Antioxidant Competence Research Articles

Impact of antiparasitic used in livestock: effects of ivermectin spiked sediment in Prochilodus lineatus, an inland fishery species of South America.

Ivermectin (IVM) is a widely used antiparasitic. Concerns have been raised about its environmental effects in the wetlands of Río de la Plata basin where cattle have been treated with IVM for years. This study investigated the sublethal effects of environmentally relevant IVM concentrations in sediments on the Neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Juvenile P. lineatus were exposed to IVM-spiked sediments (2 and 20µg/Kg) for 14days, alongside a control sediment treatment without IVM. Biochemical and oxidative stress responses were assessed in brain, gills, and liver tissues, including lipid damage, glutathione levels, enzyme activities, and antioxidant competence. Muscle and brain acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and stable isotopes of 13C and 15N in muscle were also measured. The lowest IVM treatment resulted in an increase in brain lipid peroxidation, as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in gills and liver, increased catalase activity (CAT) in the liver, and decreased antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) in gills and liver. The highest IVM treatment significantly reduced GSH in the liver. Muscle (AChE) was decreased in both treatments. Multivariate analysis showed significant overall effects in the liver tissue, followed by gills and brain. These findings demonstrate the sublethal effects of IVM in P. lineatus, emphasizing the importance of considering sediment contamination and trophic habits in realistic exposure scenarios.

Effects of actinomycetes on the growth, antioxidant and genes expression in Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. li

F. taipaiensis P. Y. Li represents a significant asset within traditional Chinese medicinal flora, though it confronts the challenge of germplasm deterioration during its cultivation phase. This study aimed to discern the implications of single strains or combinations of diverse growth-promoting actinomycetes on the growth metrics, antioxidant competence and pertinent gene expression in the leaves of F. taipaiensis. The result revealed that the malondialdehyde content within the plant's leaves notably diminished in the treatment groups compared to the CK group, with the S6 group showcasing the most pronounced malondialdehyde reduction, amounting to approximately one-third of the CK's value. Leaf area, length and width peaked in the S5 cohort, registering values 4.55, 2.46 and 1.85 times surpassing the CK group. Concurrently, plant height and stem thickness were maximal in the S6 group, being 2.29 and 1.75 times that of the CK group, whereas leaf thickness reached its zenith in the S7 group, marking a 2.17-fold elevation compared to the CK. Photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars and soluble proteins in the leaves, exhibited augmentation across the inoculated groups to varying magnitudes. Specifically, the S5 group was superior in photosynthetic metrics and pigments, while the S6 group manifested the highest soluble sugar concentration, which was 1.35 times that of the CK. The S3 group demonstrated the pinnacle of soluble protein content, an impressive 5.86-fold increment relative to the CK group. The enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, along with their affiliated gene expressions, were observably augmented in the inoculated groups, with the S5 group standing out. To encapsulate, the actinomycete inoculation holds potential in fostering the growth and maturation of F. taipaiensis, amplifying its environmental resilience. The revelations from this study extend valuable insights for the judicious choice of microbial fertilizers in the cultivated propagation of Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant competence of sustainable grumixama leaves extracts in nanoemulsion system

The spontaneous emulsification method was used to produce nanoemulsions loaded with grumixama leaves extracts (GLE) to protect and improve its functionality as a natural additive in food. Nanoemulsions were characterized for physicochemical stability, morphology, thermal analyses, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity. The formulations showed encapsulation efficiency (EE%) >89%, sizes between 182 and 290 nm, low polydispersity, and zeta potential near −30 mV. The formulations were kinetically stable since these parameters remained constant for up to 180 days at 4°C. The nanoemulsion with 125 mg GLE exhibited better droplet structure, which favored greater phenolic compounds protection and thermal resistance. The antioxidant capacity of all formulations remained stable over 30 days. The nanoemulsions acted as a bactericidal agent (MBC/MIC ratio ≤ 4) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes strains. However, GLE-loaded nanoemulsions offer a sustainable and functional alternative for use as a natural additive to meet trends such as a clean label.

Approaches to Help Older Women in ART

Ancient Chinese emperors sent messengers to the whole country and explored an elixir of life. Determent of aging has been an ultimate hope for humans for a long period. In the modern era, aging become a hot topic to be solved according to longevity. Equality of both sexes in society contributed to the late marriage and start of making children. There happen adverse effects to being conceived in the aged ovaries. The quality and quantity become impaired by the ovarian aging process. In the artificial reproductive treatment, the obtained number of oocytes in ovarian hyperstimulation diminishes in aged women. The aging impairs quality both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Chromosomal and genetic abnormalities increase lower implantation and higher abortion. In aged women, PGT-A may be effective to effective treatment. On the other hand, aging affects organelles in the cytoplasm of oocytes by protein metabolic dysregulations. Especially it induces mitochondria dysfunction. Mitochondria are called a “powerhouse” and have an essential role in oogenesis and embryogenesis. There exist 200,000-40,000 mitochondria DNA copies in the mature oocytes. Mitochondria dysfunction causes maturation arrest of oocytes, fertilization failure, late cleavage, and fragmented embryos. We have two strategies to solve this problem by enhancement of mitochondrial function. One is the holistic approach. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals impair mitochondrial function. Also, mitochondria themselves are known to produce ROS. We measure Diacron-Reactive Oxygen Metabolites (d-Rom) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) that are predictors of systemic ROS level and antioxidant competence, respectively. Another method is a cell-engineering approach. We have conducted autologous mitochondria transfer into mature oocytes. The quality of the oocytes and embryos were dramatically improved by this method, and we obtained 13 healthy children.

Growth, body composition, digestive enzyme activity, blood biochemical parameters, and immune antioxidant indices of red tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus) reared in mixed cell and rectangular raceways

In this study, growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activity, blood biochemical parameters, immune-antioxidant indices of red tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus), and water quality parameters were investigated in mixed cell (MCR) and rectangular raceways. Fish with an initial weight of 1 ± 0.03 g were reared in mixed cell and rectangular raceways at a density of 150 g/m3 and fed a commercial diet as a percentage of their body weight for 60 days. The MCR groups had significant improvements in water quality parameters and had higher final weight, specific growth rate, and lower feed conversion ratio compared to the rectangular raceway groups. The MCR groups also had higher ash content and lower body moisture content. In addition, the MCR groups had improved digestive enzyme activity and better fish health, with lower cortisol and glucose levels and higher antioxidant competence. These results suggest that MCR is a beneficial alternative to rectangular raceways in terms of water quality, growth performance, and fish health.

Polystyrene microplastic alters the redox state and arsenic metabolization in the freshwater bivalve Limnoperna fortunei.

Most organisms possess the capacity to metabolize arsenic (As) accumulating compounds to less toxic forms, thus minimizing the adverse effect induced by this metalloid. However, other contaminants may to interfere with As metabolism, contributing to the accumulation of more toxic compounds. Microplastics (MPs) are omnipresent in aquatic environment and may induce toxicological effects (alone or in combination with other contaminants) on living organisms. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the exposure of the freshwater clam Limnoperna fortunei to a combination of MP (4 and 40μg/L of polystyrene microbeads, 1.05μm) and As (50μg/L) for 48h, evaluating the accumulation and metabolization of As and oxidative stress parameters, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase activities, total antioxidant competence, reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid damage in the gills and digestive glands. Results revealed that low MP concentration disrupts the redox state of the digestive gland by a decrease in the antioxidant activity (CAT and total antioxidant capacity). GSH levels in the gills of animals exposed to MP (4μg/L) alone and the combination of MP+As increased, concomitant with an increase in the percentage of toxic compounds, indicating the effect of MP on As metabolism. Although, few studies evaluated the effect of coexposure to MP+As by considering metabolization of metalloid in freshwater bivalve, our results revealed that exposure to MP reduced the metabolization capacity of As, favoring the accumulation of more toxic compounds besides the MP alone, which showed a pro-oxidant effect in L. fortunei.

Antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant competence of Cardiospermum halicacabum based nanoemulsion and characterized their physicochemical properties.

This research was designed to evaluate the pharmaceutical potentials of various proportions of nanoemulsions, Cardiospermum halicacabum Nanoemulsion A and Cardiospermum halicacabum Nanoemulsion B (CHE-NE-A & CHE-NE-B) prepared from the hydroalcoholic extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum through in vitro approach, and their physicochemical properties were characterized using standard scientific analytical techniques. The physicochemical and morphological properties of CHE-NE-A and CHE-NE-B were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TEM, zeta potential, and scattering light intensity analyses. The results revealed that the size, shape, and exterior conditions of nano-droplets of the CHE-NE-A nanoemulsion were suitable as a drug carrier. The reports obtained from in vitro drug releasing potential analysis support this as well. CHE-NE-A nanoemulsion constantly removes the drug from the dialysis bag than CHE-NE-B. Moreover, the CHE-NE-A showed considerable dose-dependent antioxidant activity on DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP free radicals. CHE-NE-A and CHE-NE-B were tested for their antibacterial activity with various bacterial strains. The results demonstrated that the CHE-NE-A nanoemulsion showed remarkable antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition) against test bacterial pathogens than CHE-NE-B. The antibacterial activity of CHE-NE-A at a concentration of 200µgmL-1was in the following order, P. aeruginosa > S. aureus > S. typhimurium > S. pneumoniae > E. coli. Furthermore, CHE-NE-A has the lowest MIC values against these test bacterial pathogens than CHE-NE-B. Moreover, the CHE-NE-A also demonstrated good antifungal activity against the test fungal pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus niger, Candida pneumonia, and Penicillium expansum than CHE-NE-B. These results strongly suggest that the CHE-NE-A nanoemulsion possesses considerable pharmaceutical potential. Interestingly, the physicochemical properties also rope that the CHE-NE-A nanoemulsion may be considered a drug carrier and useful for drug formulation.

Maternal supplementation of nano-selenium in a plant-based diet improves antioxidant competence of female Arabian yellowfin sea bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) breeders and their progeny

Antioxidants such as selenium (Se) play vital roles in reproduction success and larval development in fish. A three-month feeding experiment was conducted to examine the impact of enriching a plant-based diet (60% of fishmeal was substituted with a blend of plant ingredients) with nano-selenium (nano-Se) on antioxidant metabolism in female brooders and the progeny of Arabian yellowfin sea bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus). At this point, the plant-based diet was supplemented with graded levels of nano-Se at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/Kg diet. Moreover, a fishmeal-based diet served as a positive control (FMD-Control). Broodfish were randomly distributed into eighteen 10 m3 rectangular concrete tanks (8 males and 8 females in each tank). Each experimental diet was subjected to three replications. Selenium retention increased in the serum, liver, ovary, eggs, and three-day larvae with increasing dietary nano-Se levels (P < 0.05). Supplementing the plant-based diet with 2–4 mg nano-Se/Kg significantly enhanced normal embryogenesis, fertilization, hatching, and larval survival rates. Generally, fish fed on plant-based diets with lower nano-Se supplementation (0–0.5 mg/Kg) had higher catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the liver, ovaries, eggs, and larvae compared to the other groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity and total antioxidant capacity markedly increased, whereas lipid peroxidation decreased in the liver, ovary, serum, eggs, and progeny of broodfish fed with nano-Se supplemented diets (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of 2–4 mg nano-Se /Kg in a plan-based feed is recommended for the improvement of antioxidant defense in female A. arabicus brooders and their progeny.

Role of reactive oxygen species in lesion mimic formation and conferred basal resistance to Fusarium graminearum in barley lesion mimic mutant 5386.

This study investigated the barley lesion mimic mutant (LMM) 5386, evidenced by a leaf brown spot phenotype localized on the chromosome 3H, and its conferred basal resistance to Fusarium graminearum. RNA-seq analysis identified 1453 genes that were differentially expressed in LMM 5386 compared to those in the wild type. GO and KEGG functional annotations suggested that lesion mimic formation was mediated by pathways involving oxidation reduction and glutathione metabolism. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in brown spots was substantially higher in LMM 5386 than in the wild-type plant; therefore, antioxidant competence, which is indicated by ROS accumulation, was significantly lower in LMM 5386. Furthermore, the reduction of glycine in LMM 5386 inhibited glutathione biosynthesis. These results suggest that the decrease in antioxidant competence and glutathione biosynthesis caused considerable ROS accumulation, leading to programmed cell death, which eventually reduced the yield components in LMM 5386.

Deciphering the Global Proteomic Profile Involved in Methylmercury-Induced Cerebellar Neurodegeneration and Motor Dysfunction in Adult Rats.

Mercury is a ubiquitous pollutant in the environment with potential neurotoxic effects. Several populations are susceptible to mercurial exposure, especially methylmercury (MeHg) at low doses for long periods through food consumption. Given this, the present work aimed to assess the effects of long-term MeHg exposure on the cerebellum of rats from a translational perspective using a representative dose, assessing molecular, biochemical, morphological, and behavioral parameters. The model was produced by administering 40 µg/kg of MeHg for 60 days to adult male Wistar rats by oral gavage. As a result of this exposure, the animals presented motor deficits in open field and rotarod tests which were associated with an increase in total mercury content in cerebellar parenchyma, a reduction in antioxidant competence against peroxyl radicals, and increased nitrite and lipid peroxidation levels. The proteomic approach showed 317 modulated proteins. Such findings were associated with reductions in mature neuron and Purkinje cell densities and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostained areas and increased microglial density. In addition, decreases in myelin basic protein and synaptophysin immunostaining were also observed. The results thus provided new evidence of the mechanisms underlying complex MeHg-induced neurodegeneration, especially the proteins underlying the biochemical and morphological features associated with motor dysfunction.

Dissolved organic matter-assisted phytoremediation potential of cotton for Cd-contaminated soil: a relationship between dosage and phytoremediation efficiency.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a novel Cd-contaminated soils amendment for phytoremediation. However, the phytoremediation efficiency for different DOM doses has been insufficiently investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of five DOM doses (v/w, 0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%) on the phytoremediation efficiency of cotton in Cd-contaminated soil through pot experiment. The results showed that bioavailable Cd concentrations and organic matter in the soil increased with the increased of DOM dosage. The DOM dose increased the chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, and the total biomass of cotton. In addition, the DOM application increased the Cd content in cotton roots and changed the Cd uptake in cotton shoots, increasing shoot Cd extraction efficiency by 8.53-20%. Simultaneously, soil Cd phytoextraction efficiency significantly increased. Furthermore, applying a 1% DOM dose resulted in safeguarding fibre biomass and maximising the efficiency of shoot extraction. Redundancy analysis showed that the Mn content in leaves is critical for increasing cotton biomass, anti-oxidation competence and phytoremediation efficiency under 1% DOM dose. In conclusion, DOM enhanced cotton remediation in Cd-contaminated soils and applying DOM at 1% was a suitable choice for Cd-contaminated soils.

Maternal Fluoride Exposure Exerts Different Toxicity Patterns in Parotid and Submandibular Glands of Offspring Rats.

There is currently a controversial and heated debate about the safety and ethical aspects of fluoride (F) used for human consumption. Thus, this study assessed the effects of prenatal and postnatal F exposure of rats on the salivary glands of their offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed to 0, 10, or 50 mg F/L from the drinking water, from the first day of gestation until offspring weaning (42 days). The offspring rats were euthanized for the collection of the parotid (PA) and submandibular (SM) glands, to assess the oxidative biochemistry and to perform morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. F exposure was associated with a decrease in the antioxidant competence of PA in the 10 mg F/L group, contrasting with the increase observed in the 50 mg F/L group. On the other hand, the antioxidant competence of the SM glands was decreased at both concentrations. Moreover, both 10 and 50 mg F/L groups showed lower anti-α-smooth muscle actin immunostaining area in SM, while exposure to 50 mg F/L was associated with changes in gland morphometry by increasing the duct area in both glands. These findings demonstrate a greater susceptibility of the SM glands of the offspring to F at high concentration in comparison to PA, reinforcing the need to adhere to the optimum F levels recommended by the regulatory agencies. Such findings must be interpreted with caution, especially considering their translational meaning.

Effect of Marine Red Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Diarrhea Rate, Serum Antioxidant Competence, Intestinal Immune Capacity, and Microflora Structure in Early-Weaned Lambs.

In this study, the influences of marine red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum (MRYP) on diarrhea rate, serum antioxidant capacity, intestinal immunity capacity, and microflora structure of early-weaned lamb were investigated in a 60-day feeding trial. A total of 96 early-weaned lambs were utilized in this study. The lambs were divided into four experimental groups based on the percentage of marine red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum (MRYP) as milk replacer supplement. The rates of milk replacer supplement for the four groups were 0, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% of marine red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum (MRYP), respectively. The study was continued for 30 days. The results showed that (1) compared with control group, 0.5% marine red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum (MRYP) supplementation caused significantly decreases in average fecal score and diarrhea frequency by 33.74% and 40.23% (P < 0.05). (2) No significant difference was found in all tested related antioxidant indexes in serum of four treatments (P > 0.05). (3) The concentrations of SIgA, IgG, and IL-10 of group IV was significantly increased by 17.78%, 18.27%, and 8.17%, but the IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased by 21.20% and 31.80%, compared to group I in the colon (P < 0.05). (4) The number of Bifidobacterial and Lactobacilli of group IV was significantly increased by 14.87% and 15.09%, but Escherichia coli and Salmonella were significantly decreased by 20.19% and 10.15%, compared to group I in the colon (P < 0.05). (5) A portion of marine red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum (MRYP) survived in the intestine of early-weaned lamb, and the number of survival marine red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum (MRYP) increased as the addition of marine red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum (MRYP) increased from 0.1 to 0.5% in milk replacer. Therefore, marine red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum (MRYP) has a potential to be a replacer of antibiotics for prevention and treatment of diarrhea in early-weaned lambs.

Cassia fistula nutrition rich flower tea derived biotic nanoparticles synthesis, characterization and their antioxidant and anti-hyperglycaemic properties.

Cassia fistula (CF) is a nutrient-rich flowering plant and it has been used to cure numerous human health problems including cardiac diseases, bacterial infection, and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the production and characterisation of biomimetic iron oxide nanoparticles (ICF) derived from CF flower tea as well as evaluate their antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties. CF tea derived ICF synthesis and characterized by established physical-chemical methods. Moreover, this synthesized ICF were checked for their antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties such as alpha-amylase, glucose intake, total antioxidant (TAA), ferrous reducing (FA), and radical scavenging (DPPH) properties. The synthesized ICF characterization and size were confirmed primarily by described physical and chemical methods. Our findings revealed that ICF have a powerful antihyperglycemic mechanism by involving alpha-amylase inhibition and enhanced glucose absorption. Meanwhile, this ICF exhibited distinguished antioxidant competence by improving TAA and free radical scavenging (TAA, DPPH) properties. Finally, this ICF has proven anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant mechanisms due to their presence of nano-sized biomolecules. In this study, it might be concluded that the CF is the best source for iron oxide nanoparticles production with clarity, small size and high solidity. Moreover, this nanoparticle has proven in vitro anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant mechanisms.

Genetic parameter estimates for three antioxidant factors in cultured Takifugu rubripes

Genetic parameters of three antioxidant factors, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), were evaluated in liver samples from 840 Takifugu rubripes individuals from 28 full-sib families. Heritability values of SOD, CAT, and GPX were 0.17, 0.18, and 0.14, respectively, and the full-sib family effect values for these antioxidant factors were 0.46, 0.47, and 0.49, respectively. The ranges of phenotypic and genetic correlations among the three immune factors were 0.748–0.848 and 0.726–0.806, respectively. Considering the low heritability and high full-sib family effect of the three antioxidant indexes, the use of both genome-wide selection and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is promising for genetically improving the three antioxidant indexes in cultured fish. In addition, given positive phenotypic and genetic correlations among the three antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPX, the antioxidant competence of Takifugu rubripes can be improved by genetically improving these three antioxidant traits via multi-trait integrated breeding technology or indirect selection.

Comparison effect of Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein replace fishmeal on growth performance, intestinal morphology, hepatic antioxidant capacity and immune gene expression of Litopenaeus vannamei under low salt stress

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fishmeal (FM) with Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein on growth performance, intestinal morphology and antioxidant capability of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in an eight-week feeding experiment. FM protein of a FM-based control diet (FM20) was replaced with 0 (FM20), 4 (FM16), 8 (FM12), 12 (FM8), 16 (FM4), and 20% (FM0) by Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein to formulate six experimental diets. Compared with control group, the shrimp fed 4% (FM16) and 8% (FM12) Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein gained higher survival rate and specific growth rate (SGR). There were no significant differences in MDA content of hepatopancreases and crude protein in whole body, while crude lipid was increased significantly in shrimp fed with Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein. In addition, there was no negative impact on the intestinal morphology of shrimp by FM replacement with Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein. The challenge test with low salt stress showed that the survival rate of shrimp fed with Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein were not significantly different from that of shrimp fed with whole fishmeal. Furthermore, higher T-AOC and GSH-PX activities of hepatopancreases of shrimp were observed in Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein after low salt stress. Moreover, compared with the control group, substitution of Rhodobacter sphaeroides significantly improved the resistance of L. vannamei against the stress of acute low salinity, as indicated by higher expression levels of SOD, Relish and HSP70 and lower expression levels of Caspase-3. Our findings suggested that Rhodobacter sphaeroides protein, has improved growth performance and maintained the intestinal tract healthy, and enhanced antioxidant competence and immunity of L. vannamei and could serve as novel FM replacement in shrimp feed that helps shrimp to overcome low salt challenge.

Ivermectin: A multilevel approach to evaluate effects in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae), an inland fishery species

Ivermectin (IVM) is one of the most widely used antiparasitics worldwide. It is a potent and effective drug for treatment and prevention of internal and external parasitic infections of livestock and humans. IVM is excreted unchanged in manure of treated animals. Thus, residues of IVM may reach aquatic systems, affecting non-target organisms such as fish. Although the presence of IVM in aquatic environments has been reported, a multilevel approach (from cellular to behavioral responses) is necessary to determine the health of exposed organisms and the environmental risks associated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the response of the Neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus, one of the main target species of South American freshwater fisheries, exposed to environmental concentrations of IVM: low (0.5 μg L−1) and high (1.5 μg L−1). Behavioral responses were assessed in juvenile fish and included water column use, routine swimming, total distance travelled, total activity time and Maximum swimming speed achieved during the escape response. Biochemical/oxidative stress responses assessed included brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities; total antioxidant competence against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and lipid oxidative damage (TBARs). Hematological biomarker responses included blood glucose levels, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular volume. Condition factor and hepatosomatic index were also calculated. The lowest IVM concentration caused a significant decrease in GST activity and maximum swimming speed during the escape response. Multivariate analysis with biochemical/stress and behavioral data revealed overall effects of IVM treatments. This multilevel analysis shows detrimental effects related to swimming behavior and predator avoidance which could affect population size and size-structure of P. lineatus. To our knowledge this is the first attempt to assess the effects of IVM on Neotropical fishes using an integrative approach based on biomarkers from different levels of biological organization.

Hepato and nephroprotective activity of methanol extract of Hygrophila spinosa and its antibacterial potential against multidrug resistant Pandoraea sputorum

This research was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile, bactericidal activity of Hygrophila spinosa against multidrug resistant Pandoraea sputorum and assess their antioxidant competence against various radicals and studied their hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity on HepG2 and HEK 293 cell line. The results showed that the methanol extract has various phytochemical components with reasonable quantity. Fortunately, the multidrug-resistant P. sputorum was sensitive (22.8 ± 0.2 mm of the zone of inhibition) at 15 mg mL−1 concentration of methanol extract. The higher concentration of phenolic and other phytochemical components, showed significant antioxidant activity against ferric, DPPH, hydroxyl, and ABTS radicals, with IC50 values of 71.09, 64.333, 91.157, and 104.931 g mL−1, respectively. Surprisingly, the methanol extract possesses hepato and nephroprotective activity against CCl4 and cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity on HepG2 and HEK 293 cell lines, respectively. It maintains the cell viability as up to 90.48% and 90.35% of HepG2 and EK 293 cell line at the concentration of 20 μg mL−1. The FTIR analysis states that the methanol extract possesses a significant functional group responsible for these multi-potential activities. These results suggest that, the methanol extract of H. spinosa might contain the most significant bioactive components with outstanding medicinal properties.

Dietary resveratrol attenuates oxidative stress in Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in response to ammonia stress

To study the effect of resveratrol on the antioxidant system of Litopenaeus vannamei, resveratrol (0, 40, 80, 120 and 180 mg/kg) was added to the feed. After 7 days of culture, 10 tails of L. vannamei were randomly selected and exposure to ammonia stress at the sublethal concentration of ammonia (20 mg/L) for 24h. The results showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum of shrimp fed with resveratrol decreased significantly compare to the control group (p&lt; 0.05). After the ammonia stress, the MDA levels in serum in the Res 120 group and the Res 160 group was lower significantly than that in the control group (p&lt; 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hepatopancreas and the serum, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the serum of shrimps fed with resveratrol showed a decrease trend before the ammonia stress. Conversely, the activities of SOD and the total antioxidant competence (T-AOC) levels in the hepatopancreas in the Res 80 group and Res 120 group were significantly higher than that in the control group after the ammonia stress (p&lt;0.05). Dietary resveratrol decreased oxidative damage, increased antioxidant enzyme activities under the ammonia stress. Our results demonstrated that resveratrol attenuated oxidative stress and improved the resistance to the ammonia stress.

Metabolic and oxidative impairments in human salivary gland cells line exposed to MeHg

Background/aimThe ingestion of contaminated seafood by MeHg is considered the main route of human exposure, turning the salivary gland one important target organ. The salivary glands play critical roles in maintaining oral health homeostasis, producing saliva that maintains the oral microbiota, initiation of the digestion of macromolecules, and being essential in maintaining the integrity of the adjacent soft tissues and teeth. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of MeHg exposure on human salivary gland cells line. MethodsCells were exposed to 1–6 μM of MeHg for 24 h, and analysis of toxicity was performed. Based on these results, the LC50 was calculated and two concentrations were chosen (0.25 and 2.5 μM MeHg) to evaluate intracellular mercury (Hg) accumulation (THg), metabolic viability and oxidative stress parameters (GSH:GSSG ratio, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage). ResultsThe results demonstrated accumulation of THg as we increased the MeHg concentrations in the exposure and, the higher the dose, the lower is the cell metabolic response. In addition, the 2.5 μM MeHg concentration also triggered oxidative stress in human salivary gland cells by depleting the antioxidant competence of GSH:GSSG ratio and increasing lipid peroxidation and proteins carbonyl levels, but no damages to DNA integrity. ConclusionIn conclusion, although these two elected doses did not show lethal effects, the highest dose triggered oxidative stress and new questionings about long-term exposure models are raised to investigate furthers cellular damages to human salivary gland cells caused by MeHg exposure to extrapolate in a translational perspective.