Antioxidant Properties Of Aqueous Extracts Research Articles

EFFECT OF SUBMERGED FERMENTATION ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM VOACANGA AFRICANA STAPF SEED

Voacanga africana Stapf which belongs to the family, Apocynaceae is among useful medicinal plants of West Africa. The present study investigates the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts obtained from raw and fermented V. africana. One portion of V. africana was subjected to submerged fermentation for 7 days. Aqueous extracts of the raw and fermented samples of V. africana were obtained using standard methods. Antibacterial effect of the aqueous exracts was assessed by agar well diffusion while a battery of antioxidant test which include DPPH scavenging, ABTS, and Fe2+ chelation was employed. The bioactive compounds present in the extract were assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer. Extract obtained from the fermented seed of V. africana had good antimicrobial effect with zones of inhibition ranging from 4.67 to 22.00 mm. Aqueous extract obtained from fermented V. africana exhibited better antioxidant capacity with DPPH scavenging effect being the highest (27.93) when compared with extract obtained from raw V. africana. Bioactive compounds such as Eicosane, 1,14-Dibromotetradecane, 7-Oxodehydroabietic acid, oleic acid and so on were present in the aqueous extract obtained from fermented V. africana. Data gathered from this study revealed that fermentation enhances the antimicrobial and anoxidant properties of V. africana. The presence of bioactive compounds in the aqueous extract of V. africana indicates that it could be a good source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds for the improvement of human health.

Investigation of the Protective Effects of Urtica dioica, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Inula racemosa on Acetaminophen-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Male Mice

Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most commonly used nonprescription antipyretic-analgesic drug. This medication is thought to be safe at the suggested dosage (4 g/24 h), but its overdose (up to 2.5 g/kg) can cause severe injuries to the human body, including renal injury. APAP has various toxic effects on nephrons, as it leads to an excessive free radical generation that, in turn, results in a disturbance in the redox homeostasis of cells, causing oxidative stress. To replenish this oxidative stress, there is an ultimate urge for natural therapies that can retain the cellular homeostasis of nephrons by diminishing the overdose impression of acetaminophen. The principle objective of this work is to appraise nephrotoxicity due to APAP and its amelioration through the antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of selected medicinal plants: Urtica dioica, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Inula racemosa (UD, CBP, and IR, respectively). The pH stability of the nutraceuticals used was examined by determining the impact of pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9 on the DPPH radical scavenging activity of aqueous plant extracts. Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analytical technique was performed to determine the volatile organic phytochemical profiles of all three medicinal plants. Male Swiss albino mice were used for the present investigation. The animals were distributed into five groups of (n = 6), a total of 30 mice, for in vivo analysis. Group 1 served as the control group; group 2 received a single IP dose of APAP (600 mg/kg); group 3 received APAP pretreated with UD (300 mg/kg); group 4 received APAP pretreated with CBP (300 mg/kg); and group 5 received APAP pretreated with IR (300 mg/kg). Overdose of the APAP- induced a significant (p < 0.05) alterations in the total protein concentration, weight and the nephrological architecture in renal tissue, as observed through biochemical assays and histopathological examinations. Due to nephrotoxicity, there was a substantial (p < 0.05) drop in body weight and total protein contents in the APAP alone group when compared to the treatment groups. There was remarkable protection against APAP-induced alterations in the total protein of renal homogenate in the treatment groups. Histopathological analysis (H&E staining) of the mice kidneys indicated severe deterioration in the APAP alone group, whereas the therapy groups showed considerable nephroprotection towards APAP-induced abnormalities. The biochemical findings and histopathological study of the kidneys revealed that the herbal extracts (UD, CBP, and IR) have a nephroprotective potential against APAP-induced nephropathy. The trend of efficacy was observed as UD > CBP > IR. However, extensive study is needed to determine the likely ameliorative mechanism of these nutraceuticals.

Evaluation of antidiabetic, renoprotective, and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Linum usitatissimum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Evaluation of antidiabetic, renoprotective, and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Linum usitatissimum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Antioxidative potential of Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), an official Siddha polyherbal formulation.

Siddha’s folk medicine system is used to enhance immune responses as preventive medicine Siddha medicine’s enormousplethora of data will enhance human wellbeing Since the oldyears, Kabasura Kudineer(KSK) has beenanimmunedrugtoseveralillnesses Aqueous extract was employed for preparing the extract and analyzed for Total Antioxidant Capacity, Fe2+ chelating activity assay, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, ABTS Scavenging assay and Reducing power assay Thiswas found to possess high antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of KSK and their derivatives have been confirmed with the different tests This experimentation further affirms the antioxidative nature of KSK extract, which further aid in the fight in this COVID-19 pandemic situation

Physiochemical, clarification, and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of Xiao-chai-hu-tang as affected by membrane process

Physiochemical, clarification, and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of Xiao-chai-hu-tang as affected by membrane process

Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant properties of water-soluble extracts obtained from Bangladesh vegetables.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of some Bangladesh vegetables using fruits of ash gourd, bitter gourd, brinjal, okra, ridge gourd, snake gourd, and leaves of Indian spinach, kangkong, and stem amaranth. Proximate composition showed that the dried extracts were composed mainly of crude protein (14.6%-46.7%) and non-fibre carbohydrates (26.4%-53.5%). With the exception of stem amaranth, all the extracts had >40% DPPH radical scavenging ability at 0.5mg/ml. In contrast metal chelation was lower, except in Indian spinach with ~46%. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was highest for the kangkong (10.9mM Fe3+ reduced), which is similar to the 9.9mM for butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). All the extracts suppressed linoleic acid oxidation better than BHT within the first 5days of the incubation period. We conclude that the Indian spinach, kangkong, and okra could be considered as the most promising sources of antioxidant compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Vegetables are commonly consumed as part of a regular diet but the high water and fiber contents usually mean that large quantities are required to provide long-term health benefits. Therefore, in this work, aqueous extracts of nine Bangladesh vegetables were prepared to provide a more concentrated form of nutrients and bioactive compounds. The extracts had strong nutritional value based on the high contents of crude protein, potassium, iron, and non-fibre carbohydrates. The high content of polyphenolic compounds in the extracts can also provide health benefits, which was demonstrated through strong free radical scavenging, metal chelation, ferric iron reduction, and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. These vegetable extracts have the potential to be used as sources of bioactive compounds to prevent or treat non-communicable diseases that are associated with high oxidative stress.

Protection of phenylhydrazine-induced hematotoxicity by aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum in Wistar male rats

In recent years, Iranian traditional medicine has been used to treat various diseases such as anemia. One of these plants is Ocimum basilicum L. In this experiment, we evaluated the anti-anemia and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of O. basilicum in phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test was used to examine the antioxidant property of O. basilicum aqueous extract, which indicated high antioxidant property compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as the positive control. In vivo design, after 1 day of the last injection of phenylhydrazine, the rats were divided into five subgroups, including negative healthy control, untreated negative control, and three groups receiving the O. basilicum at 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg concentrations. At the end of day 15 of treatment, the animals of all groups were euthanized and blood samples were drawn immediately from the animals’ hearts to analyze the hematological and biochemical parameters. The data were analyzed by SPSS-21 software. Several doses of O. basilicum (especially O180) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced the levels of body weight, WBC, neutrophils, monocytes, platelet, RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and reduced the raised levels of ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, ferrous, ferritin, and erythropoietin as compared to the untreated group. In conclusion, the obtained results revealed the anti-anemia and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of O. basilicum. Extraction of active molecules will be the future work to peruse.

Polyphenol composition and antioxidant properties of vegetable leaf‐fortified bread

The aim of this work was to determine the antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of vegetable leaf-fortified bread as well as estimate the contents of polyphenolic compounds. Enriched bread was produced from wheat flour fortified at 1, 2, and 3% (w/w) with dried leafy vegetable powders from Amaranthus viridis, Solanum macrocarpon, and Telfairia occidentalis. Gallic acid was the most abundant soluble polyphenol in the control bread and the content in the control bread was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in all the fortified bread samples. Fortification of bread especially at 3% level resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher concentrations of other polyphenols (myricetin, catechin, quercetin, and rutin) compared to the control bread. The fortified bread extracts had significantly (p<0.05) more effective antioxidants than the control for DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric iron reducing antioxidant power, metal chelation, and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Bread is one of the consumed foods and could be used as a suitable carrier of bioactive compounds. Leafy vegetables contain high levels of polyphenols that could provide beneficial effects by contributing to improved health status of consumers. Therefore, incorporation of leafy vegetables into leavened bread could provide a means of enhancing polyphenol consumption. In this work, we showed that soluble polyphenols were enriched in vegetable-fortified bread. The polyphenol-rich extracts of the fortified bread demonstrated better free radical scavenging and inhibition of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation activities than the regular bread. Therefore, regular consumption of vegetable leaf-fortified bread could lead to reduced oxidative stress and associated chronic diseases in human beings. The vegetable leaf fortification could also serve as a suitable means of enhancing the shelf life of wheat bread.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Inula viscosa and Senecio anteuphorbium

The present study is focused on the evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract from the leaves of I. viscosa and the stems of S. anteuphorbium. The anti-inflammatory activity of these plants was studied both in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated J774A.1 mouse macrophages and in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. The antioxidant activitrty of extracts was studied using two in vitro model systems (DPPH· radical-scavenging assay and ABTS+· assay) and their chemical profiles were investigated. The pre-treatment of J774A.1 cells with S. anteuphorbium aqueous extract (SAAE) and I. viscosa aqueous extract (IVAE) decrease nitric oxide (NO) production and inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a dose-dependent manner, while the expression of toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were not affected. The protective anti-inflammatory effect of SAAE and IVAE at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg was also confirmed in vivo. They significantly reduced paw edema after 3 and 6 h of carrageenan stimulation, resperctively. IVAE exhibited a high antioxidant activity and contained high total levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The major compounds identified in the extract derived from IVAE were tementosin, 3 α-hydroxycostic acid and hydroxycoumarins, and might involve in these effects. This study is the first to report the anti-inflammatory potential of SAAE and IVAE both in vivo and in vitro. The effect demonstrated in vitro may be explained by the inhibition of the LPS-induced NO production through the inhibition of iNOS expression.

Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activity of Culinary Processed Shiitake Medicinal Mushroom (Lentinus edodes, Agaricomycetes) and Its Major Sulfur Sensory-Active Compound-Lenthionine.

The antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of raw and culinary processed shiitake mushrooms were evaluated and compared with those of lenthionine (1,2,3,5,6-penta-thiepane), the principal aroma-bearing substance of the shiitake medicinal mushroom (Lentinus edodes). Antimicrobial activity was tested using a panel of 4 strains of bacteria, 2 yeasts, and 2 fungi. Cytotoxic properties were evaluated against 3 cell lines (HepG2, HeLa, PaTu), whereas the anti-inflammatory activity of tested samples was assayed based on their ability to attenuate the secretion of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. Antioxidant activity was measured using in vitro DPPH and ABTS assays. It was found that lenthionine possesses significant antimicrobial properties; it is remarkably effective in inhibiting the growth of yeasts and fungi (minimum inhibitory concentration, 2-8 μg/mL) and thus is comparable to standard antifungal agents. Lenthionine is also able to decrease significantly the production of tumor necrosis factor-a and thus could be at least partly responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory effect of shiitake. On the other hand, lenthionine does not seem to contribute significantly to the well-known anticancer and antioxidant effects of the mushroom.

Antioxidant, free radical scavenging activities and total polyphenolic content of aqueous extracts from seven blueberry cultivars grown in New Zealand

ABSTRACT Antioxidant activity in blueberries or other fruits is an appealing characteristic to consumers and food industries. The antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts prepared from the berries of five rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei) and two highbush (V. corymbosum) cultivars of blueberry grown in New Zealand, were studied using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and scavenging DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical assays. Their ferrous ion chelating activities and total polyphenol contents (TPC) were also determined. Significant differences were found in antioxidant/antiradical activities and TPC among various cultivars of blueberries. The results showed that the highest TPC among the highbush cultivars were detected in the extracts from the berries of Jersey while the lowest TPC were detected in the extracts from the berries of Dixi. Similarly, the antioxidant/antiradical activity was significantly higher in Jersey than in Dixi cultivar which indicates that the antioxidant activity is related to the total phenolic contents. Among the rabbiteye cultivars, Centurion had the highest TPC followed by cultivars Maru, Rahi, Tifblue, and Ono. Regarding the antioxidant activity among the rabbiteye cultivars, it was in accordance with the results of TPC for all cultivars studied in that Centurion had the highest FRAP value and Ono cultivar had the lowest. A similar trend of activity was observed regarding the DPPH radical scavenging capacities. This may confirm that the phenolic compounds found in the blueberry extracts are the main contributors of the antioxidant/antiradical activities. In general, rabbiteye cultivars had significantly higher TPC (P < 0.01), higher antioxidant (P < 0.05) and free-radical scavenging activity (P < 0.05) than highbush cultivars.

Antiglycation and Antioxidant Properties of Momordica charantia.

The accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and oxidative stress underlie the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. In many developing countries, diabetes treatment is unaffordable, and plants such as bitter gourd (or bitter melon; Momordica charantia) are used as traditional remedies because they exhibit hypoglycaemic properties. This study compared the antiglycation and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of M. charantia pulp (MCP), flesh (MCF) and charantin in vitro. Lysozyme was mixed with methylglyoxal and 0–15 mg/ml of M. charantia extracts in a pH 7.4 buffer and incubated at 37°C for 3 days. Crosslinked AGEs were assessed using gel electrophoresis, and the carboxymethyllysine (CML) content was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated using assays to assess DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, metal-chelating activity and reducing power of the extracts. The phenolic, flavonol and flavonoid content of the extracts were also determined. All extracts inhibited the formation of crosslinked AGEs and CML in a dose-dependent manner, with MCF being the most potent. The antioxidant activity of MCF was higher than that of MCP, but MCP showed the highest metal-chelating activity. MCF had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, whereas MCP had the highest flavonol content. M. charantia has hypoglycaemic effects, but this study shows that M. charantia extracts are also capable of preventing AGE formation in vitro. This activity may be due to the antioxidant properties, particularly the total phenolic content of the extracts. Thus, the use of M. charantia deserves more attention, as it may not only reduce hyperglycaemia but also protect against the build-up of tissue AGEs and reduce oxidative stress in patients with diabetes.

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of Phyllanthus muellerianus and its major constituent, geraniin

Objective: Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell. of the family Euphorbiaceae, is used as a wound healing agent in Ghana and other West African countries. Oxidative stress has been identified to delay wound healing process and subsequently leads to the development of chronic wounds. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of the aerial parts of P.muellerianus (PLE) and its major constituent, geraniin. Methods: Wound tissues excised from rats treated with PLE (0.25, 0.5 and 1% w/w) and geraniin (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 % w/w) incorporated in aqueous creams were assayed for the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), ascorbate peroxidase (APx) and malondialdehyde (MDA). 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power, total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity assays were used to measure in vitro antioxidant activity. Results: SOD, CAT and APx activity increased significantly in both PLE and geraniin-treated wound tissues compared to the untreated tissues. However, MPO activity decreased significantly in all three PLE and 0.2 and 0.4% w/w geraniin-treated wound tissues compared to the untreated tissues. MDA levels decreased significantly in all of the PLE and geraniin-treated wound tissues compared to the untreated tissues. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was observed to be significantly lower for PLE than geraniin.

Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous Extract of Roasted Hulled Barley in Bulk Oil or Oil‐in‐Water Emulsion Matrix

Antioxidant properties of the aqueous extracts of hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that had been roasted at 210 °C for 20 min were determined in bulk oil and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Bulk oils were heated at 60, 100, and 180 °C, and O/W emulsions were oxidized under riboflavin photosensitization. The content of phenolic compounds was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and in vitro antioxidant assays were also conducted. The major phenolics contained in the aqueous extract of roasted hulled barley (AERB) were p-coumaric, ferulic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, and vanillic acids. Depending on the concentration and oxidation temperature, AERB had antioxidant or prooxidant properties in bulk oil. At 60 °C, AERB at a concentration of 0.5% acted as a prooxidant, whereas at 1.0% it acted as an antioxidant. At 100 °C, AERB acted as an antioxidant irrespective of concentration. In 180 °C conditions, 0.5% AERB acted as a prooxidant, whereas other concentrations of AERB acted as antioxidants. In the case of riboflavin photosensitized O/W emulsions, AERB showed antioxidant properties irrespective of concentration. Antioxidant abilities of AERB are affected by the food matrix, including bulk oil and O/W emulsions, and concentrations of AERB, even though diverse phenolic compounds may display high antioxidant properties in in vitro assays. Roasted barley has been widely used as a tea ingredient in East Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan. The highly antioxidative properties of the aqueous extracts of roasted barley have been confirmed in bulk oil and O/W emulsions as well as in vitro assays because of the presence of phenolic compounds. The results of this study can contribute to the development of antioxidant-rich beverages using roasted barley by aiding in the selection of proper food matrix-containing extracts of high phenolic compounds, as well as by expanding consumers’ choices for healthy beverages.

In vitro propagation of Senecio candicans DC and comparative antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of the in vivo plant and in vitro-derived callus

Senecio candicans DC is an endemic sub-shrubby climber and the hot water extract of this plant is being used traditionally for the treatment of gastric ulcer. The first objective of the present study was to design a standardized protocol for in vitro regeneration of S. candicans from leaf explants and compare the antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of in vitro calluses and in vivo leaves by three different methods. Callus was initiated on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal media supplemented with various concentrations (0.5mgL−1 to 2.0mgL−1) and combinations of auxins and cytokinins under dark incubation for 2weeks. The percentage of callus induction (PCI) and the fresh weights were recorded after 28days of culture. The fresh weights were again recorded after 4weeks of sub-culture to determine the relative fresh weight growth (RFWG). The highest PCI of 87% and RFWG of 3.245 were obtained on an MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyl amino purine (BA) 2mgL−1 and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 2mgL−1. The callus obtained after 28days of culture were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with different growth regulators. The maximum average shoot length (4.28±0.27cm) and maximum percentage of shoot induction (81%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with BA (2.0mgL−1)+IAA (1.0mgL−1). The maximum root induction percentage (90%) from shoots was observed on half strength MS medium fortified with 3.0mgL−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) alone. The antioxidant activity of in vivo leaf was significantly high compared to the in vitro callus in all the three antioxidant assays. A linear correlation between antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content was observed. The current protocol for in vitro regeneration would pave the way for further research on the isolation of bioactive compounds including antioxidants by cell suspension culture.

Comparative Study on the Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Properties and HPLC Fingerprinting of Three Varieties of C elosia Species

In this study, the phenolic content, characterization and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of three varieties of Celosia species were assessed. Celosia laxa had significantly (P < 0.05) higher total phenol and flavonoid contents than Celosia argentea (red variant) and Celosia argentea (green variant). Gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin and rutin were found in the three species of Celosia investigated. Rosmarinic acid and phenol glycoside were the two major compounds identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode-array detector in C. laxa, rutin and epigallocatechin were the prominent phenolics present in C. argentea (green variant) while C. argentea (red variant) had epigallocatechin as the most abundant phenolic compound. The extracts showed strong antioxidant actions as revealed by their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonate, nitric oxide radical-scavenging abilities and reducing power. These findings indicate that the aqueous extracts from Celosia species are potential sources of natural antioxidants. Practical Application Celosia laxa and Celosia argentea (green and red variants) are green leafy vegetables commonly consumed as food and serve as important ingredients in traditional medicine in Africa and Asia. The assessment of the antioxidant properties, phenolic content and composition of the three Celosia species may give insight into their applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals development.

Phytochemical screening and analysis of antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of wheatgrass

ObjectiveTo screen the phytochemical constituents and study antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of the wheatgrass. MethodsThe current study was focused on broad parameters namely, phytochemical analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and antioxidant properties in order to characterize the aqueous extract of wheatgrass as a potential free radical quencher. ResultsThe phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of wheatgrass showed the presence of various secondary metabolites but the absence of sterols and quinone in general. Wheatgrass was proved to be an effective radical scavenger in all antioxidant assays. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of diverse category of bioactive compounds such as squalene, caryophyllene and amyrins in varying percentage. ConclusionsFrom the results obtained, we conclude that wheatgrass aqueous extract contains various effective compounds. It is a potential source of natural antioxidants. Further analysis of this herb will help in finding new effective compounds which can be of potent use in pharmacological field.

Antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects of dietary plants against sodium nitroprusside induced lipid peroxidation in the mouse brain and liver

The antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of 6 medicinal plants, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula (black and yellow), Terminalia arjuna, Balsamodendron Mukul, and Alium sativum against lipid peroxidation in mouse tissues were investigated. Extracts showed inhibition against thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) induced by pro-oxidant (5 µM sodium nitroprusside) in the mouse brain and liver. Extracts displayed high free radical scavenging activities against DPPH (IC50, 23.23±1.2 µg/ mL, P. emblica), 20.24±0.9 µg/mL (T. chebula yellow), 17.33±1.1 µg/mL (T. chebula black), 19.44±0.45 µg/mL (T. arjuna), 56.59±2.1 µg/mL (Balsamo-dendron Mukul), and higher than 200 µg/mL (A. sativum). Higher antioxidant and inhibitory effects of T. chebula black are attributed to a higher phenolic content, Fe(II) chelating ability, reducing ability, nitric oxide radical scavenging, and free radical scavenging activity. Oxidative stress in the brain and liver could potentially be managed/prevented by dietary intake of these plants.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effect of Phyllanthus fraternus Against a Chemotherapeutic Drug Cyclophosphamide

In the present study, hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus fraternus (AEPF 200, 300, and 400mg/kg body weight (bw), orally) were investigated against cyclophosphamide (CPA 200mg/kg, bw, intraperitoneally administered) induced liver damage in mice. Histopathological studies of CPA administration cause liver injury, featuring substantial increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and total bilirubin. Moreover, CPA intoxication also causes strong oxidative stress, which is evident from significant increase in lipid peroxide level. These changes were coupled with a decline in superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as albumin, cholesterol level, red blood cell (RBC), and white blood cell (WBC) count. AEPF-treated mice displayed a significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation and augmentation of endogenous antioxidants. The study emphasizes the hepatoprotective effect of AEPF against CPA-induced oxidative liver injury, which may serve as a promising medicinal herb in complementary chemotherapeutic modalities.

Influence of drying method and extraction variables on the antioxidant properties of persimmon leaves

Abstract The presence of antioxidant compounds and therefore the antioxidant capacity of persimmon leaves and their extracts have been reported by many authors. Furthermore, it is known that both the method of drying and the temperature at which this process takes place substantially affect the properties of the final product. However, there are no studies in the literature that examine how drying variables can affect the quality of persimmon leaves, especially as refers to preservation of their antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to compare some antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of persimmon leaves obtained under different drying methods (shade drying, hot air drying at 100 and 180 °C, and freeze drying) and infusion conditions (70, 80 and 90 °C for 1, 3, 5, 60 and 1440 min). The results in terms of total phenol content, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity indicated that air drying at 100 °C would be the optimal process for the stabilization of persimmon leaves, and their subsequent use in brewed beverages. Likewise, the best conditions of aqueous extraction in order to maximize the extractability of antioxidant compounds corresponded to 90 °C for 60 min. A short experiment performed in this study confirmed that small persimmon leaves (axial axis: 9±1 (cm); equatorial axis: 7.0±0.9 (cm)) had around 9% more flavonoids, and 7% more total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than the large ones (axial axis: 17±2 (cm); equatorial axis: 10±1 (cm)).