 mm) with equal MIC values of 0.97 mg/mL.

Quality Assessment of Greek-Style Set Yoghurt Fortified with Extracted and Dried Australian Native Fruit, Illawarra Plum.

The Illawarra plum (IP) is native to Australia and has been used as a bush food for centuries. With rich phytochemicals and natural pigments, IP has the potential to be an added ingredient to improve the physicochemical properties of food, including yoghurt. This study prepared dried IP powders through vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD), produced extracts from these dried powders, and fortified them into Greek-style set yoghurt. The changes in colour, pH, titratable acidity (TA), syneresis, total soluble solids (TS), and phytochemicals were measured throughout a chilled storage period of 28 days. The results showed that FD and FD extract could provide a stable, distinct pink colour to yoghurt. IP powders and their extracts improved TS content and, thus, the consistency of yoghurt. Compared to the control, VD, FD, and FD extract of IP did not significantly affect the level of acidity or syneresis after 28 days of chilled storage. Yoghurt fortified with FD and FD extract had the greatest level of phenolics, anthocyanins, and radical scavenging antioxidant activities. This study revealed that IP powders and their extracts can positively improve the physicochemical properties of Greek-style set yoghurt. FD powder is recommended over its extract to fortify this yoghurt, as it can be cost-effectively prepared by freeze drying and then grinding the fresh fruit into powder. Future studies are needed to evaluate other variables in yoghurt preparation, including the concentration of IP and strains of yoghurt culture. Further, the consumer perception of sensory quality and acceptability of yoghurt fortified with FD IP powder should be investigated.

Characterization and Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin-Loaded Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Interstitial Cystitis Management.

Oxidative stress resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) is often considered to be the leading cause of interstitial cystitis (IC), which is a chronic inflammatory disease. Antioxidants have been proven to have promising therapeutic effects on IC. In this study, we present an antioxidant intervention for IC by introducing curcumin-loaded cerium oxide nanoparticles (Cur-CONPs). Recognizing oxidative stress as the primary contributor to IC, our research builds on previous work utilizing cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) for their outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, given the need to effectively relieve acute inflammation, we engineered Cur-CONPs to harness the short-term radical-scavenging antioxidant prowess of curcumin. Through in vitro studies, we demonstrate that the Cur-CONPs exhibit not only robust antioxidant capabilities but also superior anti-inflammatory properties over CONPs alone. Furthermore, in vivo studies validate the therapeutic effects of Cur-CONPs on IC. Mice with IC subjected to the Cur-CONP treatment exhibited improved micturition behaviors, relief from pelvic pain sensitivity, and reduced expression of inflammatory proteins (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, Cox2). These findings suggest that the synergistic antioxidant properties of the Cur-CONPs that combine the sustained antioxidant properties of CONPs and acute anti-inflammatory capabilities of curcumin hold promise as a novel treatment strategy for IC.

Biogenic synthesis of Hematite (α-Fe2O3) and Ni doped Hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles for enhanced In vitro cytotoxic studies on MCF-7 cell lines

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) and Ni doped Hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized with different pH values employ with catharanthus roseus leaf extract as reducing and capping agents. X-ray diffraction analysis reported that the prepared nanoparticles exhibited rhombohedral in structure. FESEM micrographs revealed the prepared nanoparticles are needle in structure to plates like structure when the pH value is increased. FTIR analysis confirmed the bonds and functional groups of the prepared Hematite (α-Fe2O3) and Nickel doped Hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. The UV spectra of the prepared nanoparticles revealed the band gap energies ranging from 1.12 eV to 1.54 eV. The hysteresis loop showed the magnetic properties of the prepared nanoparticles exhibited ferromagnetic behavior. The antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging and the antimicrobial activity confirmed the inhibition of nanoparticles against gram positive and gram negative bacteria in concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the cytotoxicity effect against MCF-7 cancer cell lines revealed the inhibitory potential of the prepared nanoparticles. Bio efficacy of the prepared nanoparticles may leads to its potential and practicable applications in environmental and biomedical fields.

Development of multifunctional chitosan-based composite film loaded with tea polyphenol nanoparticles for strawberry preservation

Incorporating polysaccharide-based composite films with nanobiotechnology offers a new strategy for food preservation. This study initially focuses on the preparation of tea polyphenol nanoparticles (TPNP), novel and derived from natural antibacterial agents, which serve to improve stability. Afterwards chitosan-based composite films loaded with TPNP (CTN film) were developed using solution casting method. The incorporation of TPNP significantly improved the UV/water/oxygen barrier properties, mechanical properties and thermal stability, alongside notable physical properties including water contact angle (93.65 ± 0.04°), low water vapor permeability (33.72 ± 3.32 g/m2h) and oxygen permeability (0.11 ± 0.02 g/m2h), tensile strength (61.83 ± 0.70 %), and elongation at break (31.60 ± 6.12 %). The CTN film not only exhibited exceptional biodegradability and nontoxicity, but also demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, it showcased potent antioxidant activity, boasting DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates up to 89.25 ± 0.18 % and 93.84 ± 0.42 %. The CTN film was successfully formed on the surface of strawberries through dip-coating process and their shelf life was extended from 4 to 6 days at 20 °C without side-effect on the weight loss, harness, pH and total soluble solids, illustrating its potential for enhancing food preservation.

Exploring the Neuroprotective Potential of Desmodium Species: Insights into Radical Scavenging Capacity and Mechanisms against 6-OHDA-Induced Neurotoxicity.

In this study, we collected seven prevalent Taiwanese Desmodium plants, including three species with synonymous characteristics, in order to assess their antioxidant phytoconstituents and radical scavenging capacities. Additionally, we compared their inhibitory activities on monoamine oxidase (MAO) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) auto-oxidation. Subsequently, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of D. pulchellum on 6-OHDA-induced nerve damage in SH-SY5Y cells and delved into the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. Among the seven Desmodium species, D. pulchellum exhibited the most robust ABTS radical scavenging capacity and relative reducing power; correspondingly, it had the highest total phenolic and phenylpropanoid contents. Meanwhile, D. motorium showcased the best hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacity and, notably, D. sequax demonstrated remarkable prowess in DPPH radical and superoxide scavenging capacity, along with selective inhibitory activity against MAO-B. Of the aforementioned species, D. pulchellum emerged as the frontrunner in inhibiting 6-OHDA auto-oxidation and conferring neuroprotection against 6-OHDA-induced neuronal damage in the SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, D. pulchellum effectively mitigated the increase in intracellular ROS and MDA levels through restoring the activities of the intracellular antioxidant defense system. Therefore, we suggest that D. pulchellum possesses neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity due to the radical scavenging capacity of its antioxidant phytoconstituents and its ability to restore intracellular antioxidant activities.

Lower plasma melatonin levels in non-hypoxic premature newborns associated with neonatal pain

We analyzed plasma melatonin levels in different groups of preterm newborns without hypoxia and their relationship with several perinatal variables like gestational age or neonatal pain. Prospective cohort study of preterm newborns (PTNB) without perinatal hypoxia, Apgar > 6 at 5 min, and oxygen needs on the third day of life. We compared melatonin levels at day 3 of life in different groups of non-hypoxic preterm infants (Student’s t-tests, Mann-Whitney U, and chi2) and analyzed the relationship of melatonin with GA, birth weight, neonatal pain (Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scale), caffeine treatment, parenteral nutrition, or the development of free radical diseases (correlation study, linear regression) and factors associated with moderate/intense pain and free radical diseases (logistic regression analysis). Sixty-one preterm infants with gestational age (GA) of 30.7 ± 2.0 weeks with no oxygen requirements at day 3 of life were studied with plasma melatonin levels of 33.8 ± 12.01 pg/ml. Preterm infants weighing < 1250 g at birth had lower plasma melatonin levels (p = 0.05). Preterm infants with moderate or severe pain (PPIPP > 5) have lower melatonin levels (p = 0.01), and being preterm with PIPP > 5 is associated with lower plasma melatonin levels (p = 0.03). Being very preterm (GA < 32 GS), having low weight for gestational age (LWGA), receiving caffeine treatment, or requiring parenteral nutrition did not modify melatonin levels in non-hypoxic preterm infants (p = NS). Melatonin on day 3 of life in non-hypoxic preterm infants is not associated with later development of free radical diseases (BPD, sepsis, ROP, HIV, NEC). Conclusion: We observed that preterm infants with moderate to severe pain have lower melatonin levels. These findings are relevant because they reinforce the findings of other authors that melatonin supplementation decreases pain and oxidative stress in painful procedures in premature infants. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether melatonin could be used as an analgesic in painful procedures in preterm infants. Trial registration: Trial registration was not required since this was an observational study.What Is Known:• Melatonin is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger in newborns under stress conditions: hypoxia, acidosis, hypotension, painful procedures, or parenteral nutrition.• Pain stimulates the production of melatonin.• Various studies conclude that melatonin administration decreases pain during the neonatal period.What Is New:• Non-hypoxic preterm infants with moderate to severe pain (PIPP>5) have lower levels of melatonin.• Administration of caffeine and treatment with parenteral nutrition do not modify melatonin levels in non-hypoxic preterm infants.

Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) on hindlimb skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

In posterior spine surgery, retractors exert pressure on paraspinal muscles, elevating intramuscular pressure and compromising blood flow, potentially causing muscle injury during ischemia-reperfusion. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), known for its antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties and its role in treating cerebrovascular diseases, is investigated for its protective effects against muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury invitro and invivo. Animals were randomly divided into the control group, receiving normal saline, and experimental groups, receiving varying doses of EGb761 (25/50/100/200 mg/kg). A 2-h hind limb tourniquet-induced ischemia was followed by reperfusion. Blood samples collected pre-ischemia and 24 h post-reperfusion, along with muscle tissue samples after 24 h, demonstrated that EGb761 at 1000 μg/mL effectively inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxicity. EGb761 significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and increased glutathione (GSH) levels compared to the control after 24 h. Muscle tissue sections revealed more severe damage in the control group, indicating EGb761's potential in mitigating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress during ischemia-reperfusion injury, effectively protecting against muscle damage.

Exploring the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Chelidonium majus extracts against oral microorganisms

Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae) is a widely utilized medicinal plant species known for its various effective biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of C. majus against oral microorganisms. To assess its biological activities, C. majus fractions were obtained using 80% methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH), and water. Antioxidant assays, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests, as well as total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination, were conducted. Notably, the EtOAc fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity than that of the other fractions, both in terms of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, it contained the highest contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the EtOAc extract (212.00 mg CAE/g, 135.70 mg NE/g). In addition, antimicrobial assays using various antimicrobial tests against oral microorganisms, namely S. mutans, S. gordonii, S. sobrinus, and S. sanguinis, were conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect, revealing that the EtOAc fraction showed the greatest inhibition. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis of the EtOAc fraction identified biologically active compounds, including phenolic compounds such as fisetin, quercetin, and coumaroylimalic acid. Based on these findings, C. majus, with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, is a promising candidate for improving oral health.

Phytochemical profiling, cytotoxic, anti-migration, and anti-angiogenic potential of phenolic-rich fraction from Peganum harmala: in vitro and in ovo studies.

Peganum harmala has been extensively employed in Algerian traditional medicine practices. This study aimed to explore the impact of n-butanol (n-BuOH) extract sourced from Peganum harmala seeds on cell proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis inhibition. Cytotoxic potential of n-BuOH extract was evaluated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay against human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells, cell migration was determined using scratch assay, and anti-angiogenic effect was evaluated through macroscopic and histological examinations conducted on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Additionally, this research estimated the phytochemical profile of n-BuOH extract. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified using Ultra-performance liquid chromatography UPLC-ESI-MS-MS analysis. In addition, the n-BuOH extract of P. harmala exhibited potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The n-BuOH extract showed potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell with an IC50 value of 8.68 ± 1.58 μg/mL. Furthermore, n-BuOH extract significantly reduced migration. A strong anti-angiogenic activity was observed in the groups treated with n-BuOH extract in comparison to the negative control. Histological analysis confirmed the anti-angiogenic effect of the n-BuOH extract. This activity is probably a result of the synergistic effects produced by different polyphenolic classes.

Radical scavenging potential of spectrophotometric, spectroscopic, microscopic, and EDX observed zinc oxide nanoparticles from leaves, buds, and flowers extract of Bauhinia Variegata Linn: A thorough comparative insight.

The present study incorporated an environment-friendly and cost-efficient green synthesis method for fabricating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using various parts (leaves, buds, and flowers) of Bauhinia Variegate Linn. UV-Spectrophotometric analysis was used to confirm the synthesis of ZnO-NPs, which showed an absorption band within 360-380 nm range. Further techniques like FT-IR spectroscopy and (SEM) scanning electron microscopy equipped with a novel EDX were also included to confirm the synthesis, size, and shape of ZnO-NPs. Results obtained by FT-IR showed that the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extract successfully acted as a capping agent. SEM micrographs confirmed irregularly shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 70-80 nm. The presence of Zinc and Oxygen peaks in EDX also confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The radical scavenging (antioxidant) potential of prepared nanoparticles was also evaluated by DPPH radical assay. The ZnO-NPs obtained from the ethanolic extract of buds showed the highest %RSA (86%) as compared to the flowers (79%) and leaves (76%). The current study findings showed the versatile morphology of all parts of the plant with significant antioxidant potential, establishing the use of Bauhinia Variegate in biological systems for various biomedical applications. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: A thorough comparative analysis of the radical scavenging power of major parts of the Bauhinia Variegate, which is 1st of its kind. Extensive characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR, SEM, and EDX to observe the conformational and morphological changes. Analysis of the reduction potential of leaves, buds, and flowers of a single plant for future directions in green synthesis.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of Guizotia abyssinica L. leaf and flower extracts

Sustainable agricultural systems demand less or no use of synthetic chemicals, which have various adverse effects on the environment and human health. In this context, studies on phytochemicals with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties hold great promise to suppress plant diseases and, thereby, reducing the application of synthetic chemical pesticides. Such an alternative approach requires screening and identification of bioactive compounds from various plant species. In the present study, Guizotia abyssinica L., an oilseed crop plant that usually requires less water with no pesticide inputs to grow, was screened for its potential antioxidant and antimicrobial phytochemicals. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers of G. abyssinica were tested for their polyphenol content (total phenols and flavonoids) and antioxidant potential. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of both methanolic and aqueous extracts were higher in comparison to many previously reported plant extracts. Furthermore, leaf extracts of G. abyssinica have shown slightly higher antioxidant activity than flower extracts. In vitro antimicrobial studies confirmed the inhibitory effect of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers against phytopathogens like Xanthomonas oryzae RR24, Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. The chemical nature and composition of these crude extracts were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Approximately, 28 bioactive compounds detected in GC-MS were predicted to have antimicrobial activity. Based on our results, we conclude that the extracts derived from G. abyssinica have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in inhibiting the proliferation of phytopathogens, thus exhibiting immense potential in promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fractionated Extract from Rhizomes of Zingiber monophyllum Gagnep.: In vitro and in silico Screenings

Objective/Background: Zingiber monophyllum Gagnep., a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is known for its significant biological activities. The current study aimed to determine the volatile components of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractionated extract found in the rhizomes of this species. This is the first report on the chemical composition and bioactivities of Z. monophyllum rhizomes fractionated extract. Methods: The chemical constituents were analyzed and determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays using ascorbic acid as a positive control. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of the EtOAc fractionated extract of Z. monophyllum rhizomes were assessed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans. Density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking were also employed to illustrate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results: Nine components were identified by GC-MS analysis from the EtOAc fractionated extract of Z. monophyllum rhizomes. ( E)-labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16-dial (9), spathulenol (2), and neointermedeol (5) were the major components (21.8%, 16.8%, and 11.9%, respectively). Moderate antioxidant activities of the EtOAc fractionated extract were observed via both the DPPH assay and the FRAP assay using ascorbic acid as the standard compound. The extract demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity against all examined microbial strains, except for P. aeruginosa. The DFT study analyzed the antioxidant potential of each component in the fractionated extract. Molecular docking study chose E. faecalis DNA gyrase B, E. coli DNA gyrase B, S. aureus biotin protein ligase, E. faecalis Alanine racemase, and C. albicans N-myristoyltransferase as potential target proteins for antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: In this study, the chemical composition of the EtOAc fractionated extract of Z monophyllum rhizomes was demonstrated through GC-MS analysis for the first time. Nine components, including alloaromadendrene, spathulenol, globulol, τ-cadinol, neointermedeol, aromadendrene oxide-(2), ambrial, (E)-15,16-dinorlabda-8(17),11-dien-13-one, and (E)-lambda-8 (17),12-diene-15,16-dial along with relative content were identified in this fractionated extract. The bioassays revealed that the fractionated extract showed moderate antioxidant activities and significant antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of each component was also theoretically examined by the DFT study and molecular docking study, respectively.

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of 2- (2′-hydroxyphenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazolyl-5-amino acid derivatives

The synthesis and biological assessment of 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles derivatives from amino acids as new potential antibacterial and antioxidant agents have been reported. The structures of the new synthesized compounds were characterized based on physicochemical and spectral data UV–Visible, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR. All the target compounds were screened for theirin vitroantibacterial activityagainst three Gram-positivebacterial strains,namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Listeria innocua ATCC 33090, and two Gram-negative bacterial strains,namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, andantifungal activityagainst Candida albicans ATCC 10231 in comparison with Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, Gentamicin and Oxacillin. The only compound 1-{(4S)-4-amino-4-[5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]butyl}guanidine 5e with the amine radical thatshowed excellent results against all bacteria, particularly against L. innocua (IZ = 12 mm), has excellent antifungal activity (IZ = 32 mm). The compounds 2-[5-(1-amino-3-methylbutyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]phenol 5b and 2-[5-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]phenol 5j have excellent activities (IZ = 27 and IZ = 28 mm, respectively) against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa. Compounds 2-{5-[(1R)-1-amino-2-sulfanylethyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}phenol 5c, 2-{5-[(1S)-1-amino-3-(methylsulfanyl)propyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}phenol 5dwith the sulfur radical, 3--[5-(2-3-amino hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]propanamide 5g with the amide radical, 5j with the amino radical, and 4-amino-4-[5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]butanoic acid 5k gave good results against B. cereus, where 19 mm < IZ < 23 mm. We also found that compound 5j has the greatest activity (IZ = 33 mm) against C. albicans, followed by compounds 5e (IZ = 32 mm) and 5b (IZ = 30 mm). The synthesized compounds were also screened for radical scavenging antioxidant activities by DPPH, FRAP, and TAC assays and found to be good antioxidant agents. According to the IC50 values, all compounds demonstrated good to excellent activity, especially 5b and 2-{5-[1-amino-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}phenol 5i for DPPH, 5e and 5i for FRAP and methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 2,2-{5-[1-amino-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}phenol 5h with the imidazol group and 2-[5-(1,5-diaminopentyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]phenol 5f with the imidazol group for TAC. All these compounds showed better activity than AA and BHT.

Theoretical Study of Radical Scavenging Antioxidant Activity of Coumarin Derivatives in Licorice Using DFT

Nowdays, much research is focused on exploring antioxidant activity based on natural compounds. Licorice, a traditional natural product rich in antioxidant components, has been widely used in clinical medicine. However, there is a lack of theoretical studies on the active components in licorice. In this context, the antioxidant activity of several common active components of coumarin derivatives in licorice was investigated using a density flooding theory (DFT) approach. The free radical scavenging ability of the compounds was achieved by hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), sequential electron transfer proton transfer (SET-PT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanisms. The effect of solvent on antioxidant activity was also investigated. It was found that in the gas and benzene phases, the compounds studied preferred to undergo the HAT mechanism, while SPLET was favoured in polar solvents. In addition to the above mechanism, the HOMO and LUMO energies of the compounds as well as molecular descriptors and electrostatic potential maps were calculated and applied to predict the antioxidant activity of the compounds. The above studies allow a better understanding of the mechanism of free radical scavenging activity of coumarin derivatives from licorice.

Hesperidin - loaded PVA/alginate hydrogel: targeting NFκB/iNOS/COX-2/TNF-α inflammatory signaling pathway.

Skin injuries represent a prevalent form of physical trauma, necessitating effective therapeutic strategies to expedite the wound healing process. Hesperidin, a bioflavonoid naturally occurring in citrus fruits, exhibits a range of pharmacological attributes, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and analgesic properties. The main objective of the study was to formulate a hydrogel with the intention of addressing skin conditions, particularly wound healing. This research introduces a methodology for the fabrication of a membrane composed of a Polyvinyl alcohol - Sodium Alginate (PVA/A) blend, along with the inclusion of an anti-inflammatory agent, Hesperidin (H), which exhibits promising wound healing capabilities. A uniform layer of a homogeneous solution comprising PVA/A was cast. The process of crosslinking and the enhancement of hydrogel characteristics were achieved through the application of gamma irradiation at a dosage of 30 kGy. The membrane was immersed in a Hesperidin (H) solution, facilitating the permeation and absorption of the drug. The resultant system is designed to deliver H in a controlled and sustained manner, which is crucial for promoting efficient wound healing. The obtained PVA/AH hydrogel was evaluated for cytotoxicity, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, anti-inflammatory and membrane stability effect. In addition, its action on oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers was evaluated on BJ-1 human normal skin cell line. We determined the effect of radical scavenging activity PVA/A (49 %) and PVA/AH (87%), the inhibition of Human red blood cell membrane hemolysis by PVA/AH (81.97 and 84.34 %), hypotonicity (83.68 and 76.48 %) and protein denaturation (83.17 and 85.8 %) as compared to 250 μg/ml diclofenac (Dic.) and aspirin (Asp.), respectively. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed an increased expression of genes associated with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and downregulated TNFα, NFκB, iNOS, and COX2 by 67, 52, 58 and 60%, respectively, by PVA/AH hydrogel compared to LPS-stimulated BJ-1 cells. The advantages associated with Hesperidin can be ascribed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes. The incorporation of Hesperidin into hydrogels offers promise for the development of a novel, secure, and efficient strategy for wound healing. This innovative approach holds potential as a solution for wound healing, capitalizing on the collaborative qualities of PVA/AH and gamma irradiation, which can be combined to establish a drug delivery platform for Hesperidin.

Antioxidant potential of alkaloids and polyphenols of Viola canescens wall using in vitro and in silico approaches.

Background: V. canescens Wall, a plant renowned for its ethno-medical properties, was investigated in this study for its antioxidant potential based on its wide therapeutic applications in traditional healthcare systems. The study aimed to assess the antioxidant potential of the plant extract/fractions and to predict the active phytochemicals using computational techniques. Methods: Five fractions were obtained from the crude methanolic extract of Viola canescens, and six concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150μg/mL) were prepared for each fraction. The antioxidant activity of these fractions was evaluated using the Tetraoxomolybdate (VI) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In-silico docking studies and molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to further elucidate the molecular interactions underlying the antioxidant activity. Results: The aqueous extract of V. canescens exhibited significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity against DPPH. Additionally, the crude flavonoid extract demonstrated moderate activity with IC50 value of 57.863μg/mL, indicating potent inhibition of cell growth. In-silico docking studies revealed a strong interaction between emetine and the aromatase protein, suggesting its potential as an antioxidant. Conclusion: The study findings highlight the antioxidant potential of V. canescens extract, indicating its suitability as a source of natural antioxidants. These results suggest its potential application in pharmaceutical preparations aimed at harnessing antioxidant properties for therapeutic purposes.

Exploring the multifaceted bioactivities of Lavandula pinnata L. essential oil: promising pharmacological activities.

Introduction: This study investigates the biological activities of Lavandula pinnata essential oil (LPEO), an endemic lavender species from the Canary Islands, traditionally used in treating various ailments. Methods: LPEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity assays. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion, MIC, MBC, and MFC determination against bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum) strains. Antidiabetic and anti-gout potential were investigated through α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays. Antityrosinase activity was determined using a modified dopachrome method. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay against breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468), liver (HepG2), colon (HCT-15) cancer cells, and normal cells (PBMCs). Results and discussion: LPEO exhibits potent antiradical activity (IC50 = 148.33 ± 2.48μg/mL) and significant antioxidant capacity (TAC = 171.56 ± 2.34μg AA/mg of EO). It demonstrates notable antibacterial activity against four strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with inhibition zones ranging from 18.70 ± 0.30mm to 29.20 ± 0.30mm, along with relatively low MIC and MBC values. LPEO displays significant antifungal activity against four strains (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium digitatum) with a fungicidal effect at 1mg/mL, surpassing the positive control (cycloheximide), and MIC and MFC values indicating a fungicidal effect. It exhibits substantial inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme (IC50 = 26.48 ± 0.90μg/mL), comparable to allopurinol, and marked inhibitory effects on α-amylase (IC50 = 31.56 ± 0.46μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 58.47 ± 2.35μg/mL) enzymes.The enzyme tyrosinase is inhibited by LPEO (IC50 = 29.11 ± 0.08mg/mL). LPEO displays moderate cytotoxic activity against breast, liver, and colon cancer cells, with low toxicity towards normal cells (PBMC). LPEO exhibits greater selectivity than cisplatin for breast (MCF-7) and colon (HCT-15) cancer cells but lower selectivity for liver (HepG2) and metastatic breast (MDA-MB-468) cancer cells. These findings suggest the potential of LPEO as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-gout, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent.

Evaluation of the thermal degradation kinetics of vitamin C in the pulp of tumbo (Passiflora mollissima b.)

Vitamin C is an important micronutrient, which is found in acidic fruits such is the case of tumbo, studies have shown beneficial effects of vitamin C on health due to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging capabilities. The objective of the research was to evaluate the thermal degradation kinetics of vitamin C of the pulp of tumbo (Passiflora mollissima b.). The pulp of tumbo was prepared and subsequently subjected to different temperatures (60, 70 and 80 ° C) and times (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min). The vitamin C content in the pulp of tumbo was 77.01 mg / 100g which was analyzed by spectrophotometry. The results showed that vitamin Cdegradation followed second-order kinetic models. The degradation rate constants for ascorbic acid in the tumbo pulp were: k60 = 0.014 min-1, k70 = 0.019 min-1 and k80 = 0.023 min-1 and the decimal reduction times are: D60 = 162.17 min, D70 = 121.74 min and D80 = 101.76 min. The z value was 99 ° C, the Ea in the temperature range of 60-80 ° C is 22.84 kJ / mol and the value of Q10 is 1.60. The optimal time and temperature of pasteurization in the pulp of tumbo is 10.69 min at 60 ° C, for presenting the best correlation index, retaining the greatest amount of ascorbic acid, presenting a lower reaction rate and requiring a longer time of decimal reduction. It was concluded that the higher the temperature, the higher the degradation of vitamin C, the data obtained will help to predict the best conditions of processing of the pulp of tumbo and minimize degradation since it is an important quality factor.