Antimony In Urine Research Articles

Urine Antimony and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Urine Antimony and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Antimony and sleep health outcomes: NHANES 2009-2016

ObjectivesFollowing an earlier National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008 analysis, we investigated the association between urine antimony and sleep health using more recent data, new measures of sleep health, and multiple measures of urine density adjustment in NHANES 2009-2016. DesignA cross-sectional study. SettingUnited States, national population-based survey. MeasurementsMultinomial logistic regression (sleep duration) and a generalized linear model with log-binomial regression (OSA, daytime sleepiness, sleep problems) were used to analyze the association of urinary antimony with sleep health outcomes. Urine creatinine and osmolality were considered, combined with statistical adjustment and standardization to account for urine density. ParticipantsA total of 8133 adult participants over 20 years of age were used using NHANES 2009-2016. ResultsWe did not observe associations between urine antimony and short sleep duration or sleep problems. We observed mixed results for long sleep duration; there was a negative association in NHANES 2015-2016 and no association in NHANES 2009-2014. For self-reported symptoms of OSA, which were only available in 2015-2016, we observed a positive association for upper quartile urine antimony compared with the first quartile (RR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.50) and a test for trend, P= .02. ConclusionUrinary antimony was not consistently associated with short sleep duration, long sleep duration, or sleep problems, despite the findings from a relatively recent scientific article using earlier waves of NHANES. We observed a positive association between antimony and symptoms of OSA; this cross-sectional analysis requires confirmation.

Trace elements and plasma metabolomics in a general population from Spain: The Hortega Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Limited studies have evaluated the joint influence of trace elements on metabolic pathways. We analyzed the association of 12 trace elements with 54 plasma metabolites in 1144 participants from the Hortega Study, a population-based sample from Spain. METHODS: Urine antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), As adjusted by arsenobetaine (Asb), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V); and plasma copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were measured with ICP-MS and AAS, respectively. Serum metabolomic profiles, including lipoprotein subclasses, were assessed by NMR-spectrometry. We jointly correlated metabolites by principal component (PC) analysis. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) allowed to evaluate the influence of trace element mixtures on metabolomic profiles. RESULTS:The geometric means of trace element exposure biomarker levels were, 0.07, 68.69, 6.53, 62.03, 0.37, 3.55, 0.25, 26.09 and 2.08 μg/g for urine Sb, As, As adjusted by Asb, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Mo and V, and 93.88, 83.73 and 77.13 μg/L, for plasma Cu, Se and Zn. Cu was inversely associated with metabolic principal component (mPC) 1 (reflecting increasing non-essential and essential branch-chained aminoacids and bacterial co-metabolism versus decreasing VLDL lipoproteins subclasses); Se and Zn were inversely associated with mPC 2 (reflecting increasing essential aromatic aminoacids and bacterial co-metabolism); The corresponding associations for mPC 3 (reflecting increasing LDL lipoprotein subclasses) were positive for plasma Cu, Se and Zn and inverse for urine Co. Plasma Zn was inversely associated with mPC 4 (reflecting increasing HDL lipoprotein subclasses). These associations remained after multiple-trace element adjustment. BKMR to assess joint trace element exposure was confirmatory. CONCLUSIONS:Excessive exposure to Co, Cu, Se, and Zn was associated with metabolite profiles traditionally linked to cardiometabolic risk and bacterial co-metabolism. While our findings should be confirmed in other studies, interventions to prevent uncontrolled exposure to these trace elements may be needed. KEYWORDS: Microbiome, Mixtures, Metabolomics, Biomarkers of exposure

Characterization of trace elements exposure in pregnant women in the United States, NHANES 1999–2016.

ObjectiveThe objective of the current study is to report on urine, blood and serum metal concentrations to characterize exposures to trace elements and micronutrient levels in both pregnant women and women of child-bearing age in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) years 1999–2016. MethodsUrine and blood samples taken from NHANES participants were analyzed for thirteen urine metals, three blood metals, three serum metals, speciated mercury in blood and speciated arsenic in urine. Adjusted and unadjusted least squares geometric means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all participants among women aged 15–44 years. Changes in exposure levels over time were also examined. Serum cotinine levels were used to adjust for smoke exposure, as smoking is a source of metal exposure. ResultsDetection rates for four urine metals from the ATSDR Substance Priority List: arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium were ~83–99% for both pregnant and non-pregnant women of child bearing age. A majority of metal concentrations were higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. Pregnant women had higher mean urine total arsenic, urine mercury, and urine lead; however, blood lead and mercury were higher in non-pregnant women. Blood lead, cadmium, mercury, as well as urine antimony, cadmium and lead in women of childbearing age decreased over time, while urine cobalt increased over time. ConclusionsPregnant women in the US have been exposed to several trace metals, with observed concentrations for some trace elements decreasing since 1999.

The association of urine metals and metal mixtures with cardiovascular incidence in an adult population from Spain: the Hortega Follow-Up Study.

The association of low-level exposure to metals and metal mixtures with cardiovascular incidence in the general population has rarely been studied. We flexibly evaluated the association of urinary metals and metal mixtures concentrations with cardiovascular diseases in a representative sample of a general population from Spain. Urine antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) were measured in 1171 adults without clinical cardiovascular diseases, who participated in the Hortega Study. Cox proportional hazard models were used for evaluating the association between single metals and cardiovascular incidence. We used a Probit extension of Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR-P) to handle metal mixtures in a survival setting. In single-metal models, the hazard ratios [confidence intervals (CIs)] of cardiovascular incidence, comparing the 80th to the 20th percentiles of metal distributions, were 1.35 (1.06, 1.72) for Cu, 1.43 (1.07, 1.90) for Zn, 1.51 (1.13, 2.03) for Sb, 1.46 (1.13, 1.88) for Cd, 1.64 (1.05, 2.58) for Cr and 1.31 (1.01, 1.71) for V. BKMR-P analysis was confirmatory of these findings, supporting that Cu, Zn, Sb, Cd, Cr and V are related to cardiovascular incidence in the presence of the other metals. Cd and Sb showed the highest posterior inclusion probabilities. Urine Cu, Zn, Sb, Cd, Cr and V were independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk at levels relevant for the general population of Spain. Urine metals in the mixture were also jointly associated with cardiovascular incidence, with Cd and Sb being the most important components of the mixture.

Antimony in urine during early pregnancy correlates with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundAntimony (Sb) has been associated with type 2 diabetes in previous studies. However, the role of Sb in the incidence of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear. ObjectivesWe investigated the association between Sb exposure during early pregnancy and the risk of GDM. MethodsWe performed a prospective study of 2093 pregnant women from the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC). Sb concentrations were measured in urine samples during early pregnancy by ICP-MS. The association between urinary Sb concentration and GDM incidence was assessed using robust Poisson regression model after adjustment for confounders. ResultsThe 95th percentile value of creatinine-corrected Sb (CC-Sb) concentration in the urine of all pregnant women was 1.33 μg/g. The CC-Sb concentrations were significantly higher in women with GDM than those without GDM (median value: 0.49 μg/g vs. 0.38 μg/g, p = 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, for each one natural logarithmic unit increase in Sb concentration, there was 29% [adjusted relative risk (RR) = 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.57] increase in the risk of GDM. Women in the highest tertile for CC-Sb had a 1.92-fold (95% CI: 1.42, 2.60) higher risk of GDM compared with women in the lowest tertile (p-value for trend <0.001). ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first research of an association between urinary Sb levels during pregnancy and GDM. Our study suggests that pregnant women with higher Sb exposure levels may have a higher risk of GDM and this association remains consistent even after stratification.

Concentrations of selected metals in blood, serum, and urine among US adult exclusive users of cigarettes, cigars, and electronic cigarettes

ABSTRACTData from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2013–2014 were used to compare observed levels of selected metals in blood, serum, and urine among US adults aged ≥20 years for exclusive cigar, cigarettes, and e-cigarette users. Adjusted geometric means for e-cigarette users were found to be higher than for cigar users for blood manganese (10.3 vs. 7.9 µg/L, p = 0.02). Cigar users were found to have lower adjusted geometric means than cigarette users for urine cobalt (0.22 vs. 0.4 µg/L, p = 0.04) and urine antimony (0.03 vs. 0.06 µg/L, p = 0.03). Adjusted levels of blood selenium, serum copper, selenium, and zinc, and urine arsenic, barium, molybdenum, tin, strontium, thallium, tungsten, and uranium were found to be comparable among cigarettes only, cigar only, and electronic cigarettes only users. However, irrespective of the comparative levels of these metals among cigar, cigarette, and e-cigarette users, focus must be to assess the short- and long-term health effects of the exposure to these metals particularly nanoparticles via inhalation from e-cigarette aerosols.

Essential and non-essential trace elements among working populations in Ghana

BackgroundLead battery repair workers (LBRW) and electronic repair workers (ERW) may be exposed to inorganic components during work. This study aimed at determining essential and non-essential trace elements in male LBRW, ERW, referents and a group of female petty traders (FPT) in Kumasi (Ghana), taking into account iron status and inflammation. MethodsAltogether 64 LBRW, 64 ERW, 65 referents and 26 FPT were investigated in this cross-sectional study. Urine, whole blood and serum were collected for determination of trace elements. C-reactive protein and ferritin were determined in serum. ResultsThe LBRW had higher blood concentrations of manganese (B-Mn) and lead (B-Pb) and antimony in urine (U-Sb), and lower concentrations of cobalt in blood (B-Co). Being ERW was associated with higher concentrations of blood cadmium (B-Cd), urinary tin (U-Sn) and serum chromium (S-Cr). Concentrations of selenium (B-Se), Co and mercury (B-Hg) in whole blood and iodine in urine (U-I) were relatively high. Marginal iron status appeared to be a determinant for elevated concentrations of Co in particular, but also Mn and Cd in blood. Systemic inflammation was associated with the concentrations of copper and Se. The concentrations of Hg in whole blood were highly associated with Se and arsenic (As) in whole blood, indicating fish consumption as a common source of intake of these elements. However, Hg in whole blood was only slightly associated with Se in serum. ConclusionsThe ERW had elevated concentrations of B-Cd, S-Cr, and U-Sn, while B-Mn, B-Pb, and U-Sb concentrations were higher among the LBRW. Iron status and inflammation had substantial impact on some element concentration. This population had high concentrations of B-Se, B-Hg and B-Co and U-I.

Determination of antimony in urine, blood and serum and in liver and lung tissues of infants by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Methods are presented for the determination by ICP-MS of antimony in body fluids and tissues of infants. Urine, serum and whole blood specimens are prepared for analysis by simply diluting 200 microliters sample volumes (1 + 14) with water and adding indium as internal standard. Liver and lung tissues are digested using 16 M HNO3 either in open quartz vessels at 150 degrees C or in sealed vessels with microwave heating. The acid digests are diluted with water and indium is added as internal standard for ICP-MS measurements. All analyses were subjected to stringent internal quality control protocols. Accuracy was assessed by recoveries, repeated analyses and by analysis of NIST SRMs 1577a Bovine Liver and 1566a Oyster Tissue. Precisions of analyses were better than 5-10% in the ranges 0.1-0.3 microgram l-1 for urine, serum and blood; and at 7-25 ng g-1 in tissues. Detection limits were 0.7 ng g-1 in liver, 0.8 ng g-1 in lung, and 0.01 microgram l-1 in urine, serum and blood. The need to employ validated procedures for specimen collection and to give considerable attention to pre-analytical factors in order to avoid adventitious contamination with antimony is demonstrated.

Determination of antimony in urine by solvent extraction and electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure

A sensitive method for the determination of antimony in urine using solvent extraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) is described. Urine samples were acidified with hydrochloric acid, and then heated in order to reduce antimony(v) to antimony(III). The antimony present was chelated with ammonium N-nitrosophenyl hydroxylamine (Cupferron) and then extracted into isobutyl methyl ketone. The organic layer was analysed by ETAAS. The effect of pH on the extraction efficiency of the procedure was investigated. The detection limit for the method was 0.69 µg l–1. The coefficient of variation for within-run precision was 8.2% and between-run precision was 8.9%. The analytical recovery of antimony from urine was 103%± 11% at 5.16 µg l–1.The method was validated using urine samples collected from three industrial groups. The range of antimony levels found in the groups were as follows: control subjects = 0.18–2.16 µg l–1; refinery workers = 0.08–32.6 µg l–1; chemical manufacturers = 0.1–36.1 µg l–1, and battery manufacturers = 1.5–149.2 µg l–1. The method is particularly suited to the biological monitoring of occupationally exposed workers as it is robust and about 40 samples can be analysed within a normal working day.

Determination of Antimony in Urine by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Ion Exchange Separation and Solvent Extraction

Trace antimony in urine was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using a graphite furnace atomizer. The urine was concentrated and digested with HNO3-HCIO4-H2SO4 in a Teflon beaker. The bulk of the salts and interfering elements was removed by cation exchange and the ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate-2-methyl-4-pentanone extraction procedure, and finally the organic phase was analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of Sb in the NBS reference material agreed with its certified value. Relative standard deviation were about 8.4% at the 1 -μg level. Antimony contents in urine ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 μg l-1.

Determination of antimony in urine by candoluminescence spectrometry.

The candoluminescence emission intensities produced by antimony solutions applied to CaO-CaSO4 matrices have been compared using two techniques, a matrix contained in the cavity of the head of an Allen screw and a rod of the matrix material. The optimum gas flow-rates differ slightly in the two techniques as do the matrix conditions, i.e., the burner head to matrix distance and the horizontal distance into the flame.The rod technique has the advantage that larger samples of organic solvents, i.e., from a solvent extraction stage, may be applied to the matrix and this procedure provides a simple and reliable routine method for the determination of antimony in urine over the range 10–70 µg l–1. The results are compared with those obtained elsewhere using atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation.

Determination of lead and antimony in urine by atomic-absorption spectroscopy with electrothermal atomisation.

Two methods have been developed for determining antimony and lead in urine. In the first method the urine is wet oxidised and the metals are extracted as chelates into an organic phase. This is then analysed by atomicabsorption spectroscopy after carbon-rod atomisation. Nitric acid must be eliminated from the wet-oxidation mixture because it causes incomplete recovery of the antimony.In the second method the lead and antimony are extracted directly from the urine and are again determined by atomic-absorption spectroscopy with carbon-rod atomisation. This is the preferred method for the routine analysis of normal urine samples. The wet-oxidation method is used for samples that contain abnormal amounts of coproporphyrins, chelating agents or other organic materials. Both methods gave comparable results in the range 0–200 µg l–1 of lead and antimony.

Microdetermination of antimony in urine and blood of patients with visceral leishmaniasis after treating them with antimony salts: L. N. Lapin, Voprosy Med. Khim., 2, 309–315 (1958)

Microdetermination of antimony in urine and blood of patients with visceral leishmaniasis after treating them with antimony salts: L. N. Lapin, Voprosy Med. Khim., 2, 309–315 (1958)