Antioxidant Efficacy Research Articles

Oxidative Stress in Canine Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as a disruption in redox balance favoring oxidants, has emerged as a major contributor to numerous diseases in human and veterinary medicine. While several reviews have explored the implication of OS in human pathology, an exhaustive review of the canine species is lacking. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the existing literature on the role of OS in canine diseases, highlighting its potentially detrimental effect on various organs and systems. Some inconsistencies among studies exist, likely due to varying biomarkers and sample types. However, there is substantial evidence supporting the involvement of OS in the development or progression of numerous canine disorders, such as cardiovascular, oncologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematologic, renal, neurologic, infectious, and parasitic diseases, among others. Additionally, this review discusses the efficacy of antioxidant and pro-oxidant therapeutic agents for these conditions. Dietary interventions to counteract OS in dogs have gained significant attention in recent years, although further research on the topic is needed. This review aims to serve as a foundational resource for future investigations in this promising field.

Bioactivity of Grape Pomace Extract and Sodium Selenite, Key Components of the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, on Target Human Cells: Intracellular ROS Scavenging and Nrf2/ARE Induction Following In Vitro Intestinal Absorption

Oenobiol Sun Expert, a food formulation designed to enhance skin health prior to sun exposure, has been optimized by incorporating the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, which includes grape pomace extract, increased selenium content and 10% lycopene-rich tomato extract, with these constituents exhibiting high antioxidant potential. To evaluate the effects of these individual ingredients and the overall formulation at the cellular level, the AOP1 cell antioxidant efficacy assay was employed to measure the intracellular free radical scavenging activity, while the Cell Antioxidant Assay (CAA or DCFH-DA) assay was used to assess peroxidation scavenging at the plasma membrane level. The indirect antioxidant activity was examined using stably transfected cell lines containing a luciferase reporter gene controlled by the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE), which activates the endogenous antioxidant system via the Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway. Our results indicate that among the individual components, grape pomace extract and sodium selenite possess high and complementary antioxidant properties. Grape pomace extract was particularly effective in inhibiting free radicals (AOP1 EC50 = 6.80 μg/mL) and activating the ARE pathway (ARE EC50 = 231.1 μg/mL), whereas sodium selenite exerted its effects through potent ARE activation at sub-microgram levels (EC50 = 0.367 μg/mL). In contrast, the lycopene-rich tomato extract did not show a notable contribution to the antioxidant effects. The antiradical activity of the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, comprising these three ingredients, was very efficient and consistent with the results obtained for the individual components (AOP1 EC50 = 15.78 µg/mL and ARE EC50 of 707.7 μg/mL). Similarly, the free radical scavenging activity still persisted in the Oenobiol Sun Expert formulation (AOP1 EC50 = 36.63 µg/mL). Next, in vitro intestinal transepithelial transfer experiments were performed. The basolateral compartments of cells exposed to the ingredients were collected and assessed using the same antioxidant cell assays. The direct and indirect antioxidant activities were measured on both hepatocytes and keratinocytes, demonstrating the bioavailability and bioactivity of grape pomace extract and sodium selenite. These finding suggest that the ingredients of this food supplement contribute to enhanced cytoprotection following ingestion.

Prolonging the oxidative stability of walnut oil by endogenous antioxidants: Phytosterol compounding for improved antioxidant capacity

Walnut oil, loaded with unsaturated fatty acids, offers significant health advantages yet is greatly vulnerable to oxidative spoilage.The investigation explored the impact of four oil extraction techniques on the inherent antioxidants, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant efficacy, and oxidation stability index (OSI) of walnut oil. The investigation utilized variance analysis coefficients and partial least squares regression analyses were conducted. It identified β-sitosterol and stigmasterol as crucial inherent antioxidant compounds. The maximal concentrations achieved through hot pressing were 943.16 mg/kg for β-sitosterol and 121.54 mg/kg for stigmasterol. Stigmasterol contribution to the DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be 0.8224 in PLS1 (R2>0.95). Consequently, the combined effect of these antioxidants on the OSI was tested., revealing that a 2:1 ratio of these substances, under conditions of 45 ℃ ultrasound temperature and 27 minutes ultrasound duration(p<0.05), improved the OSI from 2 to 6.42.

Extraction of benzyl isothiocyanate from formosa papaya seeds (Carica papaya Linn) and evaluation of biological properties

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the drying kinetics, extraction yields, and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of papaya seeds dried at different temperatures (45 °C and 55 °C) using various extraction methods. Drying of papaya seeds reduced the moisture content from 49.9 ± 1.2%–0.094%, taking 600 min at 45 °C and 510 min at 55 °C. Extraction yields using hexane were significantly higher, with values of 33.20% and 34.28% at 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively. Subcritical CO2 extraction yielded similar results across temperatures, while hydrodistillation showed the lowest yields. The concentration of benzyl isothiocyanate was highest in extracts obtained by subcritical CO2 (7.81% at 45 °C and 7.22% at 55 °C), demonstrating superior effectiveness compared to hydrodistillation and hexane methods. Subcritical CO2 extracts exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The antifungal activity was also superior against Penicillium crustosum with subcritical CO2 extracts. In terms of antioxidant activity, subcritical CO2 extracts showed the lowest IC50 values, indicating the highest antioxidant efficacy. Both extracts showed slight toxicity, though to a minimal extent. These results suggest that subcritical CO2 extraction is superior in preserving and concentrating bioactive compounds, resulting in better yields and enhanced antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.

Comparison and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Capacity Between EGCG and Phosphatidylcholine-Encapsulated EGCG.

To compare and evaluate the differences between EGCG and phosphatidylcholine-encapsulated EGCG in terms of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities. In this study, transdermal absorption experiments were conducted to compare the absorption capacity of EGCG and phosphatidylcholine-encapsulated EGCG. Subsequently, the disparity in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy between EGCG and phosphatidylcholine-encapsulated EGCG were evaluated through cytotoxicity experiments, as well as the determination of cellular inflammatory factors and the measurement of ROS content under different treatment conditions. The concentration of EGCG, encapsulated in phosphatidylcholine, in porcine skin is 40.76 ± 1.29 μg/cm2, which is significantly higher than the concentration of EGCG alone (31.62 ± 2.01 μg/cm2). Also, the ability of phosphatidylcholine-encapsulated EGCG to suppress inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was notably superior to that of EGCG alone. Both phosphatidylcholine-encapsulated EGCG and EGCG showed excellent ROS scavenging ability in terms of antioxidant capacity. The percutaneous absorption and anti-inflammatory impact of EGCG encapsulated within phosphatidylcholine were substantially enhanced when compared to EGCG by itself. Additionally, both formulations exhibited enhanced ROS scavenging capacities, albeit the variance between them was not pronounced. These insights furnish a vital theoretical underpinning for the utilization of phosphatidylcholine-encapsulated EGCG in cosmetic applications, specifically for fostering products with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits.

Pharmacological Treatment of Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Novel Landscape for Inhaled Agents

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) encompass a heterogeneous group of over 200 disorders that require individualized treatment. Antifibrotic agents, such as nintedanib and pirfenidone, have remarkably revolutionized the treatment landscape of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Moreover, the approval of nintedanib has also expanded the therapeutic options for patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis other than IPF. However, despite recent advances, current therapeutic strategies based on antifibrotic agents and/or immunomodulation are associated with non-negligible side effects. Therefore, several studies have explored the inhalation route aiming to spread higher local concentrations while limiting systemic toxicity. In this review, we examined the currently available literature about preclinical and clinical studies testing the efficacy and safety of inhalation-based antifibrotics, immunomodulatory agents, antioxidants, mucolytics, bronchodilators, and vasodilator agents in ILDs.

Comprehensive analysis of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of water and methanol extracts of Hibiscus flower

This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Hibiscus flower extracts, highlighting their potential for future applications in functional foods. The research addressed key challenges by employing a multi-faceted approach, including four distinct methods for evaluating antioxidant potential: DPPH and FRAP assays, reducing power, and chelating ability of Fe ions. Total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while tannins and flavonoids were assessed via vanillin–HCl and aluminum chloride assays. Additional analyses included spectrophotometric measurement of total flavonols and anthocyanins. Antibacterial activity was determined using a modified agar disk diffusion method, with results indicating significant inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus by both aqueous and methanolic extracts. Colorimetric analysis revealed a reduction in chroma and hue angles, while FTIR spectroscopy identified key functional groups, such as suberin, lipids, and polysaccharides. Notably, the antioxidant efficacy varied depending on the solvent used, with aqueous extracts showing higher total phenolic content (4325.12 mg GAE/100 g) compared to methanolic extracts (3487.05 mg GAE/100 g). The study concludes that Hibiscus flower extracts, rich in antioxidants like tannins and anthocyanins, possess significant potential for use as natural preservatives and colorants in food products, supporting their role in developing novel functional foods.

Protective Effects of Carotenoid-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Against Ochratoxin-A-Induced Cytotoxicity.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceous and various Penicillium species, which are known for contaminating agricultural products and posing significant health risks, which include immunotoxicity. This study aims to evaluate the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with a carotenoid-enriched extract from pumpkin peel (Cucurbita maxima L.) in mitigating the toxic effects of OTA. To address the poor bioavailability and instability of carotenoids, nanoencapsulation techniques were employed to enhance their delivery and efficacy. NLCs were formulated using hydrogenated sunflower oil, pumpkin oil, and soy lecithin using hot high-pressure homogenization. The in vitro study involved co-digesting OTA-contaminated bread with an NLC formulation and assessing the impact of the encapsulated carotenoid on OTA bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and cellular toxicity using Caco-2 and Jurkat T cells. Even though no significant influence was observed on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of OTA, carotenoid-loaded NLCs exhibited cytoprotective effects by improving cell viability and mitigating OTA-induced toxicity in both Caco-2 and Jurkat T cells. Particularly, the flow cytometry analysis highlighted the ability of carotenoids to mitigate OTA-induced cellular damage by decreasing ROS production and limiting mitochondrial mass changes. The study suggests that the encapsulation of carotenoids in NLCs represents a promising strategy to enhance their protective effects against OTA toxicity, potentially offering a novel approach to food safety and public health protection. The study underscores the potential of nanotechnology in improving the bioavailability and efficacy of natural antioxidants to mitigate mycotoxin-induced damage.

Role of antioxidants in enhancing radioprotection: Insights from diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy studies

Introduction: With recent advancements, the usage of ionising radiation in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology is becoming increasingly important. Since the smallest dose of ionising radiation can also cause biological effects, most commonly indirect effects, minimising this is the biggest challenge. The current review discussed the efficacy of antioxidants on neutralising free radicals formed as a result of radiation to minimise its effects on DNA. Aim: The current review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the antioxidants in reducing the biological effects caused by ionising radiation in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology. Materials and Methodology: The review included the articles published in the Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases were used. The studies reported the effectiveness of the antioxidant administration in reducing the effects of ionising radiation effects in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology. Results: The evaluation methods used in this review were biochemical evaluation, histopathological evaluation, gene expression, etc. Administration of antioxidants prior to irradiation was effective in reducing biological effects. Melatonin was found to be the most commonly used antioxidant in multiple studies. Conclusion: Administering antioxidants before irradiation effectively reduces the biological effects. Further human studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of the same.

Research Progress on Antioxidant Peptides from Fish By-Products: Purification, Identification, and Structure-Activity Relationship.

Background/Objectives: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to oxidative stress, which has become an urgent problem requiring effective solutions. Due to the drawbacks of chemically synthesized antioxidants, there is a growing interest in natural antioxidants, particularly antioxidant peptides. Methods: By reviewing recent literature on antioxidant peptides, particularly those extracted from various parts of fish, summarize which fish by-products are more conducive to the extraction of antioxidant peptides and elaborate on their characteristics. Results: This article summarizes recent advancements in extracting antioxidant peptides from fish processing by-products, Briefly introduced the purification and identification process of antioxidant peptides, specifically focusing on the extraction of antioxidant peptides from various fish by-products. Additionally, this article comprehensively reviews the relationship between amino acid residues that compose antioxidant peptides and their potential mechanisms of action. It explores the impact of amino acid types, molecular weight, and structure-activity relationships on antioxidant efficacy. Conclusions: Different amino acid residues can contribute to the antioxidant activity of peptides by scavenging free radicals, chelating metal ions, and modulating enzyme activities. The smaller the molecular weight of the antioxidant peptide, the stronger its antioxidant activity. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of peptides is influenced by specific amino acids located at the C-terminus and N-terminus positions. Simultaneously, this review provides a more systematic analysis and a broader perspective based on existing research, concluded that fish viscera are more favorable for the extraction of antioxidant peptides, providing new insights for the practical application of fish by-products. This could increase the utilization of fish viscera and reduce the environmental pollution caused by their waste, offering valuable references for the study and application of antioxidant peptides from fish by-products.

Changes of microbial active ingredients and antioxidant capacity during fermentation process of dark tea

Dark tea, a traditional fermented tea in China, is known for its unique flavor and enhanced health potential due to its fermentation process. However, previous studies on the evolution of its active ingredients and antioxidant properties have been limited by inadequate sample collection, single analytical methods, and insufficient data processing. To address these challenges, this study employed a comprehensive strategy to analyze the dynamic changes of active compounds and antioxidant efficacy during dark tea fermentation using refined sampling, diverse assay techniques, and advanced data analysis. A multi-point temporal sampling method was used to capture key stages of fermentation, ensuring comprehensive data. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and various antioxidant assays (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) enabled precise quantification of tea polyphenols, catechins, theaflavins, and thearubigins. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that tea polyphenols and catechins decreased, theaflavins increased then slightly declined, and thearubigins steadily rose as fermentation progressed. These changes were linked to fluctuations in antioxidant capacity, peaking at around 30 mg/g of phenolic compounds. The study also explored optimizing fermentation to enhance the retention of beneficial components, maximizing antioxidant properties and improving product quality. This research advances the understanding of dark tea fermentation and supports the sustainable development of the dark tea industry.

Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Potency, and Molecular Docking of Co2+, Ni2+, and Pd2+ Complexes Derived From Carbohydrazone Ligand and Its Application in Dye Removal

ABSTRACTAs a result of the Schiff base condensation reaction between carbohydrazide and 4‐aminoacetophenone, novel HL ligand [(Z)‐N′‐((Z)‐1‐(4‐aminophenyl)ethylidene)‐2‐(1‐(4‐aminophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazine‐1‐carbohydrazide] and three coordination compounds were successfully obtained with the formulas of [Co2(L)(Cl)3(H2O)].Cl, [Ni2(L)(Cl)2(H2O)2].Cl.H2O, and [Pd (HL)(Cl)(H2O)].Cl, the obtained structures were analyzed using analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), NMR, UV–Vis, molar conductivity, elemental analysis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Additionally, thermal stabilities, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters were estimated utilizing thermogravimetric analysis. The structures were confirmed through quantum chemical computations. The antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial biological efficacies of the ligand and its metal chelates were assessed. The ligand shows optimistic results as an antioxidant, while Co2+ and Pd2+ complexes showed the highest antimicrobial activities. The DNA binding affinity and cleavage of the isolated compounds were evaluated. Furthermore, the fluorescence spectrum of ligand in the absence and presence of Co2+ was recorded in order to investigate the interaction affinity along with the limit of detection. Another application of this work is the removal of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes from wastewater and reusability, through an inventive synthesis of a cellulose‐based material “LDC” Schiff base.

Centaurea dimorpha Viv. (Asteraceae) growing in Algeria extracts as a promising natural cosmetic active ingredient: Broad-spectrum photoprotection and antioxidant efficacy

Recently, plants have been considered as a valuable natural source of cosmetic active ingredientsowing to their sustainability and weak toxicity. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the cosmetic efficacy of Centaurea dimorpha Viv (Asteraceae), an endemic species of North Africa, as a promising natural cosmetic active ingredient. In the present study, Ethyl acetate and Butanolic extracts obtained from powdered Centaurea dimorpha aerial parts were investigated for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, which were evaluatedvia Folin-ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride methods, the in vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging,phosphomolybdenum and phenanthroline assays, the UVB and broad spectrum protective efficacy was spectrophotometrically assessed by measuring SPF, UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength (CW) indices. The highest levels of TPC and TFCwere recorded by the ethyl-acetate extract (119.20 ± 0.32 µg GAE mg-1, 50.65 ± 0.43 µg QEmg-1, respectively). Similarly, this extract displayed a significant antioxidant effect, particularly in the phenanthroline assay (152.63 ± 0.49 µg AAEmg-1). Ethyl acetate extract also showed UVB and broad-spectrum (UVB-UVA) protective efficacy (SPF=12.30 ± 0.001, UVA/UVB ratio=0.63 ± 0.001, λc= 371). The results obtained show the possibility to use Ethyl acetate extract as a promising active ingredient for sunscreen formulations.

Antioxidant Properties of Postbiotics: An Overview on the Analysis and Evaluation Methods.

Antioxidants found naturally in foods have a significant effect on preventing several human diseases. However, the use of synthetic antioxidants in studies has raised concerns about their potential link to liver disease and cancer. The findings show that postbiotics have the potential to act as a suitable alternative to chemical antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Postbiotics are bioactive compounds generated by probiotic bacteria as they ferment prebiotic fibers in the gut. These compounds can also be produced from a variety of substrates, including non-prebiotic carbohydrates such as starches and sugars, as well as proteins and organic acids, all of which probiotics utilize during the fermentation process. These are known for their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties that help improve human health. Various methodologies have been suggested to assess the antioxidant characteristics of postbiotics. While there are several techniques to evaluate the antioxidant properties of foods and their bioactive compounds, the absence of a convenient and uncomplicated method is remarkable. However, cell-based assays have become increasingly important as an intermediate method that bridges the gap between chemical experiments and in vivo research due to the limitations of in vitro and in vivo assays. This review highlights the necessity of transitioning towards more biologically relevant cell-based assays to effectively evaluate the antioxidant activity of postbiotics. These experiments are crucial for assessing the biological efficacy of dietary antioxidants. This review focuses on the latest applications of the Caco-2 cell line in the assessment of cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and bioavailability. Understanding the impact of processing processes on the biological properties of postbiotic antioxidants can facilitate the development of new food and pharmaceutical products.

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg Aerial Parts on MDA Breast Cancer Cells: Insights into Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Efficacy, and Gelatinase Inhibition within 3D Cellular Models

In this work, aerial parts of Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. produced in Umbria, Italy, were chemically investigated by solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS) to describe their volatile profile. The results obtained showed the preponderant presence of monoterpenes, with limonene and 1,8-cineole as the main components. Further analyses by GC/MS after derivatization reaction were performed to characterize the non-volatile fraction highlighting the presence of fatty acids and di- and triterpenic compounds. T. officinale methanol and dichloromethane extracts, first analyzed by HRGC/MS, were investigated to evaluate the antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and antiproliferative properties of MDA cells on the breast cancer cell line and MCF 10A normal epithelial cells as well as the antioxidant activity by colorimetric assays. The impact on matrix metalloproteinases MMP-9 and MMP-2 was also explored in 3D cell systems to investigate the extracts’ efficacy in reducing cell invasiveness. The extracts tested showed no cytotoxic activity with EC50 &gt; 250 µg/mL on both cell lines. The DPPH assay revealed higher antioxidant activity in the MeOH extract compared with the DCM extract, while the FRAP assay showed a contrasting result, with the DCM extract exhibiting slightly greater antioxidant capacity. After treatment for 24 h with a non-cytotoxic concentration of 500 µg/mL of the tested extracts, gelatin zymography and Western blot analyses demonstrated that both MeOH and DCM extracts influenced the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in MDA cells within the 3D cell model, leading to a significant decrease in the levels of these gelatinases, which are crucial markers of tumor invasiveness.

Preparation and Characterization of Schiff Base Ligand Complexes (Dimedone With Thiourea)

In this study, eight complexes of this group were prepared by reacting the new ligand prepared from the reaction of dimedone with thiourea with metal chlorides of divalent (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu ,Zn, Cd) and trivalent (Fe, Cr) transition elements. These complexes were characterised by distinctive colours, melting points and solubility, and from the diagnostic results obtained, it was found that the ligand.(1E,5E)-5-carbamothioylimino)-3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) thiourea(L2) , that behave as dodecameric ligands with the metal ion, to which they bind through two amine groups. The octahedral shape of the complexes was suggested by IR, UV-visible, molar electrical conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility spectra, all of which indicated paramagnetic properties except for Zn and Cd, which have diamagnetic properties, and molar conductivity showed that all complexes are non-electrolytic except for Fe and Cr. The molecular formula of the complexes forming the group was determined by elemental analysis, where the elemental percentages matched the proposed molecular formula. The results measured the biological efficacy against pathogenic bacteria of the complexes showed varying efficacy. The results of antioxidant efficacy measurement using ethanol showed varying efficacy and were compared with gallic acid using DPPH as a free radical and gave different IC50 values. Density Functional Theory (DFT) measurement results showed that the chemical properties of the prepared complexes were consistent with the results of the practical part.

Green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles usingTribulus terrestris: characterization and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial efficacy against wound isolates.

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) infections are a significant global challenge, necessitating innovative and eco-friendly approaches for developing effective antimicrobial agents. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. The CeO2NPs were synthesized using aTribulus terrestrisaqueous extract through an environmentally friendly process. Characterization techniques included UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. The UV-vis spectroscopy shows the presence of peak at 320 nm which confirms the formation of CeO2NPs. The FT-IR analysis of the CeO2NPs revealed several distinct functional groups, with peak values at 3287, 2920, 2340, 1640, 1538, 1066, 714, and 574 cm-1. These peaks correspond to specific functional groups, including C-H stretching in alkynes and alkanes, C=C=O, C=C, alkanes, C-O-C, C-Cl, and C-Br, indicating the presence of diverse chemical bonds within the CeO2NPs. XRD revealed that the nanoparticles were highly crystalline with a face-centered cubic structure, and SEM images showed irregularly shaped, agglomerated particles ranging from 100-150 nm. In terms of biological activity, the synthesized CeO2NPs demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The nanoparticles exhibited 82.54% antioxidant activity at 100 μg ml-1, closely matching the 83.1% activity of ascorbic acid. Additionally, the CeO2NPs showed 65.2% anti-inflammatory activity at the same concentration, compared to 70.1% for a standard drug. Antibacterial testing revealed that the CeO2NPs were particularly effective against multi-drug resistant strains, includingPseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterococcus faecalis, and MRSA, with moderate activity againstKlebsiella pneumoniae. These findings suggest that CeO2NPs synthesized viaT. terrestrishave strong potential as antimicrobial agents in addressing MDR infections.

Phyto-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aloe barbadensis Miller leaves gel with improved antibacterial, anti-fungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activities

An effective topical therapeutic agent requires a multifunctional attribute such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory efficacy. The green-synthesized metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles have shown significant applicability in this regard. Hence a biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Aloe barbadensis miller leaf gel was fabricated and evaluated for effect of imperative influences such as temperature, time, and concentration of reactant on AgNPs synthesis. Furthermore, the biomimetic qualities were assessed to ensure the safety and efficacy. The synthesis of stabilized and capped AgNPs presented a UV–vis–based plasmonic resonance at ∼ 400 nm. The reduction of silver nitrate was further confirmed by the shift in FTIR spectra for -OH around 2870 cm−1. SEM and TEM images revealed cubic shape of the AgNPs. Whereas X-ray diffraction pattern indicated crystalline structure (crystallite size of ∼ 31.14 nm) with an inter-planar spacing value of 2.77, 1.96, and 1.67 Å for (200), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. In addition, AgNPs indicated a steady dispersion, homogeneity, and strong anionic zeta potential (∼ 35.4 mV). The results of antibacterial and antifungal activity demonstrated the potential of phyto-synthesized AgNPs in mitigation of infection associated with tested bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Shigella flexneri, Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium crysogenum. Moreover, the results of hydrogen peroxide-based scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic study revealed that the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibit an improved biomimetic attribute. Additionally, the biocompatibility assay demonstrated > 80 % of CaCO-2 and L-929 cells viability at 1.67 μg/mL and 3.35 μg/mL, respectively. The anticancer activity of synthesized AgNPs against epithelium-like phenotype oral squamous carcinoma cells (CLS-354/WT) displayed IC50 of 11.58 μg/mL. The results indicate that biogenic produced AgNPs may find suitable use as a potential therapeutic agent due to multifunctional attribute.

Vulnerability of Antioxidant Drug Therapies on Targeting the Nrf2-Trp53-Jdp2 Axis in Controlling Tumorigenesis.

Control of oxidation/antioxidation homeostasis is important for cellular protective functions, and disruption of the antioxidation balance by exogenous and endogenous ligands can lead to profound pathological consequences of cancerous commitment within cells. Although cancers are sensitive to antioxidation drugs, these drugs are sometimes associated with problems including tumor resistance or dose-limiting toxicity in host animals and patients. These problems are often caused by the imbalance between the levels of oxidative stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the redox efficacy of antioxidants. Increased ROS levels, because of abnormal function, including metabolic abnormality and signaling aberrations, can promote tumorigenesis and the progression of malignancy, which are generated by genome mutations and activation of proto-oncogene signaling. This hypothesis is supported by various experiments showing that the balance of oxidative stress and redox control is important for cancer therapy. Although many antioxidant drugs exhibit therapeutic potential, there is a heterogeneity of antioxidation functions, including cell growth, cell survival, invasion abilities, and tumor formation, as well as the expression of marker genes including tumor suppressor proteins, cell cycle regulators, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and Jun dimerization protein 2; their effectiveness in cancer remains unproven. Here, we summarize the rationale for the use of antioxidative drugs in preclinical and clinical antioxidant therapy of cancer, and recent advances in this area using cancer cells and their organoids, including the targeting of ROS homeostasis.

Integrating schiff base ligands with diorganotin(IV) metal: Crystallographic insights and biological potency against malaria and oxidative stress

Amidst the ongoing search for potent antimalarial agents, this research focuses on synthesizing and analyzing diorganotin(IV) complexes (3–10) with Schiff base ligands (1–2) derived from 2-amino-4‑tert-butylphenol and salicylaldehyde derivatives, revealing compelling medicinal applications. Comprehensive structural characterization of these compounds was conducted using a suite of analytical techniques, including FT-IR, NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn), SEM-EDAX, TGA and mass spectrometry. These analyses unequivocally confirmed that the ligands coordinate to the diorganotin(IV) ion via oxygen and nitrogen donor sites in an iminol configuration, indicating a pentacoordinated stereochemistry. Furthermore, to confirm the complexes structural characteristics, SC-XRD was performed on the complex 7 [Me₂SnL2] which indicated that the compound crystallizes in a monoclinic system with distorted square pyramidal stereochemistry. Biological evaluations states that the complexes have superior biological activities compared to their respective ligands with the order of activity being: Ph2SnL1–2>Bu2SnL1−2>Et2SnL1−2>Me2SnL1−2. Complexes (6, 10) showed significant antimalarial and antioxidant efficacy, with IC50 values of 0.99 ± 0.18 - 1.69 ± 0.15 µM and 2.36 ± 0.05 - 3.16 ± 0.02 µM, respectively, comparable to standard therapeutic agents. ADMET lab 2.0 evaluation confirmed their adherence to Lipinski's Rule of Five and strong pharmacokinetic properties, including oral bioavailability, permeability and clearance, similar to standard drugs.