Antioxidant Activities Of Solvent Extracts Research Articles

Phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Screening of Shoot Extracts of Viola odorata linn. from Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India

The traditional healers made significant use of the Viola odorata of the Violaceae family for its many ethnopharmacological uses. The phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts from Viola odorata shoots were studied, and the antibacterial potential of the optimized extract was also examined. The Soxhlet apparatus was used to extract phytochemicals from shoots in four different solvents, including n-hexane, butanol, methanol, and water. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the stigmasterol profile of V. odorata shoots. The extracts were found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and phenolics, all of which were found in significant amounts in the methanolic extract. The methanolic extract also showed the highest radical scavenging activity (79.23 ± 0.44 %). TLC and HPLC profiling of methanolic extract revealed a considerable amount of stigmasterol in the shoots of Viola odorata. HPLC analysis of the methanolic shoot extract of the plant revealed the presence of 0.009 µg mL-1 stigmasterol. Optimized Methanolic extract showed respectable in-vitro antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (2.6 ± 0.41 mm zone of inhibition), E. coli (3.4 ± 0.71 mm zone of inhibition), and Candida albicans (3.5 ± 0.48 mm zone of inhibition). The outcomes demonstrated that the methanolic shoot extract of Viola odorata from Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India, is a valuable herb for further screening and might be prepared for in-vivo animal studies.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts from the fruit, leaf, and branchlet of Cupressus arizonica Green

Potent antioxidant activities of solvent extracts (96% aqueous ethanol) from the fruit, leaf, and branchlet without adherent leaf of Cupressus arizonica were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (AA). Their chemical compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Branchlet extracts (BE) were the most active as an antioxidant agent at 93.3% at the concentration of 0.493 mg/mL, which was higher than the value of vitamin C (63.3%) at the same concentration. The major components identified in the BE were communic acid (43.7%), followed by agatholic acid (20%), and ferruginol (10.4%). The extract from fruit had good antioxidant activity (90.3%) at a concentration of 0.015 mg/mL. The major compounds identified in the fruit extracts (FE) were communic acid (46.8%), spirohexane-5-carboxylic acid, 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-, methyl ester (27.4%), and ferruginol (6%). Leaf extracts (LE) were more active as an antioxidant agent at 80.3%, which was higher than the value of BHT (75.7%) at the concentration of 0.015 mg/mL. The major components identified in the LE were hexadecanoic acid (45.1%), 1H,5H-pyrrolo[1′,2′:3,4]imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine, octahydro- (9%), bicyclo [3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (8.1%).

Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts from four edible flowers

In order to identify new sources of natural antioxidants, the antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts from four edible flower samples [Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn, Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem, and Cucurbita pepo L.) were systemically investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and individual phenolic profile of each extract were investigated, and antioxidant activities were measured by the DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, total reduction capability, and ferrous ions chelating activity. Results revealed that all flower extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, and contained certain amounts of phenolic compounds. Specifically, different solvents exhibited different efficiencies in the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and compounds with antioxidant activities. The 70% ethanolic extract from B. hispida yielded the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50, 0.073 mg/mL), and FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW). The highest TFC was obtained with the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis (30.39 mg QE/g DW), and the contents of apigenin, luteolin, and myricetin in the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis were significantly higher than those in the other extracts. The 40% ethanolic extract of L. cylindrica yielded the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50, 0.340 mg/mL), and water extract of B. hispida yielded the highest chelating activity (0.027 mg/mL). Correlation analysis indicated that total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts were the major contributors to the DPPH scavenging activities and FRAP activities. Overall, results demonstrated that these edible flowers could serve as useful source of natural antioxidants, and be used as functional food ingredients.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of Glochidion ellipticum Wight (Phyllanthaceae)

Introduction and Aim: Reactive oxygen species are implicated in the pathophysiology of several human ailments. Antioxidants from plants are shown to be promising in terms of their health benefits. Glochidion ellipticum Wight is belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. This study investigated the antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of G. ellipticum leaves in vitro. Materials and Methods: Sequential extraction of the shade dried leaf powder was carried out by maceration using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol solvents. The solvent extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis. DPPH, ABTS and Ferric reducing assays were performed to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method, respectively. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of solvent extracts revealed the presence of phytoconstituents viz. flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins in the leaf material. The solvent extracts scavenged both DPPH and ABTS radicals in a concentration-dependent manner with marked and least activity being shown by methanol extract and petroleum ether extract, respectively. In ferric reducing assay also, methanol extract showed marked activity followed by chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was highest in methanol and least in petroleum ether extract. Conclusion: The radical scavenging and reducing abilities of extracts observed in this study could be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites detected in the plant as it is well established that the polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids are excellent antioxidants. A direct correlation was observed between the content of phenolics and flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of extracts. The plant appears to be suitable for developing novel formulations that can be used to manage oxidative damage.

Effect of solvents on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Padina tetrastromatica and Gracilaria tenuistipitata seaweeds collected from Bangladesh

Seaweeds are now recognized as a treasure of bioactive compounds. However, the bioactivity of seaweed originating in Bangladesh is still unexplored. So, this study was designed to explore the secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts of Padina tetrastromatica and Gracilaria tenuistipitata. Phytochemical screening and FTIR spectra confirm the diverse type of bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity of extracts were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), reducing power (RP), phosphomolybdenum, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays. Here, methanolic extract of P. tetrastromatica showed highest amount of total phenolic content (85.61 mg of GA/g), total flavonoid content (41.77 mg of quercetin/g), DPPH (77.07%), ABTS (77.65%), RP (53.24 mg AAE/g), phosphomolybdenum (31.58 mg AAE/g), hydrogen peroxide (67.89%) and NO (70.64%) assays compared to its methanolic extracts of G. tenuistipitata. This study concluded that methanol as a solvent extract of brown seaweed (P. tetrastromatica) exhibited bioactivity and antioxidant potentiality which will be useful for pharmacological as well as in functional food application.

GC-MS based metabolite profiling and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of Allium chinense G Don leaves

Allium chinense, a main source of “Xiebai” drug in Chinese traditional medicine and commonly known as Ganoderma lucidum belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. The main focus of this research was to quantify the secondary metabolites, antioxidant potential and study the GC- MS based metabolite profile of different solvent leaf extracts of A. chinense. The reports on the bioactive compounds of A. chinense leaves are still insufficient compared to the bulb; hence this study was carried out to understand the bioactive compounds present in A. chinense leaves using different solvents of varying polarity. Our investigation showed that the ethanol extract contained the highest saponin, flavonoid, phenol, and DPPH scavenging activity. Further, metabolite profiling revealed a total of forty-eight compounds, indicating a diverse range of phytochemicals present in the four extracts. The highest number of compounds were observed in ethanol extract (15) followed by chloroform extract (13), petroleum ether extract (11) and methanol extract (9). Some of the major compounds identified in the four solvents are octacosane (27.11%), heptadecane (19.66%), eicosane (18.51%), ethyl palmitate (18.50%), phytol (17.68%) and phytol acetate (17.30%). In conclusion, this study highlights that A. chinense leaf extracts contain high saponins, terpenes and alkanes which could be a potential source of a new beneficial drug.

Quality Characteristics of Centella asiatica Species and Antioxidant Activities of Solvent Extracts

Quality Characteristics of Centella asiatica Species and Antioxidant Activities of Solvent Extracts

Verbascum sinaiticum: A Rich Source of Antioxidant Phenylethanoid Glycosides

Background: The genus Verbascum is well documented for its antioxidant potential but Verbascum sinaiticum is comparatively less studied plant. The current study was carried out to search for antioxidant nutraceuticals from this species. Objective: To explore the antioxidant potential of Verbascum sinaiticum and to identify its active constituents. Methods: The methanolic extract of air-dried aerial part of the Verbascum sinaiticum was partitioned with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The water-soluble part of ethyl acetate afforded six phenylethanoid glycosides by repeated chromatography over Sephadex LH-20, silica gel and ODS columns. Antioxidant activity of solvent extracts and isolated constituents were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: Six phenylethanoid glycosides was isolated and characterized as Verbascoside, Eukovoside, Martynoside, Jionoside D, Campneoside I and Campneoside II, from the most active fraction. Conclusion: Verbascum sinaiticum demonstrated prospective antioxidant activity. The watersoluble part of EtOAc (WSEAE) was found the most active extract whereas Verbascoside was identified as the most potent constituent. All isolated compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity whereas their synergistic effect was found prominent in the parent fraction.

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of Viola odorata from Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir

ABSTRACTPhytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of Viola odorata leaves were investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of stigmasterol in V. odorata leaves was examined. The extracts tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and phenolics, which were present in high quantity in ethanol extract. Greatest radical scavenging activity (EC50 160 µg mL−1) and ferric reducing potential (16.9 equivalent µmol of Fe2+/g sample) was observed in ethanol extract. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprinting confirmed the presence of stigmasterol in all the extracts as evidenced by their Rf values which was similar to that of standard (0.9). HPLC profiling of ethanol extract revealed the presence of 0.002 µg mL−1 stigmasterol in the leaves.

Evaluation of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Cordia myxa Fruit Pulp

ABSTRACTProximate, mineral, and phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of mature green and ripened fruit pulp of Cordia myxa were determined. The fruit pulp was high in protein and low in fat; nitrogen, potassium, and calcium were the major minerals present. The higher amounts of phenols and flavonoids in the methanol extracts related well with the stronger antioxidant activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, total antioxidant activity and reducing power assays. The presence of phytic acid and tannins (anti-nutritional factors) in negligible quantities made C. myxa fruits safe for human consumption.

Enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of Rhizophora apiculata: An experimental report.

The present study is designed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of Rhizophora apiculata. Initially, the phenolic and flavonoid content was quantified in solvent extracts, and gallic acid and rutin were used as a control, respectively. Further, antimicrobial and minimal inhibitory activities of different solvent extracts were assessed against human clinical pathogenic bacteria, and the results showed that butanol and methanol extract has potential antimicrobial activity. FTIR analysis of solvent extracts showed the presence of phenolic compounds at 3409-3430cm-1 that actively involved in various applications including antioxidant and anticancer activities. The in vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts showed excellent antioxidant potential, about 84% of DPPH free-radical scavenging, 76% of hydrogen peroxide, 82% of hydroxyl radical scavenging, and 80% of reducing power. Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that the highly significant effect of antioxidant activity depends on the concentration of extracts. The DNA protection efficiency of extracts against oxidative damage was confirmed by DNA nicking assay using bacterial DNA. The methanol extract effectively inhibited the growth and induces the apoptosis through ROS generation and sensitizes the mitochondrial membrane potential of A549 lung cancer cells. Taken together, the results showed that the solvent extracts of R. apiculata could be potential antioxidant and anticancer agents.

Determination of Antioxidant Activities of Solvent Extracts from an Endemic Plant: Phlomis leucophracta

Determination of Antioxidant Activities of Solvent Extracts from an Endemic Plant: Phlomis leucophracta

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Fahrenheitia zeylanica</i> (Thw.) Airy

Fahrenheitia zeylanica (Thw.) Airy is a lofty evergreen tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. The present study was conducted to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of leaves of F. zeylanica. The powdered leaf material was sequentially extracted using ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol based on polarity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminiumchloride colorimetric estimation method respectively. Antibacterial activity of solvent extracts was assessed by agar well diffusion method against a panel of nine bacteria. Antioxidant efficacy of solvent extracts was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging and Ferric reducing assay. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of bark and chloroform extract of leaf contained high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Solvent extracts of bark were more effective in inhibiting test bacteria than leaf extracts. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inhibited to maximum extent among Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria respectively. Methanol extracts of leaf and bark scavenged DPPH (with IC50 value of 2.02 and 1.17ìg/ml respectively) and ABTS (with IC50 value of 20.89 and 3.42ìg/ml respectively) radicals to high extent followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. The reducing ability was recorded highest in methanol extracts followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. Bark extracts have shown stronger scavenging and reducing power than leaf extracts. A positive correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of extracts. The solvent extracts of bark and leaf of F. zeylanica have shown antibacterial and antioxidant activity which may be attributed to the phytochemicals present in them. The plant can be used as a remedy for treatment of infectious diseases and oxidative stress due to free radical formation. Further, separation of bioactive compounds and determination of their biological activities are under progress.

Total phenol, flavonoid and heavy metal content and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of Origanum vulgare L.

Water, ethanol and water-ethanol (1:1, v/v) extractsofthe (ethno)pharmacologically valued plant species Origanum vulgare L. were studied for the total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF) and heavy metal (HM; Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) content. All three prepared extracts contained a rather high amount of phenolics (23.6-75.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) and a low amount of flavonoid compounds (1.0-2.1 mg quercetin equivalents/g). In addition, the content of (toxic) metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) was low (0.4-153 mg/kg). Antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined using a DPPH assay and correlated with TP, TF and HM. According to the obtained results, the high observed radical scavenging activity (75.1-93.8%) is mostly related to the presence of flavonoid and other phenolic compounds.

Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Different Grape Wastes

Winery pomace (from red and white grapes) was extracted under various conditions using different solvents. The antioxidant activity of solvent extracts was investigated by DPPH radical scavenging method. Ethanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to the other solvent (BuOH, EtOAc, Me2Cl2 and pet.ether). There was a correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol content. HPLC analysis of the extracts showed that gallic and cinnamic acid was the major phenolic compounds in winery pomace. Various phenolic compounds such as catechin, rutin, rosmarinic, chlorogenic, caffeic, vanillic, coumaric acids were also identified.

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum L., from Algeria

In the present study, solvent extracts from aerial parts of Anacyclus pyrethrum L. were assessed for their total phenol content, antimicrobial and antioxidant (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and ferric-ion reducing power) activities. The amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids in the solvent extracts were determined spectrometrically. (310.78 mg GA/g extract) and antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.056 mg/mL). Increasing the concentration of the extracts resulted in increased ferric reducing antioxidant power for both extracts tested.The methanolic extract exhibited the best antimicrobial activity against three gram-positive bacterium (Listeria monocytogenes: 100%, Bacillus. cereus: 69% and Staphylococcus aureus: 66%), as well as against Candida albicans (81%).Finally, a relationship was observed between the biological activities potential and total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the extract. The results of this study provided an alternative of utilising Anacyclus pyrethrum aerial parts as readily accessible source of natural antioxidant in food cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.

In vitro antioxidant activity of two molluscs, Loligo duvauceli Orbigny and Donax cuneatus Linnaeus, by solvent extraction methods

The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antioxidant activity of solvent extracts prepared from two Indian molluscs viz., Loligo duvauceli Orbigny and Donax cuneatus Linnaeus. For this purpose, several tests were used such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), reducing ability and total antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate extract of Loligo duvauceli showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (58%), reducing ability and antioxidant activity (64%) compared to other extracts. All the extracts showed concentration-dependent activity, and increase in concentration increased the antioxidant activities. Therefore, solvent extracts of L. duvauceli and D. cuneatus are rich sources of antioxidants that justify their wide use as natural antioxidants and points out other possible therapeutical uses in the different diseases produced by free radicals.

Antioxidant activity of solvent extracts from Vietnamese medicinal plants

The methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water extracts of six Vietnamese medicinal plants,Premna integrifolia, Terminalia nigrovenulosa, Pseuderanthemum palatiferum,Streptocaulon juventas, Eclipta alba (L), and Solanum hainanense were investigated for their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities using reducing power, metal chelating activity, and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assays. Extraction yields, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of methanol extracts were higher than those of other solvent extracts. These results were also similar to reducing power and radical scavenging activities of extracts of T. nigrovenulosa and P. integrifolia. However, the highest metal chelating activity was found in methanol and water extracts of S. juventas, and methanol extract of E. alba. The methanol extracts of T. nigrovenulosa (bark and leaves) and P. integrifolia leaves, which were found to have high anti-radical capacities and reducing power, and those of S. juventas and E. alba, with their high metal chelating activity, have significant potential for use as natural antioxidants. Key words: Medicinal plants, polyphenol, antioxidant activity, radical scavenging.

On the extraction and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from winery wastes

Winery waste (from red winemaking, variety Agiorgitiko) was extracted under various conditions using different solvents. The minimum time required for ensuring maximum extraction of phenols was 180 min at a solvent to sample ratio 9:1 v/w and at pH 1.5. The antioxidant activity of solvent extracts was investigated by DPPH radical scavenging method, by determination of peroxide value on virgin olive oil and by the Rancimat method on sunflower oil. Ethanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to the other solvent extracts, to synthetic food antioxidants BHT, ascorbyl palmitate and to the natural food antioxidant, vitamin E. No correlation was found between antioxidant activity and total phenol content. HPLC analysis of the extracts showed that gallic acid, catechin and epicatechin were the major phenolic compounds in winery waste. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, cyanidin glycosides and various phenolic acids such as caffeic, syringic, vanillic, p-coumaric and o-coumaric acids were also identified.

머루 과피 용매추출물의 항산화성 및 아질산염 소거작용

머루 과피 용매추출물의 전자공여 작용, 환원력, SOD 유사활성, TBARS 및 아질산염 소거작용을 측정하여 항산화 기능을 규명하고자 하였다. 총 페놀과 플라보노이드 함량이 가장 높은 ethyl acetate 추출물의 경우 전자공여 작용도 100㎍/mL 농도에서 79.2±0.06%로 BHT(74.1±0.15%)보다 더 활성이 높았고, 추출물의 농도에 비례하여 전자공여 작용과 환원력은 유의적으로 증가하였다. SOD 유사활성은 100 ㎍/mL 농도에서 ethyl acetate와 butanol 추출물에서 각각 25.1±0.41%와 20.2±0.13%로 다른 추출물에 비해 높은 활성을 보였다. FeCl2와 CuSO4에 대한 항산화 활성도 추출물의 농도가 높아짐에 따라 그 활성이 증가하는 경향이었는데, ethyl acetate 추출물은 ascorbic acid보다 항산화 활성이 높았다. 머루 과피 용매추출물의 아질산염 소거작용은 pH 2.5에서 ethyl acetate(90.5±0.75%)＞butanol(65.9±2.16%)＞hexane(58.1±1.74%)＞chloroform(55.4±1.02%)＞water(40.9±0.35%) 추출물의 순으로 소거작용이 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 머루 과피의 항산화 활성은 ethyl acetate 추출물에서 가장 우수하였다.