Antimicrobial Technologies Research Articles

Prosthetic Joint Infection Research Models in NZW Rabbits: Opportunities for Standardization-A Systematic Review.

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a major complication following total arthroplasty. Rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to antibiotics will further increase therapeutic insufficiency. New antibacterial technologies are being developed to prevent PJI. In vivo models are still needed to bridge the translational gap to clinical implementation. Though rabbit models have been used most frequently, there is no consensus about methodology and measured outcomes. The PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched for literature on PJI in rabbit models. Data extraction included bias control, experimental design, and outcome measures of the NZW rabbit models in the articles. A total of 60 articles were included in this systematic literature review. The articles were divided into six groups based on the PJI intervention: no intervention used (21%), revision surgery (14%), prevention with only antibiotics (21%), prevention with surface modifications (7%), prevention with coatings (23%), and others (14%). Despite the current availability of guidelines and recommendations regarding experimental design, bias control, and outcome measures, many articles neglect to report on these matters. Ultimately, this analysis aims to assist researchers in determining suitable clinically relevant methodologies and outcome measures for in vivo PJI models using NZW rabbits to test new antimicrobial technologies.

Application of Drug Delivery System Based on Nanozyme Cascade Technology in Chronic Wound.

Chronic wounds are characterized by long-term inflammation, including diabetic ulcers, traumatic ulcers, etc., which provide an optimal environment for bacterial proliferation. At present, antibiotics are the main clinical treatment method for chronic wound infections. However, the overuse of antibiotics may accelerate the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, which poses a significant threat to human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies for bacterial infections. Nanozyme-based antimicrobial therapy (NABT) is an emerging antimicrobial strategy with broad-spectrum activity and low drug resistance compared to traditional antibiotics. NABT has shown great potential as an emerging antimicrobial strategy by catalyzing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with its enzyme-like catalytic properties, producing a powerful bactericidal effect without developing drug resistance. Nanozyme-based cascade antimicrobial technology offers a new approach to infection control, effectively improving antimicrobial efficacy by activating cascades against bacterial cell membranes and intracellular DNA while minimizing potential side effects. However, it is worth noting that this technology is still in the early stages of research. This article comprehensively reviews wound classification, current methods for the treatment of wound infection, different types of nanozymes, the application of nanozyme cascade reaction technology in antimicrobial therapy, and future challenges and prospects.

Blue to UV upconversion properties of Pr3+ doped ACaF3 (A = K, Rb, Cs) phosphors

Materials capable of converting visible light into the ultraviolet C (UVC) region are promising candidates for antimicrobial technology and photocatalytic applications. In this work, the effective UVC upconversion phosphors ACaF3:Pr3+ (A = K, Rb, Cs) were synthesized using solid state reactions. Upconverted emissions in the range from 230 to 315 nm were obtained with 444 nm laser excitation. The dependence of upconverted luminescence on pump power, the concentration of Pr3+ ions, and the decay profiles of upconverted luminescence provide insights into the primary mechanisms responsible for upconversion. Among the obtained fluoroperovskites, the rubidium composition showed the most intense luminescence. Additionally, ACaF3:1 %Pr3+ exhibits a manifold increase in upconversion emission compared to the previously studied reference material LiYF4:1 %Pr3+, indicating the potential use of fluoroperovskites for surface decontamination.

Barriers to implementation of rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing technologies in the clinical microbiology laboratory: an American perspective.

Clinical microbiology laboratories are responsible for confirming the aetiology of infectious diseases and providing antimicrobial susceptibility testing results. Traditional culture-based testing can be augmented by more rapid testing modalities to provide clinically actionable information as quickly as possible. Despite improvements in patient outcomes, many clinical microbiology laboratories are facing challenges to in-sourcing these technologies. Depending on a multitude of factors, including size, location and patient population served, these barriers may affect some laboratories and hospital systems to greater or lesser extents than others. It will be up to each individual facility to ascertain its ability to overcome barriers. To aid in this self-assessment, we present for thoughtful consideration a discussion of the barriers to implementation of rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing technologies, with specific attention to matters of financial cost, staff expertise, operational issues and stakeholder buy-in.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Triple Enzyme-Embedded Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflowers (hNFs) in Comparison with Powerful Antimicrobial Agent Chitosan.

Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs) have high stability, reusability, low production cost, and overcome substrate/product inhibition. Antimicrobial activity of various hNFs has been reported to overcome environmental microbial contaminations and infections, which are considered major public health problems. α-amylase, protease, and lipase are the most common industrial enzymes exerting antimicrobial activity; therefore, we synthesized triple enzyme (α-amylase, protease, and lipase)-embedded hNFs by using pancreatin to evaluate their antimicrobial activity in comparison with one of the most potent antimicrobial polymer chitosan. The broad spectrum of the antimicrobial properties of chitosan is used in industrial products, including cosmetics, food, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. SEM analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the degree of deacetylation (%DD) were performed for chitosan characterization, where SEM, FTIR, EDX, and XRD analyses were performed for the characterization of hNFs. The catalytic activity of pancreatin and hNFs was evaluated by measuring lipase, α-amylase, and protease enzyme activities at 37°C. Antibacterial activities of hNFs, pancreatin, and chitosan were tested on gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, compared to the pancreatin and chitosan via agar and broth dilution methods. hNFs showed enhanced catalytic activity for protease, lipase, and α-amylase compared to pancreatin at different pH values (pH 8, 9). hNFs showed catalytic activity after being washed and reused up to six times, indicating their reusability and recoverability. hNFs showed significant antimicrobial activity, such as chitosan, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, compared to pancreatin. Our novel hNFs can be used to develop antimicrobial technologies to fight against environmental microbial contaminations and antibiotic resistance-driven environmental pathogens.

153 Use of probiotics in feedlot diets

Abstract The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization classifies probiotics as live microorganisms that have health benefits when fed to animals. While the original purpose of probiotic use in beef cattle was to enhance rumen health and to establish a healthy gastrointestinal tract microflora in young calves, probiotic use in finishing cattle has been steadily increasing. The reason for this increase in use of probiotics in feedlot cattle diets is primarily due to public health concern with antimicrobial resistance from the use of antimicrobial technologies in feedlot cattle diets to improve performance and reduce the incidence of disease. Feedlot cattle consuming high concentrate diets for extended periods of time can experience shifts in rumen microflora that may be detrimental to rumen health which can impact overall animal performance. There are several different strains of probiotics (e.g., lactic acid producing, lactic acid utilizing bacteria,) that can function to optimize the microbial populations within the gastrointestinal tract to improve gut health. With improved gut health, improvements in nutrient digestion, absorption, immune function, and barrier function are possible. Several recent experiments supplementing feedlot cattle with probiotics have reported improved ADF digestibility, increased ruminal pH, improved ruminal lactic acid clearance, inhibited C. perfringens Types A and C growth in vitro, increased red blood cell superoxide dismutase activity, and improved average daily gains during certain portions of the feeding period. However, other probiotic supplementation experiments have not observed improvements in growth and health responses in feedlot cattle. The reason for the discrepancies between the experiments may be due to differences in animal production scenarios, the ingredient and nutrient composition of the basal diet, dosage of the probiotic, and the bacterial composition of the probiotic. Future research investigating the impact of individual strains of probiotics and combinations of different probiotic bacteria is warranted.

Key determinants of product value for business sustainability in glove industry: A moderating impact of technological competency

With the technological progress of market globalization and post COVID-19 pandemic, protective gloves made from latex have been required to have significant upgrades by using antimicrobial technology to coat the glove layer so that it can effectively prevent users’ hands from getting infected by cross-transmissions of microorganisms and viruses. As the glove industry aims to maintain its business sustainability, understanding users’ perceived glove value merits closer attention because perceived value has direct associations with user trust, loyalty, and retention allowing producers to estimate and produce sufficient supply responding to the current market needs. This research aims to investigate how product attributes (convenience and risk) influence glove quality and glove value. Furthermore, this research also examines how technological competency moderates an association between glove quality and glove value. Researchers collected data from 720 Thai glove users via survey questionnaires. Furthermore, a path analysis technique was used to analyze the data. Findings indicated that product convenience (β=0.32, p<0.001) and product risk (β=-0.51, p>0.001) significantly influenced glove quality. Next, product convenience (β=0.49, p<0.001) and glove quality (β=0.74, p<0.001), except product risk (β=-0.03, p>0.05), significantly influenced glove value. Meanwhile, glove quality mediated the relationship between product risk and glove value. Finally, technological competency moderated the association between glove quality and glove value.

Evaluating and Managing the Microbial Contamination of Eye Drops: A Two-Phase Hospital-Based Study.

The microbial contamination of eye drop tips and caps varies between 7.7% and 100%. In seeking patient protection and continuous improvement, the Pharmacy Department in the Sterile Ophthalmological and Oncological Preparations Unit at Cochin Hospital AP-HP, Paris, France, conducted a two-phase study to compare the antimicrobial efficiency and practical use of standard packaging and a marketed eye drop container incorporating a self-decontaminating antimicrobial green technology by Pylote SAS at the tip and cap sites. The first phase was conducted in situ to identify the microbial contaminants of eye drops used in the hospital and community settings. A total of 110 eye drops were included for testing. Staphylococcus species were the most prevalent bacteria. Candida parapsilosis was detected in only one residual content sample and, at the same time, on the cap and tip. The second phase was performed in vitro, according to JIS Z2801. Reductions above one log in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts were noted in Pylote SAS eye drop packaging after 24 h of contact. The practical tests showed satisfactory results. Pylote SAS antimicrobial mineral oxide technology exhibited promising effects that combined effectiveness, safety, and sustainability to protect the patient by preventing infections due to the contamination of eye drop containers.

Enhanced antimicrobial efficacy and energy efficiency of low irradiance 405-nm light for bacterial decontamination

Due to its increased safety over ultraviolet light, there is interest in the development of antimicrobial violet-blue light technologies for infection control applications. To ensure compatibility with exposed materials and tissue, the light irradiances and dose regimes used must be suitable for the target application. This study investigates the antimicrobial dose responses and germicidal efficiency of 405 nm violet-blue light when applied at a range of irradiance levels, for inactivation of surface-seeded and suspended bacteria. Bacteria were seeded onto agar surfaces (101–108 CFUplate−1) or suspended in PBS (103–109 CFUmL−1) and exposed to increasing doses of 405-nm light (≤ 288 Jcm−2) using various irradiances (0.5–150 mWcm−2), with susceptibility at equivalent light doses compared. Bacterial reductions ≥ 96% were demonstrated in all cases for lower irradiance (≤ 5 mWcm−2) exposures. Comparisons indicated, on a per unit dose basis, that significantly lower doses were required for significant reductions of all species when exposed at lower irradiances: 3–30 Jcm−2/0.5 mWcm−2 compared to 9–75 Jcm−2/50 mWcm−2 for low cell density (102 CFUplate−1) surface exposures and 22.5 Jcm−2/5 mWcm−2 compared to 67.5 Jcm−2/150 mWcm−2 for low density (103 CFUmL−1) liquid exposures (P ≤ 0.05). Similar patterns were observed at higher densities, excluding S. aureus exposed at 109 CFUmL−1, suggesting bacterial density at predictable levels has minimal influence on decontamination efficacy. This study provides fundamental evidence of the greater energy efficacy of 405-nm light for inactivation of clinically-significant pathogens when lower irradiances are employed, further supporting its relevance for practical decontamination applications.

Photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with free-base and indium(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl) porphyrin adsorbed onto single-walled carbon nanotubes

The emergence of resistance against antimicrobial agents by bacteria is a challenge that calls for the development of new antimicrobial technologies. In this study, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl) porphyrin (1) and In (III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl) porphyrin (2) conjugated with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), 1-SWCNTs and 2-SWCNTs, respectively, were used to study the photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to establish the relationship between structural modifications to the porphyrin core and the resultant bathochromic shift and increase of the Q bands. Introducing a central metal resulted in a blue-shifted spectrum of 2 and more stable MO energies. Additionally, the photosensitizer’s photophysical characteristics were determined. 1-SWCNTs and 2-SWCNTs appear to be more photostable than 1 and 2 due to the single-walled carbon nanotubes. The singlet oxygen quantum yields of 2-SWCNTs and 2 were 0.74 and 0.68, respectively which was higher than that of 1-SWCNTs (0.61). 2-SWCNTs showed the highest log reduction against both E. coli (8.38) and S. aureus (9.76). Both 1-SWCNTs and 2-SWCNTs showed significant photodynamic activity. Hence, they can be recommended as efficient photosensitizers in aPDI.

Design and Nanoengineering of Photoactive Antimicrobials for Bioapplications: from Fundamentals to Advanced Strategies

AbstractCurrently, microbial infections have posed an arduous challenge to global public health, whereas the rise of antibiotic resistance is rendering traditional antibiotic therapies futile, prompting the development of new antimicrobial technologies. Photoactive nanomaterials have thus garnered a thriving interest for disinfection owing to their superior antibacterial efficaciousness, favorable biosafety, and rapidness and spatiotemporal precision in excreting bactericidal actions. The review summarizes recent advances and emerging trends in the design, nanoengineering, and bioapplications of photoactive antimicrobials. It commences by elaborating fundamental theories on bacterial resistance, and antibacterial mechanisms of nanomaterials and phototherapy. Subsequently, the regulation of the antibacterial effectiveness of photoactive nanomaterials is comprehensively discussed, centering on criteria and strategies for tuning photoabsorption spectra, photothermal conversion, and photocatalytic efficiency, alongside tactics for enabling synergistic therapies. This is followed by comparative analyses of techniques and modalities for synthesizing and engineering photoactive nanomaterials with diverse structures, forms, and functionalities. Thereafter, the state‐of‐the‐art applications of phototherapies across various medical sectors are portrayed, and key challenges and opportunities are finally discussed to spur future innovations and translation. This review is envisaged to provide useful guidance for devising and developing nanomaterials‐based photoresponsive antimicrobials with application‐specific materials properties and biological functions.

Survival of Listeria Strains and Shelf Life Determination of Fresh Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) Treated with Cold Atmospheric Plasma.

Fresh blueberries are delicate, hand-picked, packaged, and refrigerated fruits vulnerable to spoilage and contamination. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising antimicrobial technology; therefore, this study evaluated the CAP treatment effect on acid-tolerant Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes and evaluated changes in the quality of the treated fruit. Samples were spot-inoculated with pH 5.5 and 6.0 acid-adapted Listeria species. Samples were treated with gliding arc CAP for 15, 30, 45, and 60 s and evaluated after 0, 1, 4, 7, and 11 days of storage at 4 °C and 90% humidity for the following quality parameters: total aerobic counts, yeast and molds, texture, color, soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity. CAP treatments of 30 s and over demonstrated significant reductions in pathogens under both the resistant strain and pH conditions. Sixty-second CAP achieved a 0.54 Log CFU g-1 reduction in L. monocytogenes (pH 5.5) and 0.28 Log CFU g-1 for L. monocytogenes (pH 6.0). Yeast and mold counts on day 0 showed statistically significant reductions after 30, 45, and 60 s CAP with an average 2.34 Log CFU g-1 reduction when compared to non-CAP treated samples. Quality parameters did not show major significant differences among CAP treatments during shelf life. CAP is an effective antimicrobial treatment that does not significantly affect fruit quality.

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance and Developments in Therapeutic Strategies to Combat Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection.

Infections with drug-resistant bacteria have become one of the greatest public health challenges, and K. pneumoniae is among the top six drug-resistant bacteria. K. pneumoniae often causes nosocomial infections, leading to illnesses such as pneumonia, liver abscesses, soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and in some cases death. As the pathogen continues to evolve and its multidrug resistance increases, K. pneumoniae poses a direct threat to humans. Drug resistance in K. pneumoniae may occur due to the formation of biofilms, efflux pumps, and the production of β-lactamases. In many cases, resistance is further enhanced by enzymatic modification and loss of porins. Drug resistance to K. pneumoniae has led to a decline in the effectiveness of conventional therapies against this pathogen. Therefore, there is an urgent need to accelerate the development of new antibiotics and explore new therapeutic approaches such as antimicrobial peptides, phages, traditional Chinese medicine, immunotherapy, Antimicrobial nanoparticle technology, antisense oligonucleotides and gene editing technologies. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of drug resistance in K. pneumoniae and compare several new potential therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance in the treatment of K. pneumoniae infections.

Microbiological monitoring of a multidisciplinary medical organization: the basis of strategic planning in the framework of the implementation of epidemiological safety

Relevance. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance and the frequency of isolation of microorganisms at the regional level in each medical organization is of paramount importance for the implementation of epidemiological safety. Objective. To identify the main microbiological trends based on the analysis of the microflora of patients in a single — profile hospital in order to implement weaknesses in strategic planning activities. Materials and methods. A comprehensive analysis of the pharmacoepidemiological results of the consumption of antimicrobial drugs with calculated drug resistance indices and microbiological monitoring data demonstrated the presence of weaknesses and strengths for the strategic development of a multidisciplinary hospital at the regional level in terms of epidemiological safety. Results . Statistically significant differences in the microbiological structure of pathogens are predetermined by the profile of medical care. The main trends in the change in the microflora of a multidisciplinary hospital as a whole are the prevalence of fungal and gram-negative pathogens over gram-positive ones. The presence of a relatively high index of consumpion of cephalosporins of 3–4 generations, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, protected penicillins determines the high drug resistance index of Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.86) and characterizes the main microbiological trends of a multidisciplinary clinic. Conclusion. Risk stratification by the level of multidrug-resistant pathogens, the use of deterrent strategies for prescribing antimicrobials, the implementation of educational modules, the evaluation of the effectiveness and monitoring of the risk stratification program with in the framework of antimicrobial technologies, the analysis of microbial landscape data using decision support programs are the main tasks of the functioning of a multidisciplinary team of specialists in a multidisciplinary clinic to control antibiotic resistance.

Innovative antimicrobial technology kills microorganisms

Innovative antimicrobial technology kills microorganisms

Minimum Information for Conducting and Reporting In Vitro Intracellular Infection Assays.

Bacterial pathogens are constantly evolving to outsmart the host immune system and antibiotics developed to eradicate them. One key strategy involves the ability of bacteria to survive and replicate within host cells, thereby causing intracellular infections. To address this unmet clinical need, researchers are adopting new approaches, such as the development of novel molecules that can penetrate host cells, thus exerting their antimicrobial activity intracellularly, or repurposing existing antibiotics using nanocarriers (i.e., nanoantibiotics) for site-specific delivery. However, inconsistency in information reported across published studies makes it challenging for scientific comparison and judgment of experiments for future direction by researchers. Together with the lack of reproducibility of experiments, these inconsistencies limit the translation of experimental results beyond pre-clinical evaluation. Minimum information guidelines have been instrumental in addressing such challenges in other fields of biomedical research. Guidelines and recommendations provided herein have been designed for researchers as essential parameters to be disclosed when publishing their methodology and results, divided into four main categories: (i) experimental design, (ii) establishing an in vitro model, (iii) assessment of efficacy of novel therapeutics, and (iv) statistical assessment. These guidelines have been designed with the intention to improve the reproducibility and rigor of future studies while enabling quantitative comparisons of published studies, ultimately facilitating translation of emerging antimicrobial technologies into clinically viable therapies that safely and effectively treat intracellular infections.

Evaluating layer contributions and salt coating effects on mask performance.

The impact of respiratory diseases is vast and multifaceted, affecting individuals, healthcare systems, and global economies. In response to the spread of respiratory pathogens, masks and respirators have become pivotal, demonstrating their capability to mitigate transmission. However, the limitations of conventional face masks or respirators, such as their single-use nature, environmental impact, and the risk of contact-based transmission, have accelerated the development of antimicrobial masks. Designing effective antimicrobial masks requires a deep understanding of the properties of each layer and the identification of an optimal configuration to enhance their protective efficiency. In this study, we investigated the filtration performance, including filtration efficiency and breathability, of individual layers in conventional 3-ply masks and stacked spunbond (SB) fabrics with and without salt coating, under both dry and wet fabric conditions. We aimed to elucidate the filtration efficiency of each mask layer with respect to particle size and type (NaCl aerosols, DOP aerosols), with particular focus on the impact of salt-coated SB fabric and its application. While bare fabrics showed a decrease in filtration efficiency with increased wetness, salt-coated fabrics exhibited enhanced filtration efficiency. Importantly, evaluating the efficacy of a stack comprised of salt-coated SB fabrics across diverse antimicrobial respiratory devices highlighted its efficacy as both the outermost layer in a 3-ply mask and as a mask covering (i.e., a supplementary layer over a mask or respirator). This investigation not only emphasizes the significance of salt-coated antimicrobial technology in mitigating disease transmission but also offers a practical approach for adeptly implementing this technology in respiratory protection devices.

Silver Nanoparticles Induced Metabolic Perturbations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Evaluation Using the UPLC-QTof-MSE Platform.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely utilized in various biomedical and antimicrobial technologies, displaying broad-spectrum activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including multidrug-resistant strains. However, the emergence of resistance to AgNPs upon repeated exposure and the survival of bacteria after initial exposure to antimicrobial agents pose a threat, as they may lead to the development of new resistant populations. To combat the early stages of antibacterial resistance, systematic analysis is essential to understand the immediate response of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. In this study, green-synthesized AgNPs with a diameter of approximately 14 nm were exposed toPseudomonas aeruginosaat three different inhibitory concentrations and at two different time intervals (1 and 4 h) to investigate the perturbations in the metabolome using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was employed for univariate and multivariate analysis, and the affected metabolic pathways were constructed using a variable important in projection scores above 1 from PLS-DA. The study revealed significant alterations in metabolites associated with cell wall synthesis, energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, the TCA cycle, and anaplerotic intermediates of the TCA cycle. Our investigation aimed to comprehensively understand the effects of green-synthesized AgNPs onP. aeruginosa metabolism, providing a more precise snapshot of the bacterium's physiological state through metabolomics approach.

Emerging strategies for combating Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer treatment: Systematic review, improvements and future challenges

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is generally characterized by a high prevalence of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a spindle‐shaped, Gram‐negative anaerobe pathogen derived from the oral cavity. This tumor‐resident microorganism has been closely correlated with the occurrence, progression, chemoresistance and immunosuppressive microenvironment of CRC. Furthermore, F. nucleatum can specifically colonize CRC tissues through adhesion on its surface, forming biofilms that are highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Accordingly, it is crucial to develop efficacious non‐antibiotic approaches to eradicate F. nucleatum and its biofilms for CRC treatment. In recent years, various antimicrobial strategies, such as natural extracts, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, polymers, inorganic‐organic hybrid materials, bacteriophages, probiotics, and vaccines, have been proposed to combat F. nucleatum and F. nucleatum biofilms. This review summarizes the latest advancements in anti‐F. nucleatum research, elucidates the antimicrobial mechanisms employed by these systems, and discusses the benefits and drawbacks of each antimicrobial technology. Additionally, this review also provides an outlook on the antimicrobial specificity, potential clinical implications, challenges, and future improvements of these antimicrobial strategies in the treatment of CRC.

Coating of Filter Materials with CeO2 Nanoparticles Using a Combination of Aerodynamic Spraying and Suction.

Textiles and nonwovens (including those used in ventilation systems as filters) are currently one of the main sources of patient cross-infection. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) affect 5-10% of patients and stand as the tenth leading cause of death. Therefore, the development of new methods for creating functional nanostructured coatings with antibacterial and antiviral properties on the surfaces of textiles and nonwoven materials is crucial for modern medicine. Antimicrobial filter technology must be high-speed, low-energy and safe if its commercialization and mass adoption are to be successful. Cerium oxide nanoparticles can act as active components in these coatings due to their high antibacterial activity and low toxicity. This paper focuses on the elaboration of a high-throughput and resource-saving method for the deposition of cerium oxide nanoparticles onto nonwoven fibrous material for use in air-conditioning filters. The proposed spraying technique is based on the use of an aerodynamic emitter and simultaneous suction. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have successfully been deposited onto the filter materials used in air conditioning systems; the antibacterial activity of the ceria-modified filters exceeded 4.0.