Issue Of Antimicrobial Resistance Research Articles

Antibacterial activities, PASS prediction and ADME analysis of phytochemicals from Curcubita moschata, Curcubita maxima, and Irvingia gabonensis: insights from in silico studies.

Microbial infection management and treatment are crucial as a result of the prevalent antimicrobial resistance issue. Progressive studies are being carried out on how to develop drugs that can mitigate the resistance trends of these microorganisms. Secondary metabolites of plants can also be employed and accessed for this role, as the current study examines the antibacterial activities of phytochemicals from three (3) plants (Cucubita moschata, Cucubita maxima, and Irvingia gabonesis) through computational approaches. Molecular docking studies were carried out to show the binding affinities of the phytochemicals against two target receptors (DNA gyrase and Penicillin Binding Protein 3). In addition, drug likeness analysis, bioactivity and oral-bioavailability properties, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiling, as well as prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) using online tools like SwissADME, PASS online, AdmetSAR2, and Discovery Studio, were also performed. The results obtained identified isochlorogenic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside for DNA gyrase (1KZN) and apigenin-7-O-glucoside for Penicillin Binding Protein 3 (4BJP), which were further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) and therefore recommended as the lead compounds.

Applying Giloy Stems Dye to Silk and Lyocell Fabrics to Improve Their Antimicrobial and Fastness Properties Using Bio-Mordant

The investigation of novel strategies to combat harmful bacteria is warranted given the serious threat that antimicrobial resistance poses to world health. Out of all of these, treating textile materials with antimicrobial compounds has attracted a lot of attention due to its potential to stop the spread of infectious diseases. The goal of this study was to evaluate how silk and lyocell materials' inherent antibacterial qualities might be improved by giloy dyeing and lemon mordanting. The goal of mordanting was to improve dye adhesion by using only natural ingredients such as citrus lemon extract. Using dye from Azadirachta indica, which was made by aqueous boiling, Lyocell and Silk materials were dyed under various circumstances. Following Giloy dyeing and Lemon mordanting, the antibacterial efficiency significantly improved, notably against common infections like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, according to the results. Furthermore, the study assessed washing and perspiration fastness capabilities, which yielded positive results and confirmed the method's feasibility. This method has the potential to considerably improve infection control measures in textiles, particularly in fields focused on public health and cleanliness. Given the serious issue of antimicrobial resistance, adopting new textile treatments like this can help to build effective and sustainable solutions. Future studies can investigate further uses and adjustments, assuring its adaptability and wider adoption across many environments.

Implementation of the pharmacovigilance database in the usage of antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: A pilot study.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has evolved into a severe public health issue that defies all current control strategies and needs multidisciplinary, creative solutions. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) activities demand a set of tools and abilities that can be used by health systems. In view of the growing AMR and the difficulty for the surveillance of it in the developing country, this study was conducted to incorporate pharmacovigilance (PV) in the AMS program. A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted to collect the PV database of antimicrobials induced adverse drug reactions (ADR) from the Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring Center (AMC) of the institute for a period of 2 months from August 2022 to September 2022. The information from the database was analyzed to estimate the usage of antibiotics from the PV database from AMC and classified it under the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical, to assess the rationality of the antimicrobial's usage based on "Access," "Watch," and "Reserve" (AWaRe) classification, and to assess the ADR of the antibiotics. The analysis was done by using the SPSS version 20.0 for Windows. The results showed that the prevalence of ADRs were more in adults' population with preponderance in female. The antibiotics usage was as per with World Health Organization standard and most of the antibiotics used were from the Access group of AWaRe classifications. Tetracyclines and penicillins were the most used antibiotic group of drugs. The number of patients included in the study was 70. Most of the causality assessment was "possible" (62.85%). In the study, almost 90% of the drug was withdrawn and 70% of the patients were in the recovering stage. Using existing PV approaches to address usage of antibiotics and AMR issues would allow PV to progress as a field, and governments will get a stronger return on their PV investments.

Investigating the Bactericidal Activity of an Ocular Solution Containing EDTA, Tris, and Polysorbate 80 and Its Impact on the In Vitro Efficacy of Neomycin Sulfate against Staphylococcus aureus: A Preliminary Study

In the current context of emerging and spreading antimicrobial resistance in human and animal infections, new strategies need to be developed to improve the efficacy of commonly prescribed antibiotics and preserve more critical compounds for multi-drug-resistant infections. This preliminary study aimed at evaluating the benefits of an eye cleaning solution containing 0.1% EDTA, 0.02% Tris, and 0.1% Polysorbate 80 in veterinary ophthalmology. A first in vitro study was performed to assess the bactericidal activity of the test solution against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. A second in vitro study evaluated the impact of the test solution on the antimicrobial activity of neomycin against Staphylococcus aureus. The test solution alone did not show bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test solution seemed to increase the activity of Neomycin Sulfate against Staphylococcus aureus. These findings warrant further research to better characterize the impact on the bactericidal activity of antimicrobials used in veterinary ocular surface infections of the solution containing 0.1% EDTA, 0.02% Tris, and 0.1% Polysorbate 80 as well as of each individual ingredient for a thorough understanding of how this test solution could provide a new strategy to address the growing antimicrobial resistance issue worldwide.

Impacts of ethnoveterinary medicine integrated with livestock farm technologies on the performance and antimicrobial resistance of indigenous goats in South Africa –A review

Ethnoveterinary medicine and livestock farm technologies represent a junction of innovation and tradition with the aim to accomplish livestock systems that are resilient, productive, and sustainable to meet 21st century challenges, especially the antimicrobial resistance issue. This article aims to emphasise the impacts of integrating ethnoveterinary medicine with livestock farm technologies on the performance of indigenous goats in South Africa. With the growing concern over antimicrobial resistance in livestock, there is a pressing need for complementary approaches to the health of animals and their productivity. In this review, the aim evaluated whether an integrative approach could offer a sustainable alternative that benefits animal health and productivity while addressing the concerns of antimicrobial resistance. Comparative study designs across multiple indigenous goat farms were used to integrate specific medicinal plants in ethnoveterinary medicine with present-day livestock technologies that are used to monitor the effects on livestock performance indicators and antimicrobial resistance patterns. In the treated populations, the outcomes were indicative of substantial improvements in reproduction and growth rates, and alongside, there has been a notable decrease in the markers of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, it is proposed that through these discoveries, the integration of these traditional and modern approaches not only improve the performance of indigenous goats but also contribute immensely to the mitigation of risks associated with antimicrobial resistance.

Assessing Pharmacy Students' Knowledge and Awareness Regarding the Rational Utilization of Antibiotics and the Issue of Antimicrobial Resistance in Iraq

Assessing Pharmacy Students' Knowledge and Awareness Regarding the Rational Utilization of Antibiotics and the Issue of Antimicrobial Resistance in Iraq

Characterization of two novel Salmonella phages having biocontrol potential against Salmonella spp. in gastrointestinal conditions

Salmonella is a primary enteric pathogen related to the contamination of poultry and other food products in numerous foodborne outbreaks. The continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a serious issue due to the overuse of antibiotics. Hence, lytic phages are considered alternative biocontrol agents against these bacterial superbugs. Here, two Salmonella phages—S4lw and D5lw—were subjected to genomic and biological characterization and further encapsulated to improve the stability under acidic conditions mimicking gastrointestinal conditions. The two lytic phages, S4lw and D5lw, taxonomically belong to new species under the Guernseyvirinae and Ackermannviridae families, respectively. Each phage showed antimicrobial activities against diverse Salmonella spp., such as S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, achieving 1.7–3.4 log reduction after 2–6 h of treatment. The phage cocktail at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 or 1000 completely inhibited these Salmonella strains for at least 14 h at 25 °C. Additionally, the bead-encapsulated phage cocktail could withstand low pH and different simulated gut environments for at least 1 h. Overall, the newly isolated phages can potentially mitigate Salmonella spp. under the gastrointestinal environments through encapsulation and may be further applied via oral administration to resolve common antimicrobial resistance issues in the poultry production chain.

Evaluation of fortimicin antibiotic combinations against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and resistome analysis of a whole genome sequenced pan-drug resistant isolate

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa is a rising public health concern, challenging the treatment of such a ubiquitous pathogen with monotherapeutic anti-pseudomonal agents. Worryingly, its genome plasticity contributes to the emergence of P. aeruginosa expressing different resistant phenotypes and is now responsible for notable epidemics within hospital settings. Considering this, we aimed to evaluate the synergistic combination of fortimicin with other traditional anti-pseudomonal agents and to analyze the resistome of pan-drug resistant (PDR) isolate.MethodsStandard methods were used for analyzing the antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The checkerboard technique was used for the in vitro assessment of fortimicin antibiotic combinations against 51 MDR P. aeruginosa and whole genome sequencing was used to determine the resistome of PDR isolate.ResultsOut of 51 MDR P. aeruginosa, the highest synergistic effect was recorded for a combination of fortimicin with β-lactam group as meropenem, ceftazidime, and aztreonam at 71%, 59% and 43%, respectively. Of note, 56.8%, 39.2%, and 37.2% of the tested MDR isolates that had synergistic effects were also resistant to meropenem, ceftazidime, and aztreonam, respectively. The highest additive effects were recorded for combining fortimicin with amikacin (69%) and cefepime (44%) against MDR P. aeruginosa. Resistome analysis of the PDR isolate reflected its association with the antibiotic resistance phenotype. It ensured the presence of a wide variety of antibiotic-resistant genes (β-lactamases, aminoglycosides modifying enzymes, and efflux pump), rendering the isolate resistant to all clinically relevant anti-pseudomonal agents.ConclusionFortimicin in combination with classical anti-pseudomonal agents had shown promising synergistic activity against MDR P. aeruginosa. Resistome profiling of PDR P. aeruginosa enhanced the rapid identification of antibiotic resistance genes that are likely linked to the appearance of this resistant phenotype and may pave the way to tackle antimicrobial resistance issues shortly.

Exploring the dynamics of mixed-species biofilms involving Candida spp. and bacteria in cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that results from mutations in the gene responsible for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The airways become clogged with thick, viscous mucus that traps microbes in respiratory tracts, facilitating colonization, inflammation and infection. CF is recognized as a biofilm-associated disease, it is commonly polymicrobial and can develop in biofilms. This review discusses Candida spp. and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial biofilms that affect the airways and cause pulmonary infections in the CF context, with a particular focus on mixed-species biofilms. In addition, the review explores the intricate interactions between fungal and bacterial species within these biofilms and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanisms that govern their dynamics. Moreover, the review addresses the multifaceted issue of antimicrobial resistance in the context of CF-associated biofilms. By synthesizing current knowledge and research findings, this review aims to provide insights into the pathogenesis of CF-related infections and identify potential therapeutic approaches to manage and combat these complex biofilm-mediated infections.

Attitudes of South Korean consumers toward the prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock animals

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock is a complicated and multi-sectoral risk that threatens public health in the interactions between humans, animals, and environment. Through their increased awareness of AMR issues, consumers can make a significant impact on regulations and strategies to reduce or eliminate the use of antimicrobials use. This study aims to provide evidence-based data for promoting the prudent use of antimicrobials (PUA) in the livestock industry to reduce the risk of AMR and increase animal welfare by identifying consumers' intentions to support PUA practices in livestock farming. An online survey was conducted on 1000 respondents in South Korea to examine their intention to pay more for PUA practices in livestock farming at state and individual levels against their pro-animal attitude, risk perception of antimicrobial overuse, trust in antimicrobial overuse control, and perceived value of PUA practices. The survey data was analyzed using multiple linear regression to identify the determinants of Korean consumers' support for PUA practices. Approximately 86.3% of the respondents supported government-level spending for PUA in livestock farming, and the same portion of respondents intended to pay more for livestock products that complied with the PUA principle. The four attitudinal variables—pro-animal attitude, consumers' risk perception, trust in antimicrobial resistance control, and perceived value of PUA—positively affected both state- and individual-level support. Overall, our findings highlight the Korean consumers' demand for reducing the risk of AMR and their perceived universal value of PUA for humans and animals.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Pasteurella multocida Isolates from Clinical Cases of Waterfowl in Hungary between 2022 and 2023.

The waterfowl industry represents a narrow, yet economically significant, sector within the poultry industry. Although less prominent, the waterfowl sector is nonetheless of equal importance to any other livestock sector in terms of antimicrobial resistance and animal health issues. This study assesses the antimicrobial resistance profile of Pasteurella multocida bacterial strains isolated from clinical cases in Hungary's duck and goose populations, determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 27 samples collected from 15 different locations. The results indicate that the isolated strains were susceptible to most antibiotics, except for notable resistance to enrofloxacin. These findings support that Pasteurella multocida largely retained its susceptibility. However, the observed resistance to enrofloxacin suggests overuse of fluoroquinolones, which indicates the potential need for stricter regulation of their use in the poultry industry.

In situ captured antibacterial action of membrane-incising peptide lamellae

Developing unique mechanisms of action are essential to combat the growing issue of antimicrobial resistance. Supramolecular assemblies combining the improved biostability of non-natural compounds with the complex membrane-attacking mechanisms of natural peptides are promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics. However, for such compounds the direct visual insight on antibacterial action is still lacking. Here we employ a design strategy focusing on an inducible assembly mechanism and utilized electron microscopy (EM) to follow the formation of supramolecular structures of lysine-rich heterochiral β3-peptides, termed lamellin-2K and lamellin-3K, triggered by bacterial cell surface lipopolysaccharides. Combined molecular dynamics simulations, EM and bacterial assays confirmed that the phosphate-induced conformational change on these lamellins led to the formation of striped lamellae capable of incising the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria thereby exerting antibacterial activity. Our findings also provide a mechanistic link for membrane-targeting agents depicting the antibiotic mechanism derived from the in-situ formation of active supramolecules.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among poultry practitioner veterinarians.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious global threat to human and animal health. In the context of antimicrobial usage (AMU) in livestock production, veterinarians are key stakeholders. However, there is a lack of comprehensive situational analysis regarding the current Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) among veterinarians concerning AMU and AMR in poultry production in Nepal. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the situation of AMU and KAP regarding AMU and AMR of among poultry practitioner veterinarians in Nepal. A total of 327 respondents from 56 districts across seven provinces participated. Demographic information and AMU situation were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, and factors affecting KAP on AMU and AMR were performed using logistic regression analysis. Nearly half of veterinarians (49.2%) were from Bagmati, followed by Lumbini (16.5%) and Gandaki (8.9%) provinces. Most of the respondents (85.0%) identified themselves as male with a mean age of 31.9 ± 7.8 years, with a range of 24-74 years. A large proportion of veterinarians held a master's degree (43.8%). Regarding reasons for AMR, 51.1% of them attributed it to the irrational use of antimicrobials. Other identified reasons for AMR, including over-the-counter sales (27.8%), low-dose administration (12.3%), and low-quality antimicrobials (6.7%). Based on antibiotic prescription rates, most veterinarians (50.8%) prescribed antimicrobials at a rate of 20-40%, while 25.9% prescribed at a rate of less than 20.0 and 18.9% at a rate of 40-60%. Approximately 89.0% of veterinarians agreed that vaccination could reduce the use of antimicrobials in poultry, and 75.6% preferred narrow-spectrum antimicrobials than broad-spectrum antimicrobials. A combination of broad-spectrum antimicrobials such as colistin with amoxicillin, gentamicin, tylosin, and tetracycline was commonly used in poultry production. In logistic regression analysis, it was observed that veterinarians aged 45-60 years demonstrated significantly higher levels of knowledge concerning AMU and AMR (p = 0.02) compared to those in the 24-30 age group. This study indicates that the need for robust regulatory mechanisms in veterinary drug administration and increased awareness among veterinarians to address the AMR issue livestock production.

Isatin Derivatives: A Frontier in Antimicrobial Agents

Abstract: Microbial infection is one of the major concerns for human health in the modern era. Condition is further worsening due to the development of resistance by the microbe against the available drugs. This problem can be overcome by synthesizing novel antimicrobial agents. Isatin is a promising moiety possessing antimicrobial activity. A number of isatin derivatives are present in the market for the treatment of microbial infection. In this review, we have tried to summarize isatin derivatives as antimicrobials, including numerous potent isatin analogs. The reported literature related to the development and application of isatin derivatives have been collected from electronic data bases like Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed by using key words like “design, synthesis and evaluation”, “isatin derivatives,” and “indoldione analogues” and related combinations. It was identified that isatin derivatives play an essential role in drug discovery and development. In recent years, isatin and its derivatives have shown promising antibacterial and antiviral properties. This review aims to provide an overview of the current research on isatin potential applications. Studies have shown that isatin derivatives can effectively fight against various types of microorganisms, such as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. They also exhibit lower toxicity and better efficacy than standard antimicrobial agents. Moreover, isatin-based products have the potential to address the rising issue of antimicrobial resistance. The current work attempts to review such innovations, which may lead to the creation of novel therapeutic agents. More research is required to confirm their safety and effectiveness in clinical practice.

Antimicrobial resistance trends in clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ethiopia.

Clinicians rely on local antimicrobial resistance pattern data to guide empiric treatment for seriously ill patients when culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results are not immediately available. This study aimed to analyse 5-year trends in antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Bacteriology reports from 2017 to 2021 at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute were analysed retrospectively. Isolates were identified using either the VITEK 2 Compact system, the BD Phoenix M50 instrument, or conventional biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using either the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method or the VITEK 2 Compact system and BD Phoenix M50 systems available at the time of testing. The Cochran Armitage trend test was employed to test the significance of antimicrobial resistance trends over time. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Of the 5382 bacteriology reports examined, 458 (9%) were on E. coli and 266 (5%) were on K. pneumoniae. Both K. pneumoniae (88%) and E. coli (65%) demonstrated high resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. However, both K. pneumoniae (14%) and E. coli (5%) showed lower rates of resistance to carbapenems compared to other antimicrobials. In K. pneumoniae, resistance to carbapenems (from 0% to 38%; p < 0.001) and ciprofloxacin (from 41% to 90%; p < 0.001) increased significantly between 2017 and 2021. Both organisms showed very high resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Additionally, K. pneumoniae demonstrated a statistically significant rise in ciprofloxacin and carbapenem resistance. This study emphasises the significance of regular reporting of local antimicrobial resistance patterns as this information can guide appropriate empiric therapy and efforts to address antimicrobial resistance issues.

Selenium Nanoparticle Activity against S. mutans Biofilms as a Potential Treatment Alternative for Periodontitis.

The disruption of periodontal biofilms and prevailing antimicrobial resistance issues continue to pose a great challenge to the treatment of periodontitis. Here, we report on selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as a treatment alternative for periodontitis by determining their antibiofilm activity against S. mutans biofilms and the potential role of particle size in disrupting biofilms. SeNPs were synthesised via a reduction reaction. Various physicochemical characterisations were conducted on the NPs, including size and shape. The microbroth dilution method was used to conduct the biofilm and antibiofilm assay against S. mutans, which was analysed by absorbance. SeNPs displayed hydrodynamic sizes as low as 46 ± 4 nm at a volume ratio of 1:5 (sodium selenite/ascorbic acid) with good monodispersity and stability. Hydrodynamic sizes of SeNPs after resuspension in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 2.5% sucrose (TSB + 2.5% suc.) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, ranged from 112 to 263 nm, while the zeta potential values increased to greater than -11 mV. The biofilm assay indicated that S. mutans are weakly adherent, bordering on moderately adherent biofilm producers. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) was identified at 500 µg/mL. At a 1000 µg/mL concentration, SeNPs were able to inhibit S. mutan biofilms up to 99.87 ± 2.41% at a volume ratio of 1:1. No correlation was found between antibiofilm activity and particle size; however, antibiofilm activity was proven to be concentration-dependant. SeNPs demonstrate antibiofilm activity and may be useful for further development in treating periodontitis.

Human Campylobacter spp. infections in Italy.

Campylobacter is a frequent cause of enteric infections with common antimicrobial resistance issues. The most recent reports of campylobacteriosis in Italy include data from 2013 to 2016. We aimed to provide national epidemiological and microbiological data on human Campylobacter infections in Italy during the period 2017-2021. Data was collected from 19 Hospitals in 13 Italian Regions. Bacterial identification was performed by mass spectrometry. Antibiograms were determined with Etest or Kirby-Bauer (EUCAST criteria). In total, 5419 isolations of Campylobacter spp. were performed. The most common species were C. jejuni (n = 4535, 83.7%), followed by C. coli (n = 732, 13.5%) and C. fetus (n = 34, 0.6%). The mean age of patients was 34.61years and 57.1% were males. Outpatients accounted for 54% of the cases detected. Campylobacter were isolated from faeces in 97.3% of cases and in 2.7% from blood. C. fetus was mostly isolated from blood (88.2% of cases). We tested for antimicrobial susceptibility 4627 isolates (85.4%). Resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was 75.5% and 54.8%, respectively; resistance to erythromycin was 4.8%; clarithromycin 2% and azithromycin 2%. 50% of C. jejuni and C. coli were resistant to ≥ 2 antibiotics. Over the study period, resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines significantly decreased (p < 0.005), while resistance to macrolides remained stable. Campylobacter resistance to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in Italy is decreasing but is still high, while macrolides retain good activity.

Antimicrobial activity of a natural compound and analogs against multi-drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens.

The rapid emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates has precipitated a critical need for novel antibiotics. We have developed a one-pot synthesis method for naturally occurring compounds such as MC21-A (C58) and its chloro-analog, C59. Our findings demonstrate that these compounds kill MRSA isolates at lower or comparable concentrations to standard-of-care (SoC) antimicrobials. C59 eradicates MRSA cells in biofilms, which are notoriously difficult to treat with SoC antibiotics. Additionally, the lack of resistance development observed with C59 treatment is a significant advantage when compared to currently available antibiotics. Furthermore, these compounds are non-toxic to mammalian cell lines at effective concentrations. Our findings indicate the potential of these compounds to treat MRSA infections and underscore the importance of exploring natural products for novel antibiotics. Further investigation will be essential to fully realize the therapeutic potential of these next-generation antimicrobials to address the critical issue of antimicrobial resistance.

Novel Insights into the Antimicrobial Resistance and Strategies to Curb the Menace

Antibiotics are an essential part of modern healthcare, revolutionizing medicine and saving countless lives worldwide. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern, with the potential to cause a public health crisis in the future. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the microbial and anthropogenic factors contributing to AMR, as well as the consequences of inaction to address the AMR crisis. We searched various international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar using “Antimicrobial Resistance”,” Superbug”, “Antibiotic Stewardship”, “One Health’ and “Surveillance” as search keywords in different combinations. We have thoroughly discussed the causes of AMR, such as the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, and the development of resistant strains of bacteria. We have also suggested possible interventions to combat AMR, such as the one health approach, antibiotic stewardship protocols, and the application of artificial intelligence in drug design. Additionally, we have explored the benefits of traditional ethnic medicinal practices in therapy. In conclusion, this review article emphasized the urgent need for a comprehensive and strategic plan to address the issue of AMR. Further in-depth research and novel approaches can mitigate the growing menace of AMR and safeguard both human and animal populations.

The Role of Medical Microbiologists in Advancing the Frontiers of Travel Medicine

The essential role of medical microbiologists in the field of travel medicine becomes apparent amidst the escalating challenges faced by our world. This article highlights their indispensable contributions to safeguarding global health during travel. Medical microbiologists play a pivotal part in defending against infectious threats encountered during travel, identifying and characterizing novel pathogens, developing rapid diagnostic tools, and spearheading outbreak investigations for early detection and containment. Their active involvement in vaccine development and surveillance is critical for ensuring the safety of travelers, and they address vaccine hesitancy through educational initiatives and advocacy. Moreover, they combat the growing issue of antimicrobial resistance, influencing travel health guidelines and promoting prudent antimicrobial use to minimize resistance risks. Collaboration is paramount in tackling global health threats, and medical microbiologists facilitate the exchange of information, reinforcing global surveillance networks to respond effectively to emerging infections. Their role in training the next generation of experts ensures a sustainable and knowledgeable workforce in travel medicine. As we navigate the continually evolving landscape of travel, the expertise of medical microbiologists becomes increasingly vital. Their dedication to advancing travel medicine through research, education, and collaborative efforts ensures that travel remains a positive force, promoting exploration while mitigating health risks. Recognizing and supporting their endeavors contribute to building a safer and healthier future for travelers and communities worldwide.