Antioxidant Activity Of Crude Extracts Research Articles

Metabolic basis for superior antioxidant capacity of red-fleshed peaches

Peach fruit is an important natural source of phenolic compounds that are well-known to have health benefits, but their metabolic basis remain elusive. Here, we report on phenolic compounds accumulation and antioxidant activity of ripe fruits in peach. A considerable variation in phenolic compounds content was observed among peach germplasm, with significantly higher levels detected in red-fleshed peaches compared to non-red-fleshed peaches. Antioxidant activity of crude extracts from ripe fruits showed significant differences among peach germplasm, with red-fleshed peaches having the strongest antioxidant activity. Intriguingly, it was observed that total phenolics instead of anthocyanins were strongly associated with antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity showed dynamic changes throughout fruit development, and these were much higher in the peel than in the flesh. Metabolomic analysis unveiled a coordinated accumulation of anthocyanins as well as key components of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which endows red-fleshed peaches with superior antioxidant activity.

Comparative antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities of in vitro-grown callus and wild-grown various parts of Piper longum L

BackgroundPiper longum L. is a tropical and subtropical medicinal plant that has been used as antidiabetic, diarrhea, stomachache, cough, asthma, and bronchitis since ancient times. The in vitro-grown callus from the leaf, however, has not been tested and utilized for any of these conditions. Thus, this research pursues to assess the comparative study of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities of in vitro-grown callus and various parts of Piper longum-grown in the wild. MethodsThe antioxidant activity of crude extracts and the fractions were determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging assay, the antibacterial activity by agar-well diffusion method, and antidiabetic activity by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. In addition, the total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were calculated using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and aluminum chloride complex-forming assay respectively. ResultsThe highest antioxidant activity (IC50=134.81±1.16 µg/mL), TPC (41.22±0.50 mg of GAE/g dry weight), and TFC (73.41±0.53 mg of QE/g dry weight) were obtained in the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of root than other crude extracts and fractions. The DCM fractions of root exhibited the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 5.0 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 8.35 mg/mL to the Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the DCM fraction of root showed the highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50=365.21±31.02 and 489.07±27.96 µg/mL) than other crude extracts and fractions. To the best of our information, comparative antioxidant (IC50=206.61±0.64 µg/mL), antibacterial (suppressed 80 % of tested bacteria), and antidiabetic (IC50=1165.15±15.63 and 1304.76±12.43 µg/mL) properties of the in vitro-grown callus were recorded for the first time in P. longum, and were found to be comparative to those of the wild-grown parts. ConclusionsThese results showed that wild-grown P. longum roots, particularly the DCM fraction, could be an important source of natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and antidiabetics for better curative uses than other wild-grown parts and in vitro-grown callus. In vitro-grown callus, however, could be used as a natural drug source and used to conserve P. longum in its natural habitats in the future.

Sesquiterpene Lactones and Flavonoid from the Leaves of Basin Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata): Isolation, Characterization and Biological Activities.

This research is an exploratory study on the sesquiterpenes and flavonoid present in the leaves of Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata. The leaf foliage was extracted with 100% chloroform. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the crude extract showed four bands. Each band was purified by column chromatography followed by recrystallization. Three sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) were isolated-leucodin, matricarin and desacetylmatricarin. Of these, desacetylmatricarin was the major component. In addition, a highly bio-active flavonoid, quercetagetin 3,6,4'-trimethyl ether (QTE), was also isolated. This is the first report on the isolation of this component from the leaves of Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata. All the components were identified and isolated by TLC, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. Likewise, the structure and stereochemistry of the purified components were characterized by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The antioxidant activities of crude extract were analyzed, and their radical-scavenging ability was determined by Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The crude extract showed antioxidant activity of 18.99 ± 0.51 and 11.59 ± 0.38 µmol TEg-1 FW for FRAP and DPPH assay, respectively, whereas the activities of matricarin, leucodin, desacetylmatricarin and QTE were 13.22, 13.03, 14.90 and 15.02 µmol TEg-1 FW, respectively, for the FRAP assay. The antitumor properties were probed by submitting the four isolated compounds to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for NCI-60 cancer cell line screening. Overall, the results of the one-dose assay for each SL were unremarkable. However, the flavonoid's one-dose mean graph demonstrated significant growth inhibition and lethality, which prompted an evaluation of this compound against the 60-cell panel at a five-dose assay. Tests from two separate dates indicate a lethality of approximately 75% and 98% at the log-4 concentration when tested against the melanoma cancer line SK-Mel 5. This warrants further testing and derivatization of the bioactive components from sagebrush as a potential source for anticancer properties.

Secondary metabolites of Santolina africana: chemical profiles and assessment of biological activities

Chemicals and antibiotics are serious problems that cause the resistance of bacteria and the persistence of chemical residues in food. These chemical products affect human health and promote diseases. Therefore, the use of natural resources, especially plants, appears as an alternative to avoid the harmful impacts of such products. Plant active substances such as essential oils, alkaloids and phenols are of great interest to scientists and have been studied for their biological activities. Essential oils (Eos) from the stems of Santolina africana were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gaz Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of crude extracts and Eos was evaluated by the DPPH assay and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and the broth microdilution method against Gram-positive strains (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). S.africana Eos from Morocco and Tunisia were found to be rich in artemisia ketone (35.4% and 44.3%, respectively), santolina alcohol (16.2%and 3.2%, respectively) and isoborneol (6.1% and 26.6%, respectively). Methanol extracts were rich in phenolic and flavonoids contents and showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Results exhibited the sensitivity of the strains to essential oils from S. africana especially against Gram-positive bacteria. This current research will provide new information about this plant that can be used as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial for industrial purposes.

Appraisal of phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of folkloric Pentanema confertiflorum rootbark extracts

BackgroundMedicinal plants have cultural prominence in the management of ailments worldwide. The different organs of Pentanema confertiflorum (hereafter referred as P. confertiflorum) as have been used to ameliorate different diseases in Ethiopia. Thus, this study focused on the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial screening of P. confertiflorum rootbark solvent fractions. MethodsThe rootbark of P. confertiflorum was successively soaked with petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. The total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and alkaloid contents (TAC) of the different crude extracts were determined through Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR), aluminum chloride colorimetric, and bromocresol green (BCG) assays, respectively. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were employed to determine the antioxidant activity of crude extracts. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was assessed against different bacteria strains via the disc diffusion method. ResultsThe qualitative phytochemical investigation study resonated with the abundance of several secondary metabolites, especially in the methanolic rootbark extract (MRBE). In addition, the MRBE had the highest TPC (76.7 mg GAE/g extracts), TFC (86.89 mg QE/g extracts), and TAC (80.68 mg ATE/g extracts) as compared to petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. Consistent with its TPC, TFC, and TAC, the MRBE demonstrated better antioxidant activity against DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 44.53 ppm) and FRAP assays (EC50 = 42.72 ppm). Moreover, all the rootbark extracts induced dose-dependent antibacterial activity against Streptococci pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. ConclusionsThe preliminary findings suggested the presence of a strong correlation between the folkloric use of P. confertiflorum and its observed antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Rigorous studies on the extracts such as the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds, and detailed bioactivity and toxicity studies are desirable to bring about safe and effective lead compounds.

Assessment of larvicidal and antioxidant activities of crude extract and synthesised silver nanoparticles from leaves and stem of Ranunculus sceleratus L.

Assessment of larvicidal and antioxidant activities of crude extract and synthesised silver nanoparticles from leaves and stem of Ranunculus sceleratus L.

Antioxidant activity of crude fucoidan extract from brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae), Sargassum sp. and Turbinaria sp.

Seaweed is one of the highly commercial aquatic commodities, accounting for 51.3% of total marine and coastal aquaculture production. As much as 99.5% of seaweed production is concentrated in Asia, especially in East and Southeast Asian countries, one of which is Indonesia. The wide diversity of seaweeds has not been fully optimizing their potential to provide maximum economic benefits. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of crude extracts of fucoidan using two different solvents and to analyze the antioxidant activity of crude extracts of fucoidan using different solvents. The research method included the preparation of raw materials, extraction with distilled water and 2% CaCl2 at 85 °C for 4 h, followed by quality analyses. Total sugar using the phenol-sulphate method obtained higher results in distilled water (67.88%). The total sulphate analysis showed higher results with 2% CaCl2 (19.60%). The total phenol analysis yielded higher results with 2% CaCl2 (978.20%). The antioxidant activity of the crude fucoidan were 312.01 ppm (distilled water), 193.52 ppm (distilled water), 54.653 μg/mL ascorbic acid/g extract (CaCl2 2%, 128.38 mol Fe2+/g (CaCl2 2%).

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extract And Gel Preparation From Alstonia Scholaris L. Leaf Extract

Alstonia scholaris L. contains several compounds, which has been proven to be potential as skin protection by formulating in gel preparation. The aims of this study were to obtained the antioxidant activity of crude extract from leaf part of Alstonia scholaris L. and gel preparation contain Alstonia scholaris L. leaf extract. Extract was prepared using destilled methanol by maceration method. The gel preparation was developed with extract (1% w/v) in carbomer base (1,67% w/v). The chemical compound was evaluated qualitatively used some reagent. The antioxidant assays performed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The result shown that methanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris leaf was found had flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, saponins, and steroids compound. The methanolic crude extract and gel preparation had strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value was found to be 69,502 ppm and 86,832 ppm, respectively. From the result we conclude that the methanolic crude extract of Alstonia scholaris leaf sole has strong scavenging free radical activity even formulated in gel preparation but has decreased IC50 value.

Argentine squid (Illex argentinus): A source of mycosporine-like amino acids with antioxidant properties

Here we report on the occurrence of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the Argentine shortfin squid, Illex argentinus, the second fishery resource mostly exploited in the Argentinean continental shelf. The total content of four MAAs was evaluated by reverse-phase-HPLC in different tissues (eyes, skin, liver, and gonads). Also, the antioxidant activity of crude extracts was assessed by in-vitro determinations: 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu, and ferrous ion-chelating capacity assays. The content of MAAs was found to be almost ten times higher in female gonads than in other tissues (11,89 ± 0,56 mg/g dry weight). Extracts from skin, female gonads and eyes, exhibit higher antioxidant activity than the reference compounds ascorbic acid and TROLOX. Overall, Argentine squid waste is a promising potential source of MAAs with antioxidant and UV photoprotective properties, which could bear interest in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, thus encouraging maximal and sustainable use of fishing resources.

Evaluation and Comparison of Dermo-Cosmetic Activities of Three Oak Species by Targeting Antioxidant Metabolites and Skin Enzyme Inhibitors.

The two main species, sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), predominant in French forests, are mainly used for aging wines and spirits; however, the potential of oak wood extract as a source of natural antioxidants, due to its high polyphenol content, could be more widely exploited. This study focuses on three oak species, the two that are well-known, namely, sessile and pedunculate oak, and a third that has seldom been described and valorized, namely, pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens). Water extracts of these three species were fractionated by semi-preparative HPLC. The antioxidant activities of crude extracts and fractions were measured by colorimetric and enzymatic tests. The anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities of the extracts and their fractions were also evaluated. In parallel, samples were analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS to correlate the activity with the molecular composition using molecular networks. The results obtained for the total extract of the three species were compared to determine if the activity depended on the species. The results within the same species were also compared to highlight which fraction and, therefore, which molecular family was involved in the activity of the total extract. The various antioxidant tests showed good activity of the total extract for the three species of oak and a very good anti-collagenase activity. The antioxidant activity of oak extract has already been proven in the literature and this is correlated with its richness in polyphenols. This study shows that each molecular family of the extract contributes to the activities of the total extract. Oak extract can be used to neutralize the ROS produced during oxidative stress and to prevent the degradation of collagen and elastase during skin aging. Its complementary properties make oak extract a valuable ingredient to act against skin aging.

Separation of antioxidant-rich Alternanthera Sessilis Red extracts by Sephadex LH-20 and identification of polyphenols using HPLC-QToF-MS/MS.

This study aimed to fractionate Alternanthera sessilis Red (ASR) crude extracts and determine their antioxidant activities as well as the related active components in the whole plant. ASR was extracted with water and ethanol, and further separated using a Sephadex LH-20 column. Following the assessments of the polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of crude extracts (H2OASR and EtOHASR) and fractions, a HPLC-QToF analysis was performed on the crude extracts and selected fractions (H2OASR FII and EtOHASR FII). Three water fractions (H₂OASR FI, FII and FIII) and four ethanolic fractions (EtOHASR FI, FII, FIII and FIV) were derived from their crude extracts, respectively. EtOHASR FII exhibited the greatest total phenolic content (120.41 mg GAE/g fraction), total flavonoid content (223.07 mg RE/g fraction), and antioxidant activities (DPPH IC50 = 159.43 μg/mL; FRAP = 1.93 mmol Fe2+/g fraction; TEAC = 0.90 mmol TE/g fraction). Correlation analysis showed significant (p < 0.01) positive correlations between both TPC (r = 0.748-0.970) and TFC (r = 0.686-0.949) with antioxidant activities in the crude extracts and fractions. Flavonoids were the major compounds in the four selected samples tentatively identified using HPLC-QToF-MS/MS, with the highest number of 30 polyphenol compounds detected in the most active fraction, EtOHASR FII.

Valorization of Campomanesia xanthocarpaleaves: Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of crude extract and fractions

Campomanesia xanthocarpaleaves are a byproduct of fruit production without studies on antioxidant activity. Thus, this study aimed to identify the antioxidant compounds of C. xanthocarpaleaves by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI/qTOF) and by different in vitroantioxidant methods. The crude extract of C. xanthocarpaleaves had a yield of 15.2% and only five out of 37 fractions of the crude extract had antioxidant activity. The crude extract presented greater antioxidant activity than the isolated fractions. The identified antioxidant compounds were phenolic acids (gallic acid and chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (quercetin and naringenin 7,4’-dimethoxy) and an organic acid (quinic acid). Leaves of C. xanthocarpahave high concentration of antioxidant compounds and it is a promising plant for the development of applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. The extraction of antioxidant compounds can add value to the productive chain of this plant.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of crude extracts from Pachira aquatica leaves, flowers and seeds

Pachira aquatica, an arboreal species belonging to the family Malvaceae, is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Its leaves are used in folk medicine for treating skin rashes and urticaria; its fruit peels find application in the treatment of diarrhea, diabetes, and anemia; and its lipid-rich seeds are used as human and animal food. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts from P. aquatica leaves, flowers and seeds. The plant material was collected and then dried at room temperature. The crude extracts were prepared by dynamic maceration with solvent depletion. Chemical analysis was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation, and total phenolic content assays. Eleven flavonoids, four phenolic acids, two organic acids and four coumarins were identified in extracts. Crude extracts from leaves, flowers and seeds had total phenolic contents of 28.74; 75.68; and 14.88 g GAE/mg; half‐maximal effective concentrations for DPPH• scavenging activity of 8.02; 0.69; and 4.01 mg/mL; FRAP activities of 0.038; 0.274; and 0.042 µM ferrous sulfate/mg; and the ability to reduce β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation by 42.13%; 64.85%; and 30.37%; respectively. The utilization of antioxidant compounds found in P. aquatica leaves, flowers and seeds in industrial applications is a promising strategy to add value to this plant

A Quantitative Estimation of Phytochemical, Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Crude Extract of Root of Jurinea Dolomiaea Boiss

The therapeutic efficacy of Jurinea dolomiaea (root) was selected to analyse the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities of their crude plant extract. The plant samples were extracted from polar solvents viz. n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Further crude extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols etc. The quantitative analysis of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids was performed by spectrophotometrically. The evaluation of anti-oxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. The anti-diabetic activity of crude extracts was determined by in vitro α-amylase inhibition method. The methanolic extract was significantly showed DPPH IC50 inhibition at 20 µg/mL, ABTS inhibition IC50 at 30µg/mL and in vitro α-amylase inhibition IC50 at 50µg/mL. It is concluded that methanolic extract has the potential source of anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity. Keywords: Jurinea Dolomiaea Boiss, Antioxidant, Anti-diabetic, DPPH, ABTS, Brassica oleraceae , In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibition. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/15-1-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

Phytochemical Screening, in Vitro Antimycotic and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts of Six Rwandan Medicinal Plants

Phytochemicals constitute reliable sources of antifungal and antioxidant compounds with low toxicity to mammals and safe to the environment which may serve as substitutes for synthetically produced chemicals. The present work aims at screening, and investigating the antimycotic and antioxidant activities of six medicinal plants, namely Croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae), Clerodendrum (Rotheca) myricoides (Lamiaceae), Erucastrum arabicum (Brassicaceae), Melanthera scandens (Asteraceae), Senecio mannii (Asteraceae), and Senna didymobotrya (Fabaceae). A qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted by appropriate chemical methods. Antioxidant activity of 18 aqueous extracts has been tested by bleaching the solution of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Antimycotic activity of all extracts was measured by the disc diffusion method on a potato dextrose agar plate against five fungal strains viz. Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium oxysporum. The study revealed that the main phytochemical constituents of leaf, stem and root bark extracts were terpenoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids. Furthermore, the results showed that leaf extracts were richer in antioxidant potentials than the rest of the plant parts tested. However, scavenging capacity of leaf extract was lower than that of the ascorbic acid for all extracts except C. macrostachyus and M. scandens which exhibited approximately the same values as ascorbic acid. The leaf extracts displayed the highest inhibition zone average for most of the fungi. The strong antimycotic activity ranged from 14 to 27 mm and was observed mainly in leaf extracts. The leaf extract of M. scandens was the strongest against F. oxysporum with 27.0 mm inhibition zone diameter. The root extract displayed the lowest average zones of inhibition such as 2.0 mm for E. arabicum extract against R. stolonifer and 3.0 mm for S. didymobotrya extract against A. niger. Antioxidant and antimycotic activities were probably attributed to the presence of different groups of phytochemicals as such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. From the results of this study, plant extracts with higher antioxidant and antimycotic activity could be further studied and eventually be used in the development of natural antioxidants and food preservatives that could replace the synthetic compounds.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf and fruit extracts of Gymnosporia montana

Gymnosporia montana, an ethnomedicinal plant from the Celastraceae family, is known as “VIKALO” in Gujarat, which means jaundice curing. In Gujarat's tribal areas, young Vikalo leaves are gnawed to heal jaundice. The main goal of the current study was to perform a pharmacognostical assessment, which included secondary metabolite phytochemical analysis, antioxidant potential analysis, and anti-inflammatory activity assessment of leaf and fruit extracts. Methanolic extraction of shade-dried leaves and fruits was followed by phytochemical studies of secondary metabolites, fractionation of the initial extracts, and FTIR analysis confirmation of a particular category of compounds with their functional groups. Additionally, the potential for anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant activity of crude extracts were evaluated using DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging techniques. The presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids was detected through phytochemical screening. Utilizing Perkin Elmer Spectrum Version 10.03.09, the FT-IR spectra of active classes of compoundsfrom leaf and fruit extracts were assessed. The antioxidant activity of an extract that has been dose-dependently enriched with flavonoid content is significantly increased in comparison to extracts enriched with alkaloids and terpenoids. All methanolic extracts were tested for anti-inflammatory activity against the standard Typhoid vaccine (25 µg/ml, 10 µl) at varying concentrations, and the results were compared to the standard. Again, the crude extracts' flavonoid-enriched fraction demonstrated a discernible decrease in antigen-specific proliferation when contrasted with the control, but no discernible effects were seen with the terpenoid and alkaloid fractions. Ultimately, this study suggests that the flavonoid-rich fraction of methanolic extract has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

A Review on Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Moringa oleifera Leaves: Their Principle, Advantages, and Disadvantages

Moringa oleifera, belongs to the Moringaceae family, is an indigenous plant and native to the North India region. It has been used for centuries as traditional medicine and nutritional supplement. Moringa olefeira leaves contain high phenolics and flavonoid compounds as major constituents such as kaempferol, quercetin, caffeoylquinic acid, coumaroylquinic acid, and feruloylquinic acid. The extraction techniques play a critical role in the extraction outcome such as crude extracts yield, type and quantity of compound extracted. To date, there is a wide range of technologies for crude plant extraction such as ultrasoundassisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction Soxhlet extraction, and dipping (maceration) technique. These extraction techniques employ various types of solvent which could enhance the efficiency of extraction and quality of the compound extracted. Hence, this review aims to describe and compare the conventional and novel extraction techniques methods of Moringa oleifera leaves based on the total phenolics content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. The difference based on the extraction process principle, advantages, and disadvantages were further evaluated to show the suitability, environmentally friendly, the economic feasibility of the various extraction methods. From this review, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) have minimized the processing time, which is useful for extracting thermolabile compounds, such as phenol compounds. In conclusion, novel extraction techniques could be effectively enhancing the total phenolic compound, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities of crude extracts, which provides a theoretical basis for upgrading to alarge-scale applicationin the future.

In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Solanum nigrum Leaf

Solanum nigrum belonging to the family Solanaceae, has been considered as a remedy for treating various ailments like epilepsy, gastric ulcers etc. and is believed to have hepatoprotective activities. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts of Ethyl acetate and Methanol from the Solanum nigrum leaves and their antioxidant activity was carried out by using spectrophotometric methods. Methanol extract with high absorbance exhibited highest antioxidant activity containing highest quantity of phenolics and flavonoids followed by Ethyl Acetate. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds indicated that these compounds can contribute to the antioxidant activity. These active constituents alone or in combination with others may be responsible for the observed antioxidant activity. The findings indicated promising antioxidant activity of crude extracts of leaves needs further exploration for their effective use in both modern and traditional system of medicines. The Solanum nigrum leaf can be regarded as promising candidate for natural plant sources of antioxidants with higher values. A comparative study of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents extracted by the solvents, and their in-vitro antioxidant activity that could be an effective remedy in hepatoprotection was carried out in the study.

In-vitro ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THREE SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF Solanum nigrum: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

In traditional system of medicine, Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae) has been considered as a remedy for treating various ailments like epilepsy, gastric ulcers etc. and is believed to have hepatoprotective activities. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of three extracts namely petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol of the Solanum nigrum leaves and their antioxidant activity was carried out by using spectrophotometric methods. Methanol extract with high absorbance exhibited highest antioxidant activity containing highest quantity of phenolics and flavonoids followed by ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds indicated that these compounds can contribute to the antioxidant activity. These active constituents alone or in combination with others may be responsible for the observed antioxidant activity. The findings indicated promising antioxidant activity of crude extracts of leaves needs further exploration for their effective use in both modern and traditional system of medicines. The Solanum nigrum leaf can be regarded as promising candidate for natural plant sources of antioxidants with higher values. A comparative study of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents extracted by the solvents,and their in-vitro antioxidant activity that could be an effective remedy in hepatoprotection was carried out in the study.

HPLC/DAD, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Plectranthus Species (Lamiaceae) Combined with the Chemometric Calculations.

The increase in antibiotic resistance and the emergence of new bacterial infections have intensified the research for natural products from plants with associated therapy. This study aimed to verify the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of crude extracts of the genus Plectranthus species, being the first report on the modulation of aminoglycosides antibiotic activity by Plectranthus amboinicus extracts. The chemical composition was obtained by chemical prospecting and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode arrangement detector (HPLC/DAD). The antibacterial activities of the extracts alone or in association with aminoglycosides were analyzed using the microdilution test. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. The phytochemical prospection allowed the flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids to be identified. Quercetin, rutin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, kaempferol, glycosylated kaempferol, quercitrin, and isoquercitrin were identified and quantified. The principal component analysis (PCA) observed the influence of flavonoids and phenolic acids from Plectranthus species on studied activities. Phytochemical tests with the extracts indicated, especially, the presence of flavonoids, confirmed by quantitative analysis by HPLC. The results revealed antibacterial activities, and synergistic effects combined with aminoglycosides, as well as antioxidant potential, especially for P. ornatus species, with IC50 of 32.21 µg/mL. Multivariate analyzes show that the inclusion of data from the antioxidant and antibacterial activity suggests that the antioxidant effect of these species presents a significant contribution to the synergistic effect of phytoconstituents, especially based on the flavonoid contents. The results of this study suggest the antibacterial activity of Plectranthus extracts, as well as their potential in modifying the resistance of the analyzed aminoglycosides.