Antioxidant Packaging Materials Research Articles

Development of antioxidant arabinoxylan-tea polyphenol composite films for enhanced preservation of fresh grapes

In this study, arabinoxylan (AX) was used as a substrate, and tea polyphenol (TP) as a functional additive to create degradable, non-polluting, and antioxidant packaging materials. The effects of different TP concentrations on light transmittance and antioxidant activity of the AX-TP composite films were analyzed. The colors of the films gradually deepened with increasing TP content. The maximum scavenging rate of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals using the AX-TP composite film solution of 59.13 ± 2.19 % was achieved at the TP concentration of 2.0 %. AX-TP composite films with different TP concentrations were applied to the surfaces of grapes, and the sensory quality, shriveling and decay rates, titratable acid, and weight loss rate of grapes during storage were evaluated using data from different experimental groups. The AX-TP composite films coated on grapes reduced the transpiration of water in the fruit and delayed grape spoilage, demonstrating an excellent preservation effect. These results show that AX-TP composite films increase the shelf life of fresh grapes.

Enhanced functional pectin films incorporated with olive fruit extracts prepared by deep eutectic solvents

The effect of olive extracts extracted with deep eutectic solvent (DES: choline chloride/glycerol, dl-malic acid/sucrose/glycerol, and citric acid/glycerol, respectively) on the structure, physical properties, and functional activities of pectin films, using DES both as a plasticizer and an extraction medium were explored. The findings revealed the integration of DES as a plasticizer was observed to increase film’s water vapor permeability and elongation at break, while concurrently diminishing its opacity. Furthermore, the incorporation of DES-olive extracts significantly enhanced the tensile strength, moisture barrier property, and opacity of the film, as well as improved its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The structural analysis indicated the interaction among DES, olive extracts, and pectin facilitated the development of more ordered structures within the films, thereby improving the thermal stability of the pectin-based films. In conclusion, pectin active films using DES as a solvent and plasticizer have the potential to be used to improve antimicrobial and antioxidant packaging materials along with acceptable water resistance.

Research progress of antibacterial and antioxidant packaging materials for meat: A review

AbstractDue to the easy spoilage of meat products and the improper preservation and transportation technology, the loss rate of meat is relatively high. Most of the fresh‐keeping films are made by adding natural antioxidants and various film‐forming methods. This study expounds the latest progress in the application of antibacterial and antioxidant packaging materials in meat products. With the addition of antibacterial and antioxidant active substances to the packaging, challenges regarding the stability, safety, compatibility and regulations of active substances emerge. This research status in the direction of prospects and challenges about antibacterial and antioxidant packaging materials for meat.

Doped carbon dots reinforced flexible nanocomposite active polymer film for antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Utilizing nanoparticles in packaging materials has proven to be an effective method for enhancing the longevity and security of food products. Carbon dots (CDs) have a wide variety of potential applications in food packaging. A flexible film made of thermoplastic chitosan (TPC) and heteroatom-doped CDs has been created using a wet chemical blending technique. These CDs reinforced TPC based hybrid films exhibit flexibility, antioxidant properties, biodegradability, and resistance to UV radiation. The mechanical strength of the films was assessed through uniaxial tensile testing, while their low-temperature flexibility was evaluated by measuring the sub-ambient (∼-30°C) glass transition temperature (Tg). Additionally, the presence of CDs directly influences the permeability of oxygen and moisture, resulting in a reduction in comparison to neat chitosan films, a vital characteristic for packaging materials. Over a span of three weeks, the TPC-based hybrid films demonstrated a progressive weight loss (∼75 %), indicating their biodegradability. Furthermore, these films have shown promise as antibacterial and antioxidant materials. The durability of the films and the absence of chemical release from the embedded CDs within the TPC matrices were also verified, underscoring their considerable potential as antibacterial, biodegradable, and antioxidant packaging materials within the food industry.

Antioxidant packaging films developed based on chitosan grafted with different catechins: Characterization and application in retarding corn oil oxidation

Four catechins including (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were conjugated onto chitosan (CS) molecules via ascorbate radical mediated reaction, producing EC-g-CS, ECG-g-CS, EGC-g-CS and EGCG-g-CS. The four catechin-g-CSs were individually blended with CS to develop food packaging films. The structure, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of four catechin-g-CSs as well as their corresponding packaging films were compared. Results showed the total phenol content differed in four catechin-g-CSs, where ECG-g-CS and EGCG-g-CS had higher total phenol contents than EC-g-CS and EGC-g-CS. Four catechin-g-CSs showed the characteristic UV–vis, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance signals of catechins, revealing the successful conjugation of CS with catechins. Antioxidant activity of CS was elevated by catechins to different degrees, with EGCG-g-CS having the highest antioxidant activity. The developed CS/catechin-g-CSs films showed larger thickness, water solubility, tensile strength, elongation at break, thermal stability and antioxidant activity but lower light transmittance, water contact angle, water vapor and oxygen permeability in comparison with CS film. Meanwhile, CS/catechin-g-CSs films had good anti-permeability against corn oil and effectively retarded the increase of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and peroxide value levels during oil storage. Findings showed CS/catechin-g-CSs films were ideal antioxidant packaging materials for edible oils. • Four catechins were individually grafted onto chitosan (CS) molecules. • Catechins changed the structure and antioxidant activity of CS. • Catechin-g-CSs increased the barrier, mechanical and antioxidant properties of film. • Film containing catechin-g-CSs retarded the oxidation of corn oil. • Film containing (−)-epicatechin gallate-g-CS had the best functionality.

Interfacial behavior of a polylactic acid active packaging film dictates its performance in complex food matrices

The convergence of food wasted due to spoilage and disposal of single use, non-compostable plastic packaging presents a significant economic and environmental burden. The ongoing market trend of reducing additive use in foods generates an opportunity to extend shelf life through alternative means. Active packaging technologies which seek to extend ‘clean label’ product shelf life at the post-retail level using bioderived polymers thus represents a unique solution in reducing volumes of both food and plastic municipal solid waste. An understanding of the active packaging interfacial behavior is necessary to predict performance in complex food systems. Here we present a characterization of the carboxylate pKa for polylactic acid (PLA) films grafted with the antioxidant nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), PLA-g-NTA. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the pKa values of 3.97 and 8.99 for the carboxylic acid groups of NTA and a pH dependent ABTS radical scavenging assay was performed to determine the pKa value of 6.74 for the tertiary amine of NTA. These results indicate PLA-g-NTA would be useful as an antioxidant material at the food interface with pH values above 6.74, as an electron transfer from the deprotonated tertiary amine was shown to be the largest driver of radical scavenging capacity. Utilizing a biodegradable antioxidant packaging material such as PLA-g-NTA thus gives way to protect food from oxidation while meeting consumer demands for reduced additive use towards the goal of reducing food waste and the environmental impact of petroleum based single-use plastics.

Alginate with citrus pectin and pterostilbene as healthy food packaging with antioxidant property

A new type of film packaging made from natural polysaccharide materials, with its environmental safety and friendliness, is considered as a potential substitute for plastics. Novel polysaccharide composite films based upon citrus pectin (CP) and sodium alginate (SA) were successfully prepared and characterized, containing pterostilbene (PTE) at various concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mM). The rheological analysis displayed that all film-forming liquids performed no gelation behavior with G" > G' at low frequency and weak gelation with G" < G' at high frequency. The SA-CP films had good tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB), while adding PTE as an antioxidant to the film reduced both the values. Of note, the SA-CP films with PTE had better moisture resistance than that of the pure SA-CP films, which was related to the changes of its microstructure. The increased roughness of the films containing PTE was observed by microscope. After calcium chloride cross-linking, the water solubility of the films was reduced, while its thermal stability was improved. Notably, the accretion of PTE expressively enhanced the antioxidant properties of the SA-CP films. Thus, the SA-CP composite films containing PTE could be utilized as an excellent antioxidant packaging material.

Development and characterization of PVA-starch incorporated with coconut shell extract and sepiolite clay as an antioxidant film for active food packaging applications

An active antioxidant film was fabricated by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and corn starch (ST) and incorporated with and 3, 5, 10, and 20% (v/v) coconut shell extract (CSE) and sepiolite clay (SP) for the first time. The microstructure and physical properties of prepared films were characterized and examined. The addition of sepiolite clay to PVA improved the elongation break 15.57 to 69.24%, and water vapor permeability increased with the addition of CSE. In addition to CSE to films, the antioxidant activity properties of the films were enhanced up to 80%. Further, increasing the amount of CSE slightly affected the color of the active films. The thermal properties of films were enhanced with the addition of CSE and SP. The dispersion of SP in the PVA matrix was affected by an increase in CSE concentration in the PVA matrix. Remarkably, PVA-ST film-based sachets successfully improved the oxidative stability of packaged soybean oil. Our results suggest PVA-ST film containing CSE and sepiolite clay can be utilized as a novel antioxidant packaging material in the food processing industry.

Antioxidant packaging material supplementary to N2-flushed modified atmosphere packaging to preserve powdered infant formula

Abstract Antioxidant Al-laminated films were fabricated with incorporation of ascorbic acid or tocopherol at 0.3 % into the food-contact polyethylene layer. These films were tested in oxygen and water vapor transmissions under the state of N2-filled pouch and then submitted to packaging 200 g of powdered infant formula under modified atmosphere of N2 gas. The addition of ascorbic acid or tocopherol into the film reduced the apparent O2 transmission rate of the sealed pouch, probably due to O2-scavenging activity, but increased the transmission rate of water vapor through the sealing. Tocopherol-loaded film allowed the highest ingress of oxygen into the infant formula package during storage at 30 °C resulting in the highest increase of peroxide value, an indicator of product lipid oxidation. The adverse effect of the tocopherol-added film pouch is thought to have been caused by the compromised oxygen barrier of sealing during extended storage. Packaging the powdered infant formula in an ascorbic acid-added film pouch under N2 flushing could work as significant supplementary tool helpful to additionally suppress lipid oxidation. Other quality indexes of pH, acidity and bifidobacteria count did not change significantly during storage for all the treatments.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit polysaccharide films containing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) leaf extract as an antioxidant packaging material

Novel biodegradable noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit polysaccharide (NPS) films containing blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) leaf extract (BLE) at various concentrations (0.4, 0.7, and 1.0%) were prepared and characterized. The prepared NPS films had good tensile strength and Young's modulus, whereas the incorporation of BLE into the films as an antioxidant decreased both the values. The addition of BLE effectively enhanced the antioxidant activities of the NPS films, which was the result of phenolic compounds present in BLE. Moreover, the NPS films with BLE had greater water vapor permeability than that of the neat NPS films, which was closely related to microstructural changes in the films. Increased surface roughness of the films following the addition of BLE was also observed in micrographs of the film surface and average roughness. These results suggest that NPS films containing BLE have the potential to serve as antioxidant packaging material.

Incorporation of yellow onion peel extract into the funoran‐based biodegradable films as an antioxidant packaging material

SummaryThis study was conducted to develop a biodegradable antioxidant film using yellow onion peel extract (YOPE) and funoran extracted from Gloiopeltis furcata. The mechanical, optical and antioxidant properties of the funoran films containing various amounts of YOPE (0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0%) were examined. YOPE dose‐dependently increased the flexibility as well as the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of the funoran films. Additionally, the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the funoran films increased from 31.92 to 61.31 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 film and from 21.80 to 79.22 mg quercetin equivalent g−1 film after the incorporation of YOPE, respectively. These results suggest that the funoran‐based film incorporated with YOPE, which was prepared from underutilised red alga and discarded onion peel, can be used as an antioxidant biodegradable packaging material.

Cowpea starch films containing maqui berry extract and their application in salmon packaging

Abstract This study focused on the development of a new biodegradable and active film applicable in the food industry. A new antioxidant film was prepared with cowpea starch (CS) and maqui berry extract (MBE). Different amounts (0%–20%) of MBE were incorporated into the CS films, and the prepared films were characterized. As MBE content in the CS films increased, the rigidity of the films decreased, and flexibility increased. Moreover, the opacity and ultraviolet-visible light blocking activity increased. The antioxidant activity also increased with increasing content of MBE in the films. Especially, radical scavenging activities against 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl of the CS film with 20% MBE were 88.46% and 42.39%, respectively. Furthermore, the CS film containing 20% MBE delayed lipid oxidation in the salmon samples during storage at 4 °C. These findings suggest that the CS films incorporated with MBE can be used as antioxidant packaging material.

Development of teff starch films containing camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia Mc. Vaugh) extract as an antioxidant packaging material

In this study, a biodegradable film was developed from teff starch (TFS) containing camu-camu extract (CCE) as an antioxidant packaging material. The radical scavenging activities, water barrier, mechanical, and optical properties of the TFS films were evaluated. The TFS films with CCE showed excellent radical scavenging activities. With increasing CCE content, the tensile strength of TFS films decreased from 31 MPa to 8 MPa, whereas the elongation at break increased from 26% to 73%. The TFS films containing CCE blocked the ultraviolet light completely in the range of 200–360 nm. In addition, the contact angle of the TFS films increased from 36° to 69°, and the surface of the TFS films became rough as the incorporated CCE amount increased. These results indicate that TFS films containing CCE are appropriate as an antioxidant packaging material.

Characterization of Job's tears (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) starch films incorporated with clove bud essential oil and their antioxidant effects on pork belly during storage

The physical properties of Job's tears starch (JTS) films incorporated with clove bud essential oil (CBEO) and their antioxidant effects on pork belly during storage were investigated in this study. The changes in thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis), microstructure (scanning electron microscopy), and antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH assays) of JTS films according to various concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%) of CBEO were also examined. With increasing concentration of CBEO, tensile strength, moisture content, and water solubility of the films decreased, whereas elongation at break, water vapor permeability, and antioxidant activity increased. The optical and thermal properties of the JTS films were not affected with the addition of CBEO. Pork belly packaged with the JTS film containing 0.5% CBEO exhibited lower degree of lipid oxidation determined by peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value measurement than non-packaged sample during storage. Therefore, the developed JTS films containing CBEO can be effectively applied as an anti-oxidative packaging material to maintain the freshness and quality of pork belly during storage.

Development of an antioxidative packaging film based on khorasan wheat starch containing moringa leaf extract.

The aim of this study was to develop and characterize the properties of khorasan wheat starch (KWS) films containing moringa leaf extract (MLE) as an antioxidative packaging material. KWS was isolated from khorasan wheat and used as a film base material. Different amounts (0, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0%, w/v) of MLE were added to the KWS film-forming solution and the film properties were examined. Tensile strength of the KWS films decreased and elongation at break increased with increasing MLE content. In addition, the KWS films containing MLE possessed good antioxidative activities and ultraviolet light blocking ability. In particular, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging abilities of the KWS films with 1.0% MLE were 59.45% and 37.89%, respectively. Moreover, KWS films containing 1.0% MLE were biodegradable within 30days. These findings indicate that the developed KWS films containing MLE can be applied as a biodegradable packaging material with antioxidative activity.

Development of antioxidant food packaging materials containing eugenol for extending display life of fresh beef

In this study, clove essential oil (CL) or eugenol (EU) containing cellulose acetate (CA) or acrylic component/hydrophobically modified starch (AC/S) coatings on corona treated oriented polypropylene film (OPP) were designed and investigated for their possible applications as antioxidant packaging materials for fresh meat. The antioxidant properties of the coatings were investigated by Vapour Phase-DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The CA coatings containing CL or EU showed 43–92% and 43–94% inhibition against DPPH free radicals through the vapour phase, respectively, whereas AC/S/CL and AC/S/EU coatings resulted in DPPH inhibition of 21–65% and 25–84%, respectively. AC/S/EU and CA/EU coatings on OPP containing from 0.32 ± 0.03 to 6.40 ± 0.14 g/m2 of EU were used to prepare packaging for fresh beef (Longissimus thoracis). After 14 days, the lipid oxidation in beef steaks kept in control and antioxidant packages was 3.33 and 1.00–1.22 mg of malondialdehyde per kilogram of meat, respectively. Moreover, red colour of beef in antioxidant packages was retained.

Properties and antioxidative activity of fish gelatin-based film incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate

Antioxidative activity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was examined. Effect of EGCG at various concentrations (0–0.20%, w/v) on the properties of fish gelatin-based films was also investigated. EGCG showed 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of 12.78, 7.68, 11.02, 3.59 and 2.92 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g sample, respectively. Films containing 0.15 and 0.20% EGCG exhibited higher tensile strength (TS) and water vapor permeability (WVP) but lower elongation at break (EAB) and light transmission, compared with the control film (P < 0.05). All films incorporated with EGCG showed higher a∗-, b∗- and ΔE∗ than the control film (P < 0.05). All films had smooth surface. The incorporation of 0.20% EGCG increased glass transition temperature (Tg) of gelatin film. FTIR analysis revealed the interaction between protein and EGCG. Incorporation of EGCG at levels higher than 0.10% yielded more compact films, compared to the control. Higher seal strength and seal efficiency were observed for film incorporated with 0.20% EGCG in comparison with control film (P < 0.05). When the migration of EGCG from gelatin film was tested, the highest release of EGCG was found for film containing 0.20% EGCG after 18 days of storage. Therefore, the incorporation of EGCG having antioxidant activity had the impact on properties as well as heat seal ability of gelatin film. The resulting film could be used as antioxidant packaging material.

Characterization of Barnyard Millet Starch Films Containing Borage Seed Oil

In this study, barnyard millet starch (BMS) was used to prepare edible films. Antioxidant activity was conferred to the BMS film by incorporating borage seed oil (BO). The physical, optical, and thermal properties as well as antioxidant activities of the films were evaluated. The incorporation of BO into the BMS films decreased the tensile strength from 9.46 to 4.69 MPa and increased the elongation at break of the films from 82.49% to 103.87%. Water vapor permeability, water solubility, and moisture content of the BMS films decreased with increasing BO concentration, whereas Hunter b value and opacity increased, L and a values of the films decreased. The BMS films containing BO exhibited antioxidant activity that increased proportionally with increased BO concentration. In particular, the BMS film with 1.0% BO exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and light barrier properties among the BMS films. Therefore, the BMS films with added BO can be used as an antioxidant packaging material.

Application of a puffer fish skin gelatin film containing Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract to the packaging of Gouda cheese.

This study aims to develop a puffer fish skin gelatin (PSG) film that contains Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract (ME) as a new biodegradable film. With the increase in ME concentration, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the PSG film increased, whereas the oxygen permeability and water vapor permeability decreased. In addition, the PSG film with ME exhibited antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and antioxidant activity. To apply the ME-containing PSG film to food packaging, Gouda cheese was wrapped with the ME-containing PSG film. During storage, the cheese packaging with the ME-containing PSG film effectively inhibited the microbial growth and retarded the lipid oxidation of cheese compared with the control sample. Thus, the ME-containing PSG film can be used as an antimicrobial and antioxidative packaging material to improve the quality of food products.

Antioxidant activities of distiller dried grains with solubles as protein films containing tea extracts and their application in the packaging of pork meat

Distiller dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as protein (DP) films were prepared. Additionally, to prepare anti-oxidant films, green tea extract (GTE), oolong tea extract (OTE), and black tea extract (BTE) were incorporated into the DP films. Consequently, the incorporation of the tea extracts did not alter the physical properties of the films much, whereas the antioxidant activities, such as ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were observed. To apply the DP films containing tea extracts to food packaging, pork meat was wrapped with the films and stored at 4°C for 10d. During storage, the pork meat wrapped with the DP films containing GTE, OTE, and BTE had less lipid oxidation than did the control. Among the tea extracts, the DP film containing GTE had the greatest antioxidant activity. These results indicate that the DP films containing green tea extracts can be utilized as an anti-oxidative packaging material for pork meat.