Antioxidant Capacity Of Extracts Research Articles

Global Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Extracts from the Endophytic Fungi Cophinforma mamane with Potential Use in Food Systems: The Effects of Time, Temperature, and Solvent on the Extraction Process

Endophytic fungi are promising producers of phenolic compounds; however, the process of extracting these molecules from the culture medium is a crucial step for obtaining these metabolites. In this context, the best conditions for extracting phenolic compounds produced by Cophinforma mamane CF2-13, isolated from an Amazonian plant, were evaluated. The fungus was cultivated in a liquid medium to obtain its metabolites. The effects of the solvent, time, and temperature were investigated, as well as the use of ultrasound. The total phenolics and the antioxidant activity were assessed to define the best extraction conditions. The optimized extract was chemically characterized and used to analyze its potential in protecting olive oil from lipid oxidation. The best results were found using ethyl acetate at 20 °C for 2 h. These conditions led to 61.61 mg GAEq/g of extract of total phenolics, and an antioxidant capacity of 0.47, 0.45, and 0.29 mmol TEq/g of extract using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, respectively. In addition, the optimized extract presented caffeic acid and was able to delay the lipid oxidation of olive oil. The potential of endophytic fungi to produce phenolic compounds is promising for the food industry since natural bioactive compounds have many benefits for human health.

RSM-Based Optimization Analysis for Cold Plasma and Ultrasound-Assisted Drying of Caraway Seed.

In this study, the hot-air drying of caraway seeds was enhanced using two nonthermal physical field technologies: cold plasma (CP) and ultrasonic waves (US). Air drying temperatures of 35, 45, and 55 °C with CP pretreatment exposure times (CPt) of 25 and 50 s were used. When convective drying was accompanied by US, power levels (USp) of 60, 120, and 180 W were applied. Experimentally, the most effective contribution was found by using both CP pretreatment (25 s) and US (180 W), in which the maximum decreases of 31% and 39% were estimated for the drying period and specific energy consumption, respectively. The total color change, the rupture force, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity were also estimated for evaluating the quality of dried products. In a CP-US-assisted drying program (25 s, 180 W), the minimum change in color and the rupture force were found to be 6.40 N and 20.21 N, respectively. Compared to the pure air drying, the combined application of CP and US resulted in a mean increase of 53.2, 43.6, and 24.01% in TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity of extracts at the temperature of 35 °C. Based on the response surface methodology (RSM) approach and obtained experimental data, accurate mathematical predictive models were developed for finding the optimal drying condition. The optimization process revealed that 39 °C, 180 W, and 23 s resulted in a desirability of 0.78 for drying caraway seeds.

Supplementation of sperm cooling medium with Eurycoma longifolia extract enhances native Thai chicken sperm quality and fertility potential.

Cooled semen storage methods result in oxidative stress generated by an imbalance between oxidation rates, specifically reactive oxygen species production, and sperm cell antioxidants, leading to degradation of semen quality. We aimed to investigate the impact of adding Eurycoma longifolia (EL) extract as an antioxidant supplement in semen storage medium (IGGKPh semen extender) on semen quality and fertility potential. EL extract at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/mL was assessed for its antioxidant capacity in IGGKPh semen extender. Our findings revealed that the total phenolic content in the EL extract did not vary significantly across the various concentrations and temperatures tested. However, incubation at 5°C was found to be the most effective temperature for increasing the EL extract antioxidant capacity as assessed via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl inhibition assay in a dose-dependent manner. Supplementation of the IGGKPh semen extender with 15 mg/mL EL extract was found to enhance semen quality during cold storage for up to 48 h (p < 0.05), as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde levels in cooled semen (p < 0.05). However, antioxidant enzyme activities showed no significant differences among the various experimental groups (p > 0.05). The fertility test showed that the 15 mg/mL EL extract group stored for 24 h had a higher percentage than the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in percentage between the two groups at 48 h of storage (p > 0.05). The hatchability showed no significant difference in both 24 and 48-h storage periods (p > 0.05). Our results indicated that supplementing the IGGKPh semen extender with 15 mg/mL EL extract may positively influence semen quality during storage, suggesting potential applications for enhancing semen quality.

Comparison of maceration and infundation towards antioxidant capacity of leaves aqueous extracts of balik angin (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. &amp; Binn. ex Kurz)

Background: Excessive exposure to free radicals can trigger various degenerative diseases. Therefore, external antioxidants are needed from nature. One plant with the potential as a natural antioxidant is Balik Angin (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. &amp; Binn. Ex Kurz). Objective: This study aimed to determine the differences in the content of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of balik angin leaves from two different extractions. Method: The extraction methods were maceration and infundation, followed by phytochemical screening to identify secondary metabolites. The antioxidant activity assay was carried out by UV-Vis spectrophotometry by measuring the absorbance of the sample reaction with CUPRAC and FRAP reagents. Result: The phytochemical screening results of balik angin leaves infusion contained phenols, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and tannins, while the macerated extract obtained triterpenoids and tannins negatively. The quantitative assay showed the balik angin leaves infusion resulted in a powerful antioxidant category with EC50 values of 17.762 µg/mL and highly antioxidant content, which was 726 mg AAE/g extract compared to macerated aqueous extract antioxidant capacity with EC50 values of 44.719 µg/mL and 635 mg AAE/g extract antioxidant content. Conclusion: The infused aqueous extract of balik angin leaves has the potential to be a powerful antioxidant compared to the maceration product.

Nutraceutical Potential of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) Hull: Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity, and Liver Protection.

Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum), a traditional Taiwanese crop enriched with phenolic compounds and betalain pigments, is associated with various health benefits, including antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. This study analysed the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of extracts from both the hull and kernel of Djulis. The hull extract, which contained higher levels of flavonoids and exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to the kernel extract, was selected for further in vivo studies. These experiments showed that oral administration of the Djulis hull crude extract significantly mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reducing plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and enhancing liver levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Additionally, the extract demonstrated potential in inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, a critical signalling pathway in inflammation and apoptosis, offering insights into its protective mechanisms. These findings underscore Djulis hull's potential as a functional food ingredient for ALI prevention and propose a valuable application for agricultural by-products.

Kinetic modeling of valuable phenolic compounds extraction from strawberry and apple agro‐industrial by‐products

AbstractExtracting valuable compounds from waste plant tissues is a challenging process. To better understand this process, kinetic modeling was used to study the extraction of phenolic compounds from the waste tissues of industrial strawberry (RF) and apple (GS) processing using green solvents. The experimental design variables included type of solvent (W: water, EtOH: ethanol 80%), solid–liquid ratio (1:20, 1:30, 1:40), and temperature (20, 70°C). The model of Peleg (MI) and an empirical model (MII) were applied to determine the kinetic constants for total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC). The phenolic compound profile was determined at each experimental assay. The extraction variables affected (p &lt; 0.001) TPC and AC of RF and GS extracts. Using EtOH increased TPC extraction yields from both tissues (up to 62% for RF). The highest AC was determined in EtOH extracts at 20°C (119 and 25 μmol TE/g for RF and GS, respectively). Temperature, extraction ratio, and solvent type significantly affected the kinetic constants of both models. The study identified nine phenolic compounds from both waste tissues, with Agrimoniin being the main compound in RF (0.49 g/kg) and quercetin pentoxide being the main compound in GS (0.23 g/kg). There was no significant increase in TPC and AC of the extracts after 90 min at 20°C and 60 min at 70°C. The kinetic modeling of phenolic compound extraction from strawberry and apple agro‐industrial by‐products using green solvents enabled the determination of the best extraction conditions, promoting the use of these waste tissues by obtaining bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential.Practical ApplicationsThis study provides valuable insight into the effective use of green solvents in extracting bioactive compounds, thereby promoting sustainable practices and reducing waste in the industrial processing of strawberries and apples. The kinetic modeling approach for recovering phenolic compounds from strawberry and apple agro‐industrial by‐products improves our comprehension of the influence of the extraction process variables on the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant capacity of these tissues. These findings highlight the potential of these waste tissues as an alternative source of bioactive compounds. By standardizing the extraction process and optimizing the utilization of agro‐industrial by‐products, the food industry can effectively reduce the environmental impact of these waste tissues and promote sustainable operations. Additionally, using green solvents aligns with the increasing demand for environmentally friendly practices, making it easier to turn strawberry and apple agro‐industrial processes into circular processes by eco‐friendly valorization of these biowastes.

Optimized carotenoid production and antioxidant capacity of Gordonia hongkongensis.

The current emphasis within the cosmetic market on sustainable ingredients has heightened the exploration of new sources for natural, active components. Actinomycetota, recognized for producing pigments with bioactive potential, offer promising functional cosmetic ingredients. This study aimed to optimize pigment and antioxidant metabolite production from the Gordonia hongkongensis strain EUFUS-Z928 by implementing the Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methodology. Extracts derived from this strain exhibited no cytotoxic activity against human primary dermal fibroblast (HDFa, ATCC® PCS-201-012™, Primary Dermal Fibroblast; Normal, Human, Adult). Eight variables, including inoculum concentration, carbon and nitrogen source concentration, NaCl concentration, pH, incubation time, temperature, and stirring speed, were analyzed using the Plackett-Burman experimental design. Subsequently, factors significantly influencing pigment and antioxidant metabolite production, such as temperature, inoculum concentration, and agitation speed, were further optimized using response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design. The results demonstrated a substantial increase in absorbance (from 0.091 to 0.32), DPPH radical scavenging capacity (from 27.60% to 84.61%), and ABTS radical scavenging capacity (from 17.39% to 79.77%) compared to responses obtained in the isolation medium. The validation of the mathematical model accuracy exceeded 90% for all cases. Furthermore, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) facilitated the identification of compounds potentially responsible for enhanced pigment production and antioxidant capacity in extracts derived from G. hongkongensis. Specifically, six carotenoids, red-orange pigments with inherent antioxidant capacity, were identified as the main enhanced compounds. This comprehensive approach effectively optimized the culture conditions and medium of a G. hongkongensis strain, resulting in enhanced carotenoid production and antioxidant capacity. Beyond identifying bioactive compounds and their potential cosmetic applications, this study offers insights into the broader industrial applicability of these extracts. It underscores the potential of G. hongkongensis and hints at the future utilization of other untapped sources of rare actinomycetes within the industry.

GC-MS ANALYSIS, CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF ZAPOTECA PORTORICENSIS (JACQ.) H.M. HERN (FABACEAE) ROOT EXTRACTS

The age-related neurodegenerative illness known as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by the unavoidable decline in cognitive function. Existing drugs has limitations, therefore there is an urgent need for new neurotherapeutic agents. There has been a lot of excitement in recent years about finding therapeutic herbs that can restore cognitive impairment due to their lower side effects. The aim of the study is to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potentials of Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M. Hern root extracts and also identify the bioactive molecules present. Ellman colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory potentials of various extracts at 1 mg/mL. The antioxidant potentials of extracts were evaluated using in-vitro chemical analysis. GC-MS was used to identify bioactive molecules from most active extract. One-way ANOVA at α0.05 was adopted. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.149±0.00 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.393±0.02 mg/mL) inhibitory potential as compared to eserine for AChE (IC50 = 0.051±0.01 mg/mL) and for BuChE (IC50 = 0.049±0.00 mg/mL). Ethyl acetate extract also demonstrated its potential to chelate metals (IC50 = 0.106±0.02 mg/mL) as compared to EDTA (IC50 = 0.086±0.00 mg/mL). The DPPH radical scavenging potential was higher in ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 0.082±0.05 mg/mL) when compared to vitamin C (IC50 = 0.008±0.00 mg/mL). The total antioxidant capacity of extracts revealed that ethyl acetate extract also has the highest concentration (125.5±14.3 mg/g AAE/g of extract (R2=0.9276)). The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 62 compounds which includes n-Hexadecanoic acid (RT 14.81, Area % 10.03), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (RT 15.97, Area % 10.03), cis-9-Hexadecenal (RT 16.01, Area % 8.36). The ethyl acetate extract from the root of Zapoteca portoricensis has the aptitude to prolong the half-life of acetylcholine by its ability to inhibit cholinesterase enzyme.

GC-MS ANALYSIS, CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF ZAPOTECA PORTORICENSIS (JACQ.) H.M. HERN (FABACEAE) ROOT EXTRACTS

The age-related neurodegenerative illness known as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by the unavoidable decline in cognitive function. Existing drugs has limitations, therefore there is an urgent need for new neurotherapeutic agents. There has been a lot of excitement in recent years about finding therapeutic herbs that can restore cognitive impairment due to their lower side effects. The aim of the study is to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potentials of Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M. Hern root extracts and also identify the bioactive molecules present. Ellman colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory potentials of various extracts at 1 mg/mL. The antioxidant potentials of extracts were evaluated using in-vitro chemical analysis. GC-MS was used to identify bioactive molecules from most active extract. One-way ANOVA at α0.05 was adopted. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.149±0.00 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 0.393±0.02 mg/mL) inhibitory potential as compared to eserine for AChE (IC50 = 0.051±0.01 mg/mL) and for BuChE (IC50 = 0.049±0.00 mg/mL). Ethyl acetate extract also demonstrated its potential to chelate metals (IC50 = 0.106±0.02 mg/mL) as compared to EDTA (IC50 = 0.086±0.00 mg/mL). The DPPH radical scavenging potential was higher in ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 0.082±0.05 mg/mL) when compared to vitamin C (IC50 = 0.008±0.00 mg/mL). The total antioxidant capacity of extracts revealed that ethyl acetate extract also has the highest concentration (125.5±14.3 mg/g AAE/g of extract (R2=0.9276)). The GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 62 compounds which includes n-Hexadecanoic acid (RT 14.81, Area % 10.03), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (RT 15.97, Area % 10.03), cis-9-Hexadecenal (RT 16.01, Area % 8.36). The ethyl acetate extract from the root of Zapoteca portoricensis has the aptitude to prolong the half-life of acetylcholine by its ability to inhibit cholinesterase enzyme. Keywords: Fabaceae, Zapoteca portoricensis, Cholinesterase inhibition, Antioxidant, GC-MS

Exploring Influence of Production Area and Harvest Time on Specialized Metabolite Content of Glycyrrhiza glabra Leaves and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Properties.

Calabrian Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the most appreciated licorice varieties worldwide, and its leaves are emerging as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, this biomass is usually discarded, and its valorization could contribute to boost the economic value of the licorice production chain. In this study, the effects of production area and harvest time on the specialized metabolite content of G. glabra leaves (GGL) and also the antioxidant and anti-aging properties are evaluated to explore the potential of this untapped resource and to select the most optimal harvesting practices. GGL exhibited high levels of specialized metabolites (4-30 g/100 g of dry leaf) and the most abundant ones are pinocembrin, prenylated flavanones (licoflavanone and glabranin), and prenylated dihydrostilbenes. Their levels and antioxidant capacity in extracts are influenced by both production area and harvest time, showing a decisive role on specialized metabolites accumulation. Interestingly, GGL extracts strongly attenuate the toxicity of α-synuclein, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and cellular senescence on Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing human α-synuclein model, showing great potential to prevent aging and age-related disorders. These results provide insights into the phytochemical dynamics of GGL, identifying the best harvesting site and period to obtain bioactive-rich sources with potential uses in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors.

Ultrasonic treatment as a modern technique to facilitate the extraction of phenolic compounds from organic sunflower seed cakes.

Three different organic sunflower seed cakes, produced from seeds differing in the content of their hulls, were extracted by two different extraction methods - conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The total phenolic compound (TPC) content of the extracts was evaluated using Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent (FCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant capacity of extracts was evaluated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The results showed that both extracts displayed high TPC content and antioxidant capacity. The UAE method showed significantly higher TPC content and antioxidant capacity values than CE. Individual phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid (CGA) isomers (3-, 4- and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids), di-CGA isomers, and feruloylquinic and coumaroylquinic acids were identified according to their exact masses by HPLC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the UAE method could be used effectively to facilitate the extraction of phenolic compounds from sunflower seed cake. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparative Assessment of Nutritional Composition, Polyphenol Content and Antioxidative Properties of Edible and Medicinal Mushroom: Coriolus versicolor

In recent years, edible and medicinal mushrooms have a very important position in functional food and bioactive components. Mushrooms attract the attention of the medical industry with their nutritional properties as well as their benefits for consumer health. The objectives of this research was to to reveal the nutritional composition, antioxidant potential, phenolic and flavonoid content of the commercially edible and medicinal mushroom Coriolus versicolor and to evaluate its anti-cancer effect against HT-29 cells. In this context, the nutrient composition was analyzed in accordance with the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedure. C. versicolor showed a high nutritional value with protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber and glucan content. The total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the water, ethanol and methanol extracts of the specified mushroom were determined, and it was found that the ethanol extract had the highest TPC (172.80±2.35 mg GAE/g dw) and TFC (48.72±2.89 mg QE/g dw) values among the three extract types. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of extracts was compared with different methods (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC). The ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH (39.16±0.82 µM TE/g dw), ABTS (29.19±1.30 µM TE/g dw) and CUPRAC (37.17±0.79 µM TE/g dw) activities among the other extracts, while FRAP (21.01±1.62 µM TE/g dw) activity for water extract was determined to be the highest. Finally, when the anti-cancer effects of these extracts were evaluated against HT-29 cells, it was observed that ethanol, methanol and water extract inhibited 82.43%, 79.15% and 65.56%, respectively, at the end of 48 hours.

Whey-pectin microcapsules improve the stability of grape marc phenolics during digestion.

Grape marc (GM) is an agri-food residue from the wine industry valuable for its high content of phenolic compounds. This study aimed to develop an encapsulation system for GM extract (GME) using food-grade biopolymers resistant to gastric conditions for its potential use as a nutraceutical. For this purpose, a hydroalcoholic GME was prepared with a total phenolics content of 219.62±11.50mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry extract and 1389.71±97.33µmol Trolox equivalents/g dry extract antioxidant capacity, assessed through ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay. Moreover, the extract effectively neutralized reactive oxygen species in Caco-2 cells, demonstrating an intracellular antioxidant capacity comparable to Trolox. The GME was encapsulated using whey protein isolate and pectin through nano spray drying (73% yield), resulting in spherical microparticles with an average size of 1±0.5µm and a polydispersity of 0.717. The encapsulation system protected the microcapsules from simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GID), where at the end of the intestinal phase, 82% of the initial phenolics were bioaccessible compared to 54% in the free GME. Besides, the encapsulated GME displayed a higher antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay than the free extract after GID. These results show the potential of this encapsulation system for applying GME as a nutraceutical with a high antioxidant capacity and protective effect against cellular oxidation.

Recovering Polyphenols in Aqueous Solutions from Olive Mill Wastewater and Olive Leaf for Biological Applications

Olive leaf and olive mill wastewater are wastes which are produced in olive industry and can be used to obtain value-added products such as polyphenols. In this work, extracts of polyphenols from olive mill wastewater and olive leaf in an aqueous medium are obtained and their composition in polyphenols were determined and compared with those obtained using the conventional extract agent (methanol–water). The antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extracts of olive mill wastewater and olive leaf were also analysed. It was observed that the olive mill wastewater extracted in water provides a similar content of phenolic compounds in the final extract compared to extraction with methanol–water, with the main polyphenols being hydrotyrosol and tyrosol (20.1 and 6.61 mg gdw−1). In the case of leaf extraction, the methanol-free extract (recovery in water after extraction with methanol–water) had a lower total phenol content compared to the methanolic extract, with the main polyphenol being oleuropein (22.73 and 9.05 mg gdw−1, for the methanol and methanol-free extract, respectively). However, both extracts obtained in aqueous solution present a similar antioxidant capacity at very diluted concentrations of the original extract, with IC50 values (half-maximal antioxidant concentration) of about 20 mg TS L−1. The antioxidant capacity of the extract in aqueous solution facilitates its application as an antioxidant in biological systems, like animal food, where the use of extracts based on organic solvents, like methanol, are not suitable.

Utilization of triethylammonium hydrogen sulphate-mediated solvent for optimization of asiaticoside extraction and antioxidant capacity of Centella asiatica (L.)

Asiaticoside, a pentacyclic triterpene of Centella asiatica with broad pharmacological actions. Higher asiaticoside content of Centella extracts in food products increases their nutritional and medicinal values. Protic ionic liquids (PIL) were utilized as bioactive extraction additives. The research focuses on obtaining the optimum extraction parameters for higher asiaticoside yield, and Centella extract antioxidant capacity. Optimization of all responses (asiaticoside yield, TPC, TEAC) achieved through faced-centered composite design (FCCD) involving three factors (temperature, extraction time, and triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, [TEA][HSO4] %). The optimal conditions were 66 °C, 12 h duration, and 20% [TEA][HSO4], which resulted in 4.44 ± 0.05% (w/w) asiaticoside, TPC of 114.11 ± 12.58 mg GAE /g and TEAC of 70.01 ± 5.74 µmol TE/g respectively. All responses fit the quadratic model with proximity between predicted and experimented values. Procurement of higher asiaticoside yield, TPC, and TEAC verified the pertinent of the optimal conditions. In addition, the outcomes give an overview of PILs potential for higher bioactive extractions. Research expansion by utilizing other PILs for plant extraction in addition to solute–solvent interaction study will be beneficial for the designation of an efficient plant extraction process that maximizes the plant-based product market.

Effect of feed supplementation with seaweed wracks on performance, muscle lipid composition, antioxidant status, digestive enzyme activities, and plasma biochemistry of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles

Macroalgal wracks are frequently considered as waste products. However, macroalgae are a rich source of protein and bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities whose inclusion in aquafeeds is receiving growing attention. The aim of this study was to assess the use of beach-cast macroalgae as dietary supplement for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Fish were fed for 93 days with an extruded commercial diet (CD); a CD supplemented with 7% of a dried-powder from a multispecific macroalgal wrack (30.9% Lobophora sp., 21.9% Dictyota sp., 19.6% Asparagopsis taxiformis, 17.5% Cymopolia sp., 1.8% Hypnea sp., 0.2% Laurencia sp., 0.1% Stypocaulon sp., and 8% not determined) (CD+MU7); a CD supplemented with a monospecific macroalgal wrack of 85% Lobophora sp. (CD+MOL7); and a CD supplemented with a monospecific macroalgal wrack of 85% Dictyota sp. (CD+MOD7). Macroalgae were extracted with n-hexanes, ethyl acetate and ethanol, and the antioxidant capacity of extracts was assessed, with ethyl acetate leading to the most active extracts (p < 0.05). The dietary inclusions of a 7% macroalgal wrack did not negatively affect S. aurata survival, growth, body indexes, proximate composition, oxidative status and plasma parameters. Contrarily, fish fed on CD+MU7 and CD+MOD7 showed the highest monoacylglycerols content, while both monospecific diets led to the highest total saturated fatty acids content in muscle (p < 0.05). The digestive enzymes profile was slightly modified (p < 0.05), but without compromising fish performance. Finally, muscle from fish fed on CD+MOL7 seemed to display a better capacity to modulate the glutathione metabolism (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 7% of macroalgal wracks can be used as a dietary supplement for S. aurata juveniles, depicting an attractive alternative for the effective harnessing of this usually discarded biomass. Macroalgal inclusion may also reduce the use of fish-based ingredients for aquafeeds, diminishing the pressure on pelagic fisheries, and contributing to the blue bioeconomy strategy.

Effect of Oil Pollution on the Antioxidant Activity of the Methanolic Extracts of Polluted and Unpolluted Leaves of Hyptis suaveolens (L)

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, an aromatic weed known as pignut or daddoya-ta-daji in the Hausa language, has a longstanding history of usage as food and medicine in Kaduna state. This plant is interestingly found thriving in environments with or without oil pollution. In our modern industrial society, it's practically inevitable that these medicinal plants come in contact with oil contamination. This is largely because oil pipelines, often aged and susceptible to corrosion or illicit activities leading to leakages, are scattered across urban and rural settlements, influencing the plants' phytochemical composition. This study is focused on examining if oil pollution alters the antioxidant activity of this plant. An evaluation of the antioxidant properties of methanol extracts from Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaves, both from polluted and unpolluted areas, was carried out using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The outcomes showed that the extracts have significant (p &lt; 0.05) concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. Yet, the unpolluted H. suaveolens leaves' methanol extract exhibited superior DPPH radical scavenging action compared to the extract from the polluted leaves. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for the polluted and unpolluted leaves' methanol extracts were 35 µg/ml and 20 µg/ml respectively. Therefore, the contamination had a detrimental impact on the plant extract's antioxidant capacity.

Electrochemical evaluation of Daphne gnidium extract's antioxidant capacity and its potential for mild steel corrosion protection in NaCl medium

AbstractIn this study, the leaf extract of the plant Daphne gnidium L. (Thymemeacea) was used as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.1 M NaCl. The content of total polyphenols was evaluated by UV visible spectrophotometry and with cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the extract contains a high content of total phenols estimated at 90.26 (mg GAE/g). Besides this, the plant extract was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization techniques were used to investigate the extract's anticorrosive performance. The results indicated that the addition of 3% of the extract increased the inhibition efficiency to 90.8% after 4 h of immersion. In addition, the results of the polarization tests showed that the extract acted as a mixed‐type inhibitor, mainly affecting the anodic reaction. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the metal surface. The results revealed a less corrosion impact on mild steel in an inhibited solution.

Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Oregano and Marjoram as Affected by Different Light-Emitting Diodes.

Oregano and marjoram are important aromatic spices in the food industry, as well as medicinal plants with remarkable antioxidant properties. Despite their popularity, little is known about treatments that would influence the antioxidant capacity of essential oils. In this study, different spectra of LED light, namely blue, red, white, blue-red, and natural ambient light as a control, were applied to assess the essential oil content, composition, flavonoid, phenolic, and antioxidant capacity of oregano and marjoram. GC-MS analysis revealed thymol, terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, linalool, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene as the main compounds. In oregano, the thymol content ranged from 11.91% to 48.26%, while in marjoram it varied from 17.47% to 35.06% in different samples. In oregano and marjoram, the highest phenolic contents were in blue (61.26 mg of tannic acid E/g of DW) and in white (65.18 mg of TAE/g of DW) light, respectively, while blue-red illumination caused the highest increase in total flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of oregano and marjoram extract was evaluated using two food model systems, including DPPH and β-carotene bleaching. The highest antioxidant capacity was obtained in control light in oregano and blue-red light in marjoram. The results provide information on how to improve the desired essential oil profile and antioxidant capacity of extracts for industrial producers.

Controlled-Release Wedelia trilobata L. Flower Extract Loaded Fibroin Microparticles as Potential Anti-Aging Preparations for Cosmetic Trade Commercialization.

Wedelia trilobata L. (WT), a common herbal plant in Vietnam, is popularly used as a strong antioxidant in Vietnamese folk medicine. However, limited studies have reported the application of WT flower in cosmeceutical area. This study explored the potentials of WT loaded fibroin microparticles (FMPs-WT) as a novel anti-aging cosmeceutical product. The WT flower was firstly extracted by maceration with methanol, ethanol 60%, and ethanol 96%, and its chemical compositions and total polyphenol content were investigated. Then, the FMPs-WT were developed by desolvation method and physicochemically characterized. Finally, the product antioxidant activities were in-vitro determined using DPPH assay. The optimal WT extract was the ethanol 60% extract, which contains polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and organic acids; with a total polyphenol content of 46.47 ± 2.32 mg GAE/g plant powder. The FMPs-WT were successfully formulated, with a distinct silk-II polymorph; varied sizes of 0.592 to 9.820 µm, depending on the fibroin concentrations and the WT extraction solvent; high entrapment efficiencies of >65%; and sustained-release patterns of polyphenol in pH 7.4 for >6 h. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the pure WT flower extracts possessed high scavenging actions with IC50 of 7.98 ± 0.40 µg/mL, comparable with the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 4.23 ± 0.21 µg/mL). Moreover, the FMPs-WT could retain the extract antioxidant capacity, and exert the effects in a timely manner, corresponding to its release profile. The FMPs-WT could be further investigated to become a potential anti-aging cosmeceutical product in the market.