Antioxidant Capacity Of Erythrocytes Research Articles

In silico and in vitro testing Ascorbic Acid Protects Nicotine-Treated Human Erythrocytes

Objectives: Nicotine is a naturally occurring drug that is highly addictive and is commonly found in tobacco products. Tobacco products are one of the leading causes of lung and oral cancer worldwide. Because blood is the primary organ in contact with nicotine, our goal in this study was to confirm its effect on blood. We also investigated the protective role of ascorbic acid on nicotine toxicity.
 Methods: Various blood toxicity studies were carried out using in-vitro and in-silico methods. Nicotine-induced haematological perturbation resulted in haemolysis, decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and decreased total antioxidant capacity in erythrocytes.
 Results and Conclusions: The results showed that nicotine has a negative effect on red blood cells in the lysis assay and causes clots to form in nicotine-treated samples in the blood clotting analysis. Furthermore, the in-Silico method validated the in-vitro results. According to our findings, ascorbic acid has blood-protective properties. Ascorbic acid was discovered to increase SOD, catalase, and total antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid also reduced the damage caused by nicotine to RBCs in the lysis assay and demonstrated a high level of protection against the formation of clots when the samples were treated with nicotine. The findings suggest that ascorbic acid, an antioxidant, can protect against nicotine-induced haematological damage.

In silico and in vitro testing Ascorbic Acid Protects Nicotine-Treated Human Erythrocytes

Objectives: Nicotine is a naturally occurring drug that is highly addictive and is commonly found in tobacco products. Tobacco products are one of the leading causes of lung and oral cancer worldwide. Because blood is the primary organ in contact with nicotine, our goal in this study was to confirm its effect on blood. We also investigated the protective role of ascorbic acid on nicotine toxicity. Methods: Various blood toxicity studies were carried out using in-vitro and in-silico methods. Nicotine-induced haematological perturbation resulted in haemolysis, decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and decreased total antioxidant capacity in erythrocytes. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that nicotine has a negative effect on red blood cells in the lysis assay and causes clots to form in nicotine-treated samples in the blood clotting analysis. Furthermore, the in-Silico method validated the in-vitro results. According to our findings, ascorbic acid has blood-protective properties. Ascorbic acid was discovered to increase SOD, catalase, and total antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid also reduced the damage caused by nicotine to RBCs in the lysis assay and demonstrated a high level of protection against the formation of clots when the samples were treated with nicotine. The findings suggest that ascorbic acid, an antioxidant, can protect against nicotine-induced haematological damage.

The Therapeutic Potential of Angeli's Salt in Mitigating Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice.

Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected tropical disease prevalent in Latin America. Infected patients are treated to eliminate the parasite, reduce the cardiomyopathy risk, and interrupt the disease transmission cycle. The World Health Organization recognizes benznidazole (BZ) and nifurtimox as effective drugs for CD treatment. In the chronic phase, both drugs have low cure rates and serious side effects. T. cruzi infection causes intense tissue inflammation that controls parasite proliferation and CD evolution. Compounds that liberate nitric oxide (NO) (NO donors) have been used as anti-T. cruzi therapeutics. Currently, there is no evidence that nitroxyl (HNO) affects T. cruzi infection outcomes. This study investigated the effects of the HNO donor Angeli's salt (AS) on C57BL/6 mice infected with T. cruzi (Y strain, 5 × 103 trypomastigotes, intraperitoneally). AS reduced the number of parasites in the bloodstream and heart nests and increased the protective antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes in infected animals, reducing disease severity. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that AS treatment reduced parasite uptake and trypomastigote release by macrophages. Taken together, these findings from the murine model and in vitro testing suggest that AS could be a promising therapy for CD.

Vanillin attenuates CdCl2-induced cytotoxicity in isolated human erythrocytes

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with no physiological role in the human body. Cadmium has high mobility due to its widespread industrial use, with no safe and effective therapeutic management. Cadmium toxicity manifests by increasing oxidative stress in target cells. We have explored the potential role of vanillin, a plant phenolic aldehyde and antioxidant, in mitigating cadmium chloride (CdCl2) induced hemotoxicity using isolated human erythrocytes. CdCl2 was added to erythrocytes, in the absence and presence of vanillin. Incubation of erythrocytes with CdCl2 alone inhibited methemoglobin reductase and enhanced methemoglobin level. Heme degradation and release of free iron (Fe2+), along with protein and membrane lipid oxidation, were also increased. A CdCl2-induced enhancement in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species was also seen, lowering the overall antioxidant power of cells. However, pre-incubation of erythrocytes with vanillin resulted in significant decreased generation of reactive species and prevented heme degradation and heme oxidation. Vanillin augmented the erythrocyte antioxidant capacity and reinstated the activities of major antioxidant, plasma membrane-bound and glucose metabolism enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy showed that CdCl2 treatment led to the formation of echinocytes which was prevented by vanillin. In all cases, no harmful effects of vanillin alone were seen. Thus, vanillin alleviates the toxicity of cadmium and can be potentially employed as a chemoprotectant against the damaging effects of this heavy metal.

Effects of Dietary Glycine Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immunological, and Erythrocyte Antioxidant Parameters in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio.

The effects of dietary glycine supplementation, 0 (control), 5 (5 GL), and 10 (10 GL) g/kg, have been investigated on growth performance, hematological parameters, erythrocyte antioxidant capacity, humoral and mucosal immunity in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. After eight weeks feeding, the 5 GL treatment exhibited significant improvement in growth performance and feed efficacy, compared to the control treatment. Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophil and monocyte counts/percentages, RBC reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and skin mucosal alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, protease, and lysozyme activities were similar in the glycine-treated fish and significantly higher than the control treatment. Blood lymphocyte percentage decreased in the glycine-treated fish, but lymphocyte count increased, compared to the control fish. RBC glutathione reductase activities in the glycine-treated fish were similar and significantly lower than the control treatment. The highest plasma lysozyme and alternative complement activities were observed in GL treatment. The glycine-treated fish, particularly 5 GL, exhibited significant improvement in RBC osmotic fragility resistance. Dietary glycine had no significant effects on RBC glutathione peroxidase activity, plasma immunoglobulin, eosinophil percentage/count, and hematological indices. In conclusion, most of the benefits of dietary glycine supplementation may be mediated by increased glutathione synthesis and antioxidant power.

Berberine Recovered Oxidative Stress Induced by Sodium Nitrite in Rat Erythrocytes.

Berberine, a plant derived alkaloid, present in Berberis species is well known as one of the most important antioxidants. The current research aimed to study the heamatoprotective characteristics of berberine and clarify its plausible mechanisms against sodium nitrite. Forty numbers of male Sprague Dawley rats were categorized into five equal groups, including group 1: control (normal saline); group 2: berberine (100 mg/kg); group 3: sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg); group 4: sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg) plus berberine (50 mg/kg) and group 5: sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg) plus berberine (100 mg/kg) groups. All animals were orally administrated for two months once daily. At the end of the 60th day, blood samples were withdrawn by cardiac puncture and collected in test vials when the animals had been anesthetized with ketamine (70 mg/kg). Then, hemolysate was prepared and the oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes were evaluated. Feeding of rats with sodium nitrite remarkably enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA) (p=0.001) levels and considerably reduced the levels of glutathione (GSH) (p=0.001), and also reduced the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (p=0.02), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p=0.001), glutathione reductase (GR) (p=0.02), and catalase (CAT) (p=0.01). However, the co-administration of these animals with 100 mg/kg of berberine remarkably reverted the values to reach nearly a normal level. While 50 mg/kg berberine failed to restore significantly all of these antioxidant biomarkers at a normal level. Our results clearly demonstrated that berberine in a dose-dependent manner led to protection against sodium nitrite-induced oxidative injury in rat erythrocytes, which possibly reflects the antioxidant ability of this alkaloid.

Improvement of Growth Performance, Hepatic and Erythrocyte Antioxidant Capacity, Innate Immunity, and Biochemical Parameters of Persian Sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, by Sulfur Amino Acids’ Supplementation

The present study was aimed at determining the effects of taurine and/or methionine addition to a plant-based diet on growth performance and immunological and antioxidant responses of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus. Four plant-based diets were formulated, including control (C), control+1 g/kg taurine (T), control+2 g/kg methionine (M), and control+1 g/kg taurine and 2 g/kg methionine (T+M). Fish were fed each diet in triplicate for 70 days, and growth performance, hematological, plasma biochemical, and immunological parameters, and hepatic and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters were determined after that. Dietary taurine or methionine supplementation significantly increased growth performance, hematological parameters, antioxidant enzymes’ activities, plasma lysozyme, alternative complement, and total immunoglobulin but decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activities, and malondialdehyde. Interaction additive effects of dietary taurine and methionine were observed in erythrocyte count, hematocrit, alternative complement, total immunoglobulin, hepatic malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. In conclusion, dietary taurine (1 g/kg) and methionine (2 g/kg) supplementation is necessary to support higher growth rate, immunological responses, and antioxidant capacity in Persian sturgeon, when fed a plant-based diet. According to the present results, the highest performance is obtained when both amino acids are simultaneously added to the fish diet.

Myostatin Knockout Limits Exercise-Induced Reduction in Bovine Erythrocyte Oxidative Stress by Enhancing the Efficiency of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

Simple SummaryMyostatin (MSTN) is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle and is involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and development. Loss of MSTN results in muscle hypertrophy. In this study; red blood cells were used as materials to study the effect of MSTN on the antioxidant capacity of bovine erythrocyte after exhaustive exercise. The findings suggest that knockdown of MSTN accelerates the pentose phosphate pathway; thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes.Moderate exercise can strengthen the body, however, exhaustive exercise generates large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although erythrocytes have antioxidant systems that quickly eliminate ROS, erythrocytes become overwhelmed by ROS when the body is under oxidative stress, such as during exhaustive exercise. Myostatin (MSTN) has important effects on muscle hair development. Individuals lacking myostatin (MSTN) exhibit increased muscle mass. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which MSTN affects erythrocyte antioxidant changes after exhaustive exercise in cattle. Antioxidant and metabolite detection analysis, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis were used to assess exercise-associated antioxidant changes in erythrocytes with or without MSTN. Knockdown of MSTN enhances Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity after exhaustive exercise. MSTN and its receptors were present on the erythrocyte membrane, but their levels, especially that of TGF-β RI, were significantly reduced in the absence of MSTN and following exhaustive exercise. Our results suggest that knockout of MSTN accelerates the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes. These results provide important insights into the role of MSTN in erythrocyte antioxidant regulation after exhaustive exercise.

Downregulated Recycling Process but Not De Novo Synthesis of Glutathione Limits Antioxidant Capacity of Erythrocytes in Hypoxia.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are susceptible to sustained free radical damage during circulation, while the changes of antioxidant capacity and regulatory mechanism of RBCs under different oxygen gradients remain unclear. Here, we investigated the changes of oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity of RBCs in different oxygen gradients and identified the underlying mechanisms using an in vitro model of the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase (HX/XO) system. In the present study, we reported that the hypoxic RBCs showed much higher oxidative stress injury and lower antioxidant capacity compared with normoxic RBCs. In addition, we found that the disturbance of the recycling process, but not de novo synthesis of glutathione (GSH), accounted for the significantly decreased antioxidant capacity of hypoxic RBCs compared to normoxic RBCs. We further elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism by which oxidative phosphorylation of Band 3 blocked the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) and decreased NADPH production aggravating the dysfunction of GSH synthesis in hypoxic RBCs under oxidative conditions.

The Possibility of Using Genotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Blood Biomarkers to Predict the Occurrence of Late Cutaneous Side Effects after Radiotherapy.

Despite the progresses performed in the field of radiotherapy, toxicity to the healthy tissues remains a major limiting factor. The aim of this work was to highlight blood biomarkers whose variations could predict the occurrence of late cutaneous side effects. Two groups of nine patients treated for Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) were established according to the grade of late skin toxicity after adjuvant irradiation for MCC: grade 0, 1 or 2 and grade 3 or 4 of RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group)/EORTC (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer). To try to discriminate these 2 groups, biomarkers of interest were measured on the different blood compartments after ex vivo irradiation. In lymphocytes, cell cycle, apoptosis and genotoxicity were studied. Oxidative stress was evaluated by the determination of the erythrocyte antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced and oxidized glutathione) as well as degradation products (protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation). Inflammation was assessed in the plasma by the measurement of 14 cytokines. The most radiosensitive patients presented a decrease in apoptosis, micronucleus frequency, antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione and carbonyls; and an increase in TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor α), IL-8 (Interleukin 8) and TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor β1) levels. These findings have to be confirmed on a higher number of patients and before radiotherapy and could allow to predict the occurrence of late skin side effects after radiotherapy.

Effects of low sulfur dioxide concentrations on bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of Aglianico red wine

This study analyzed the effect of low sulfur dioxide concentrations on the chromatic properties, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Aglianico red wines with respect to wines produced from conventional winemaking. We determined the phytochemical composition by spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-DAD analysis and the in vitro antioxidant activity of different wine samples by the ORAC assay. The main important classes of fluorophore molecules in red wine were identified by Front-Face fluorescence spectroscopy, and the emission intensity trend was investigated at various sulfur dioxide concentrations. Lastly, we tested the effects of both conventional and low sulfite wines on ex vivo human erythrocytes under oxidative stimulus by the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay and the hemolysis test. The addition of sulfur dioxide, which has well-known side effects, increased the content of certain bioactive components but did not raise the erythrocyte antioxidant capacity.

Vitamin C and E Supplements Enhance the Antioxidant Capacity of Erythrocytes Obtained from Aged Rats

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of vitamin C and E supplements on the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes obtained from young and aged rats. Male Wistar rats aged 3 and 24 months were used. Vitamins C and E were injected at doses of 200 mg/kg (day) intraperitoneally in young and aged groups. The antioxidant capacity, oxidant stress parameters, and deformability of red blood cells collected from different age stages were evaluated. An in vitro oxidation system was constructed to explore the mechanisms of antioxidant capacity change in the vitamin treatment groups. Treatment with vitamins C and E can effectively restore the antioxidant capacity and deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) in aged rats. Under in vitro oxidative conditions, an age-dependent decline in the influx rate of L-cysteine was observed. This was significantly improved following treatment with vitamins C and E. We present evidence of an improvement in the antioxidant capacity of RBCs by treatment with vitamins C and E in aged rats. These observations also suggest that treatment with vitamins C and E improves glutathione synthesis by enhancing the influx rate of L-cysteine through the modification of membrane proteins and lipids.

Combined Supplementation with Grape Pomace and Omija Fruit Ethanol Extracts Dose-Dependently Improves Body Composition, Plasma Lipid Profiles, Inflammatory Status, and Antioxidant Capacity in Overweight and Obese Subjects.

The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of combined grape pomace and omija fruit ethanol extracts (GO) on metabolic disorders in overweight or obese subjects. Seventy-six subjects (30-70 years, body mass index ≥23.0 kg/m2) were divided into control (starch, 4 g/day, n = 24), low-GO (low dose GO, grape pomace extract [342.5 mg/day] + omija fruit extract [57.5 mg/day], n = 26), and high-GO (high dose GO, grape pomace extract [685 mg/day] + omija fruit extract [115 mg/day], n = 26) groups. Body composition, nutrient intake, plasma lipid profiles, inflammation, antioxidant capacity, and hepatotoxicity markers were assessed in all subjects at the baseline and 10 weeks after taking the supplements. The body weight and body fat of overweight or obese subjects was not significantly altered in the low-GO and high-GO groups. However, the high-GO supplement significantly decreased the baseline-adjusted final plasma total-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels and increased the baseline-adjusted final plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-1 level compared with that of the control group. In addition, the high-GO supplement significantly lowered apo B, apo B/apo A-1, lipoprotein a (Lp[a]), atherogenic index, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and elevated erythrocyte antioxidant capacity compared with the control group or the baseline levels. The low-GO supplement decreased the plasma IL-1β level and elevated erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity compared with that at baseline. However, in general, high-GO exerted a greater effect than low-GO. There were no significant differences in activities of plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase between the groups. This study is a preliminary clinical study to verify that GO could be beneficial for amelioration of obesity-related dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress without side effect in the overweight or obese subjects.

The Relationship of Oxidation Sensitivity of Red Blood Cells and Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Stored Human Blood: Effect of Certain Phenolic Compounds

It has been reported that many modifications occur with the increase of oxidative stress during storage in erythrocytes. In order to delay these negative changes, we evaluated whether the addition of substances likely to protect antioxidant capacity in stored blood would be useful. Therefore, we investigated the effects of resveratrol, tannic acid, and caffeic acid in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes in stored blood. Donated blood was taken into four CPD containing blood bags. One bag was used as the control, and the others were supplemented with caffeic acid (30 μg/mL), resveratrol (30 μg/mL), and tannic acid (15 μg/mL), respectively. Erythrocyte lipid peroxidation, sensitivity to oxidation, glutathione levels and carbonic anhydrase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. In the control group, erythrocyte malondialdehyde levels and sensitivity to oxidation were increased whereas glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase levels were decreased (p < 0.05). Resveratrol and caffeic acid prevented malondialdehyde accumulation and preserved glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities in erythrocytes. We demonstrated that resveratrol, caffeic acid, and tannic acid in stored blood could decrease the sensitivity to oxidation of erythrocytes in vitro but did not exhibit such effects on CA activity.

CUPRAC–BCS and antioxidant activity assays as reliable markers of antioxidant capacity in erythrocytes

ObjectiveThe CUPRAC–BCS and antioxidant activity (AOA) assays have been developed as indirect methods to determine the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). We examined these assays as markers, in erythrocytes, under oxidative stress (induced by storage) and with antioxidants – vitamin C, L-carnitine, and curcumin.MethodsAntioxidants were added to blood samples, stored and assayed for TAC and reactive oxygen species (ROS).ResultsVitamin C at lower concentrations and L-carnitine and curcumin at higher concentrations proved beneficial to the erythrocytes.DiscussionCUPRAC–BCS and AOA effectively determined TAC of stored erythrocytes. This was in accordance with the levels of ROS, and hence, CUPRAC–BCS and AOA can be used as reliable markers of TAC, in erythrocytes during oxidative stress.

Effect of 3‐bromopyruvic acid on human erythrocyte antioxidant defense system

3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP) is a promising compound for anticancer therapy, its main mode of action being the inhibition of glycolytic enzymes, but this compound also induces oxidative stress. This study aimed at characterisation of the effect of 3-BP on the antioxidant defense system of erythrocytes. Suspensions of erythrocytes in PBS containing 5 mM glucose were treated with different concentration of 3-BP at 37°C for 1 h. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were estimated by standard colorimetric methods. The antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes was estimated using the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS(•+)) decolorisation assay and ferricyanide reduction. The content of reduced and oxidized glutathione was estimated fluorimetrically with o-phtalaldehyde. 3-BP did not affect the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane (lack of changes in the osmotic fragility). However, it induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes, as evidenced by the decrease in the content of acid-soluble thiols and reduced glutathione (GSH). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly decreased. 3-BP also decreased the transmembrane reduction of ferricyanide. Thus induction of oxidative stress in erythrocytes by 3-BP is due to depletion of glutathione and inhibition of antioxidant enzymes.

The susceptibility of erythrocytes to oxidation during storage of blood: Effects of melatonin and propofol

We investigated the effects of melatonin and propofol in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes in stored bloods. Donated blood was taken into three citrate-phosphate-dextrose containing blood bags. One bag was used as control, the others were added either melatonin or propofol. Erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity and their sensitivity to in vitro oxidation were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. In control group, erythrocyte malondialdehyde levels and sensitivity to in vitro oxidation were increased whereas glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels were decreased. Melatonin prevented malondialdehyde accumulation and preserved glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels. Propofol preserved glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels but did not affect catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. We showed that melatonin in stored blood could prevent lipid peroxidation and increase the resistance of erythrocytes to in vitro oxidation while propofol did not show such effects.

Effect of sulfite on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient rat erythrocytes

Sulfite and related chemical such as sulfite salts and sulfur dioxide has been used as a preservative in food and drugs. This molecule has also been generated from the catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. Sulfite is a very reactive and potentially toxic molecule and has to be detoxified by the enzyme sulfite oxidase (SOX). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ingested sulfite on erythrocyte antioxidant status by measuring glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and oxidant status by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in normal and SOX-deficient rats. Rats were assigned to four groups (n = 10 rats/group) as follows; control (C), sulfite (CS), deficient (D), and deficient + sulfite (DS). SOX deficiency was established by feeding rats a low molybdenum diet and adding to their drinking water 200 ppm tungsten (W). Sulfite (25 mg/kg) was administered to the animals via their drinking water. At the end of 6 weeks, Erythrocyte G-6-PD, SOD, and GPx but not CAT activities were found to be significantly increased with and without sulfite treatment in SOX-deficient groups. Sulfite treatment alone was also significantly increased erythrocytes' SOD activity in CS group compared to control. TBARS levels were found to be significantly increased in CS and DS groups and decreased in D group. When SOX-deficient rats treated with sulfite, TBARS level was still higher than other groups. In conclusion, these results suggested that erythrocyte antioxidant capacity, a defense mechanism against the oxidative challenge, increased by endogenous and exogenous sulfite due to its oxidant nature. This increase was also observed in CS and DS groups but it was insufficient to prevent lipid peroxidation.

Associação da concentração plasmática de cobre com metaloproteínas cobre-dependentes em atletas de elite

O cobre é um elemento-traço essencial para a manutenção de vários processos biológicos, tais como metabolismo energético, homeostase de ferro e mecanismos de proteção antioxidante através da atividade da cobre-zinco superóxido dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), da ceruloplasmina e da metalotioneína. No entanto, o cobre também participa de reações oxidativas que promovem a liberação de radicais livres, podendo prejudicar a integridade e a funcionalidade celular. A atividade física afeta a homeostase do cobre e promove maior utilização de oxigênio, favorecendo a instalação do estresse oxidativo quando mecanismos naturais de proteção antioxidante, incluindo os dependentes de cobre, não atuam adequadamente. Não há relatos na literatura sobre a associação de diferentes níveis de concentração plasmática de cobre com indicadores antioxidantes cobre-dependentes em atletas de elite. O presente estudo objetivou verificar a associação entre diferentes níveis plasmáticos de cobre e metaloproteínas cobre-dependentes, com atividade antioxidante, em atletas de elite. Os indicadores bioquímicos (metalotioneína e Cu-Zn SOD eritrocitárias, ceruloplasmina e cobre plasmáticos) foram avaliados em 50 atletas, homens e adultos, utilizando metodologias já consolidadas. Os resultados mostraram que 32% dos atletas apresentaram níveis de cobre plasmático inferiores a 11µmol/L, 38% entre 11-13µmol/L e 30% &gt; 13µmol/L. As associações encontradas entre cobre plasmático e ceruloplasmina (r = 0,31; p = 0,04) e Cu-Zn SOD (r = 0,32, p = 0,02); metalotioneína eritrocitária e ceruloplasmina (r = 0,40, p = 0,006) e Cu-Zn SOD (0,73, p = 0,001) e entre Cu-Zn SOD e ceruloplasmina (r = 0,37, p &lt; 0,001) demonstraram que a atividade da Cu-Zn SOD e a concentração de metalotioneína eritrocitárias são sensíveis a menor concentração, enquanto que a ceruloplasmina é sensível a elevadas concentrações plasmáticas de cobre, sugerindo que há um equilíbrio homeostático entre antioxidantes, cobre-dependentes, intra e extracelulares em atletas de elite.

Resveratrol ( trans-3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene) decreases lipid peroxidation level and protects antioxidant capacity in sera and erythrocytes of old female Wistar rats induced by the kidney carcinogen potassium bromate

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound and it is found in number of edible plants, especially grapes and peanuts, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-platelet activities. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of resveratrol on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), homocysteine, cholesterol, GSH, GSSG and lipophylic vitamins in serum and erythrocytes of old female Wistar rats induced by the kidney carcinogen potassium bromate (KBrO 3). In the study, total 30-old female Wistar rats were used, and the rats were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was used as a control, the second group KBrO 3 group, and third group R + KBrO 3. Rats in KBrO 3 and R + KBrO 3 groups were injected intraperitoneally a single dose KBrO 3 (80 mg/kg) in physiologic saline buffer. After 2days, those in R + KBrO 3 group were intraperitoneally injected with resveratrol (33 mg/kg) four times per week, and physiological saline was injected to control group rats. All the analysis was performed fully automatic with high performance liquid chromatography equipment. The results indicate that serum cholesterol level in the R + KBrO 3 group was higher than the control group ( p < 0.05), and level of the cholesterol in erythrocytes membranes was lower in the same group ( p < 0.01). The MDA level in serum and erythrocytes of the R + KBrO 3 were lower than the control and KBrO 3 groups ( p < 0.01). However, the MDA level in erythrocytes of the KBrO 3 group was high compared to the control group ( p < 0.05). Homocysteine and δ-tocopherol levels in serum of the R + KBrO 3 group were lower than the control group ( p < 0.05, p < 0.001). α-Tocopherol level in serum and erythrocytes of the KBrO 3 group was lower than the control group ( p < 0.05), whereas its level was not found to differ between the control and R + KBrO 3 groups. GSH and GSSG levels in the KBrO 3 group of erythrocytes were higher than control group ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01), however the ratio GSH/GSSG in the same group was lower than control group. In conclusion, our results confirm that the lipid peroxidation formation in serum and erythrocytes of old female Wistar rats by induced the KBrO 3 is prevented by the resveratrol. It was observed that the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes was protected by resveratrol.