Antimicrobial Activity Of Compounds Research Articles

Integrative Genomics and Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Novel Antimicrobial Compounds from Streptomyces sp. KN37 in Agricultural Applications.

Actinomycetes have long been recognized as an important source of antibacterial natural products. In recent years, actinomycetes in extreme environments have become one of the main research directions. Streptomyces sp. KN37 was isolated from the cold region of Kanas in Xinjiang. It demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, but the primary active compounds remained unclear. Therefore, we aimed to combine genomics with traditional isolation methods to obtain bioactive compounds from the strain KN37. Whole-genome sequencing and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that KN37 possesses the potential for synthesizing secondary metabolites, and 41 biosynthetic gene clusters were predicted, some of which showed high similarity to known gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of antimicrobial antibiotics. The traditional isolation methods and activity-guided fractionation were employed to isolate and purify seven compounds with strong bioactivity from the fermentation broth of the strain KN37. These compounds were identified as 4-(Diethylamino)salicylaldehyde (1), 4-Nitrosodiphenylamine (2), N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)formamide (3), 4-Nitrocatechol (4), Methylsuccinic acid (5), Phenyllactic acid (6) and 5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole (7). Moreover, 4-(Diethylamino)salicylaldehyde exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect against Rhizoctonia solani, with an EC50 value of 14.487 mg/L, while 4-Nitrosodiphenylamine showed great antibacterial activity against Erwinia amylovora, with an EC50 value of 5.715 mg/L. This study successfully isolated several highly active antimicrobial compounds from the metabolites of the strain KN37, which could contribute as scaffolds for subsequent chemical synthesis. On the other hand, the newly predicted antibiotic-like substances have not yet been isolated, but they still hold significant research value. They are instructive in the study of active natural product biosynthetic pathways, activation of silent gene clusters, and engineering bacteria construction.

Heteroaromatization of Coumarin Part II: Synthesis, Reactions, Antimicrobial Activities of Novel Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives

Background: Condensation of 3-acetyl-2H-chromen-2-one (1) with 2‐(4-methoxybenzylidene) malononitrile (2) in ammonium acetate/acetic acid or absolute ethanol/piperidine affords pyridine (3) and chromen-2-one (4) derivatives, respectively. background: Synthesis of a novel series of chromen-3-yl-pyridine derivatives were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. antimicrobial activities of compounds were then evaluated in vitro. Compound (E)-3-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (4), was more effective against all five microorganisms and nicotinonitrile derivative 3 and 1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one derivative 14, while compounds 9, 10a-c, 11, 12 and 13 were moderate activity for antimicrobial activities. Methods: In this study, the reaction of 3 with an electrophilic reagent, namely, formic acid, acetic anhydride and formamide afforded the pyridopyrimidinone and pyridine derivatives (6- 9). Also, treatment of 3 with different aromatic aldehydes, carbon disulfide, NaN3/NH4Cl, 2- (4-methoxybenzylidene)malononitrile and acetophenone afforded pyridopyrimidinone, carbamodithioic acid, tetrazol-5-yl-chromen-2-one, 2H-chromen-2-one, and pyridine derivatives (10-14), respectively. Results: This study synthesized coumarins with antimicrobial activity and verified the structure and purity of the synthesized compounds using spectral data. Conclusion: The new compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), in addition to fungus (Candida albicans). The investigated substances 3 and 14 presented good activity against MRSA, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, while compounds 9, 10a-c, 11, 12 and 13 exhibited good to moderate activity.

Repurposing Anthracycline Drugs as Potential Antibiotic Candidates and Potentiators to Tackle Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens.

The escalating mortality rate resulting from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has intensified the urgency for innovative antimicrobial agents. Currently, the antimicrobial activity of compounds is usually assessed by testing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on a standardized laboratory medium. However, such screening conditions differ from the in vivo environment, making it easy to overlook some antibacterial agents that are active in vivo but less active in vitro. Herein, by using tissue medium RPMI, we uncover that anthracyclines, especially mitoxantrone (MX), exhibit improved bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against various MDR bacteria in host-like media. Transcriptome results reveal that LPS modification-related genes of bacterial membrane surfaces and metabolic genes are significantly down-regulated in RPMI media. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that MX leads to more substantial membrane damage, increased ROS production, and DNA damage in host-mimicking conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MX and colistin exhibit strong synergistic effects against mcr-positive strains in host-mimicking media by disrupting iron homeostasis. In an experimental murine infection model, MX monotreatment demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in reducing bacterial burdens. Overall, our work suggests that mimicking the host condition is an effective strategy to identify new antimicrobial agents and highlights the therapeutic potential of anthracycline drugs in combating MDR pathogens.

Cinnamon essential oil/inulin inclusion complexes: Physicochemical, rheological, thermal, morphological, and antimicrobial properties

AbstractCinnamon essential oil (CEO), an excellent source of active antimicrobial compounds, has a strong flavor and extreme volatility, which limits its application in the food industry. The objective of this study was to encapsulate CEO into inulin (INL) by freeze‐drying at selected concentrations (10%–20% w/w). Encapsulates containing 15% CEO exhibited the maximum encapsulation efficiency (63.30%). The concentrations of CEO significantly influenced the melting of encapsulates and their melt rheology. Oscillatory rheology data displayed abnormalities in the rheograms with increasing CEO concentrations in encapsulates. X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peaks demonstrated the formation of successful encapsulations. The cracks on the encapsulated surface were visualized through SEM, and a variation in topography was quantified by atomic force microscopy measurements. The INL/CEO encapsulates demonstrated antimicrobial activity against selected pathogens, namely Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. The produced encapsulates have the potential to be used as intermediary products for food, pharmaceuticals, and packaging.Practical applicationsEncapsulates effectively retain the bioactive compounds of essential oils in a complex and release them through controlled mechanisms. These encapsulates have significant industrial applications in active packaging, flavor retention, and pharmaceutics.

ABDpred: Prediction of active antimicrobial compounds using supervised machine learning techniques.

Discovery of new antibiotics is the need of the hour to treat infectious diseases. An ever-increasing repertoire of multidrug-resistant pathogens poses an imminent threat to human lives across the globe. However, the low success rate of the existing approaches and technologies for antibiotic discovery remains a major bottleneck. In silico methods like machine learning (ML) deem more promising to meet the above challenges compared with the conventional experimental approaches. The goal of this study was to create ML models that may be used to successfully predict new antimicrobial compounds. In this article, we employed eight different ML algorithms namely, extreme gradient boosting, random forest, gradient boosting classifier, deep neural network, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, decision tree, and logistic regression. These models were trained using a dataset comprising 312 antibiotic drugs and a negative set of 936 non-antibiotic drugs in a five-fold cross validation approach. The top four ML classifiers (extreme gradient boosting, random forest, gradient boosting classifier and deep neural network) were able to achieve an accuracy of 80 per cent and above during the evaluation of testing and blind datasets. We aggregated the top performing four models through a soft-voting technique to develop an ensemble-based ML method and incorporated it into a freely accessible online prediction server named ABDpred ( http://clinicalmedicinessd.com.in/abdpred/ ).

T5S1607 identified as a antibacterial FtsZ inhibitor：Virtual screening combined with bioactivity evaluation for the drug discovery

Due to antibiotic overuse, many bacteria have developed resistance, creating an urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. It has been established that the filamentous temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) of the bacterial cell division protein is an effective and promising antibacterial target. In this study, the optimal proteins were assessed by early recognition ability and the processed compound libraries were virtually screened using Vina. This effort resulted in the identification of 14 potentially active antimicrobial compounds. Among them, the compound T5S1607 demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis ATCC9732 (MIC = 1 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus ATC5C6538 (MIC = 4 μg/mL). Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the selected compound T5S1607 rapidly killed bacteria and induced FtsZ protein aggregation, preventing bacterial division and leading to bacterial death. Additionally, cell toxicity and hemolysis experiments indicate that compound T5S1607 exhibits minimal toxicity to LO2 cells and shows no significant hemolytic effects on mammalian cells in vitro at the MIC concentration range. All the results indicate that compound T5S1607 is a promising antibacterial agent and a potential FtsZ inhibitor. In conclusion, this work successfully discovered FtsZ inhibitors with good activity through the virtual screening drug discovery process.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological Activities for a Novel 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Conjugate with Dipeptide Derivatives: Insights from Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Peptide synthesis has opened new frontiers in the quest for bioactive molecules with limitless biological applications. This study presents the synthesis of a series of novel isoquinoline dipeptides using advanced spectroscopic techniques for characterization. These compounds were designed with the goal of discovering unexplored biological activities that could contribute to the development of novel pharmaceuticals. We evaluated the biological activities of novel compounds including their antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. The results show promising activity against Escherichia coli and potent antibacterial activity against MTCC 443 and MTCC 1688. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrate strong antifungal activity, outperforming existing standard drugs. Computational binding affinity studies of tetrahydroisoquinoline-conjugated dipeptides against E. coli DNA gyrase displayed significant binding interactions and binding affinity, which are reflected in antimicrobial activities of compounds. Our integrative significant molecular findings from both wet and dry laboratories would help pave a path for the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. The findings suggest that these isoquinoline-conjugated dipeptides could be excellent candidates for drug development, with potential applications in the fight against bacterial and fungal infections. This research represents an exciting step forward in the field of peptide synthesis and its potential to discover novel bioactive molecules with significant implications for human health.

Enhancing the extraction of essential oil from Mexican lippia (Aloysia citriodora) leaves obtained by hydro-distillation aided by natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES)

Due to the increasing demand for green technologies for the extraction of essential oils, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as a type of environmentally friendly solvents. This work aimed to study the use of different NADES in combination with microwave pretreatment for intensifying the extraction of Aloysya citriodora (Mexican lippia) essential oil (ACEO), a barely studied plant. The chemical composition (GCMS–) and biological activities (antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds) of the obtained oils are reported. The yield of ACEO extracted with NADES increased from 0.10 to 0.21 %. The main compounds of each ACEO were verbenone (28–54 %), limonene (2–10 %), and spathulenol (3–15 %). ACEOs extracted with NADES showed better antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. The ACEO extracted by Ch:OA reduced 3.6 log CFU/mL against Listeria monocytogenes. Meanwhile, ACEOs extracted by Ch:CA and Ch:OA showed the highest antioxidant activities (27.77–35.95 mg TE/mL of EO), and total phenolic compounds (15.33–17.35 mg GAE/mL of EO). Overall results suggest that using these green solvents aided the extraction method and may represent a study opportunity for extracting natural products without harming the environment, improving the process efficiency through a sustainable and innovative approach, with promising industrial applications.

Designing antimicrobial active packaging films based on chitosan plus fungus comb ethyl acetate extract from Indo-Malayan termite mounds

Abstract. Witasari LD, Lizar DP, Florencia OM, Ramadhan A, Fiana NAO, Supriyadi S, Pratiwi SUT, Nandika D, Karlinasari L, Arinana A, Batubara I, Santoso D, Rachmayanti Y, Firmansyah D, Sudiana IK, Hertanto DM, Rachmayanti Y, Firmansyah D. 2023. Designing antimicrobial active packaging films based on chitosan plus fungus comb ethyl acetate extract from Indo-Malayan termite mounds. Biodiversitas 24: 5947-5955. Antimicrobial active packaging systems incorporate antimicrobial compounds into polymer films, i.e., chitosan, thus suppress spoilage microorganism growth in foods. Chitosan films itself cannot prevent microbial growth, thus other antimicrobial agent must be added. Fungus comb extract from Indo-Malayan termite (Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen, 1858)) mounds is a potential active organic antimicrobial compound, which can be incorporated into chitosan films. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize active packaging films based on chitosan plus an antimicrobial fungus comb ethyl acetate extract. Films contained 1% chitosan and fungus comb ethyl acetate extract (0.5, 1, 2, and 5% w/v). Notably, films containing 2 and 5% extracts inhibited Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), but not fungi. Films plus 2% extract showed a thickness, tensile strength, and strain of 0.13 mm, 2.15 MPa, and 32.55%, respectively. Films had a moisture content of 0.26%, water solubility of 2.68%, swelling property of 2.37%, and water vapor permeability (WPV) of 3.31×10?10 g.m?1s?1.Pa?1. They displayed smooth morphology but no new functional groups. Thus, chitosan plus 2% of fungus comb ethyl acetate extract can be used in antimicrobial active packaging films for food application. It could be applied as a green alternative to prolong the shelf-life of food products.

IN SILICO, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC STUDIES OF CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR GREEN SYNTHESIS

5-Chloro-N-((2-oxo-3-(4-(3-oxomorpholino) phenyl) oxazolidin-5-yl) methyl) thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized in a simple and efficient approach using 2-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl) isoindoline-1, 3-dione, 4-(4-aminophenyl) morpholin-3-one, and 5-chlorothiophene-2-carbonyl chloride by stepwise synthesis. Three compounds 3, 4 and 7 were designed, prepared, and screened for anticancer activity against HeLa, MCF- 7, A-549 and K-562 and antibacterial activities against Gram +ve and Gram -ve strains. The carboxamide moieties proved to be capable for the development of new anticancer and anti-bacterial agents. Docking studies carried out on target receptors caspase-3 HeLa cell line and Staphylococcus aureus DNA-Gyrase also supported the anticancer and antimicrobial activity of compounds 3, 4 and 7

Antimicrobial Studies on Epidermal Mucus of Fish Anabas Testudineus

The present investigation was conducted to find out the antimicrobial, hemolytic activity and protein content of fish epidermal mucus and their chemical constituents from Anabas testudineus. The in vitro hemolytic activity were analyzed and the antimicrobial activity against human pathogens (Bacteria) were determined by agar well diffusion methods. Epidermal mucus sample protein was analyzed by (Thin layer chromatography and SDS-PAGE). Totally thirteen human pathogens were tested against the fish mucus. Out of thirteen pathogens five pathogens have proved to be sensitive to the mucus. The average value of maximum zone of inhibition was observed against K. pneumonia (15.17±0.09mm) > P. vulgaris (13.2±0.17mm) > E. lentum (12.43±0.18mm) > MRSA (11.37±0.32mm) > S. aureus (10.5±0.11mm). The percentage of haemolysis for lyophilized sample shows more hemolytic activity. The amount of protein present in the mucus for Lyophilized sample: 3.61 g/dL, for Rotavac sample: 1.08 g/dL. The present inspection were revealed that positive progresses in the fish mucus extracts hostile to human pathogen (Bacteria) and the hemolytic activity, also the simple population of proteins (SDS PAGE) and the (TLC) reveals the presence of amino acids and peptides. Further efforts are required for the isolation of the active antimicrobial compounds in order to establish their possible applications.

Surfactant‐Mediated Synthesis of Methylene Bridged 6‐Aminouracils: Development of a Greener Protocol, Water Remediation and Preliminary Biological Screening

AbstractHerein, we describe a surfactant‐catalyzed green methodology for electrophilic substitution reaction of 6‐aminouracil derivatives with various aldehydes that were neither reported earlier nor produced using conventional routes. Optimized results show the importance of anionic surfactant (SDS) on the reaction between hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds in aqueous medium. All synthesized compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods like FTIR, NMR, HRMS, and SC‐XRD. Furthermore, the surfactant remediation from the reaction mixture was done using graphene oxide (GO). The results from batch‐adsorption studies indicate prominent sorption of SDS onto the surface of GO with an adsorption efficiency of ~84.9 %. The SDS adsorbed onto GO were analyzed using UV‐vis, FT‐IR, Raman, and HRTEM analysis. Next, the synthesized compounds were screened for their potential anti‐SARS‐CoV2 activity due to their structural resemblance with pyrimidine analogs acting as anti‐viral agents. The in‐silico results indicate that the synthesized compounds exhibit the highest inhibitory activity towards RdRp with binding energy −9.55 kcal/mol. In contrast, Remdesivir showed only −6.45 kcal/mol. In addition, upon preliminary screening of the compounds for possible antimicrobial activity (antifungal and anti‐leishmanial), 4 bf showed moderately high inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 205.48 μM and 124.97 μM for fungal and leishmanial strains, respectively.

Antibacterial Activities and Chemical Compounds of Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort Plantain) and Plantago major (Broadleaf Plantain) Leaf Extracts

Background: Plantago lanceolata L. (ribwort plantain) and Plantago major L. (broadleaf plantain) are widely used in ethnobotanical studies and for treating various diseases. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity and chemical compounds of these plants. Methods: The leaf extracts of P. lanceolata and P. major were fractioned using different solvents. The phytochemical screening was carried out by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The antibacterial activity of extracts was assessed using the disc diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were measured by microtiter-broth dilution method. Results: The dichloromethane leaf extract of P. lanceolata and P. major showed the highest antibacterial activity against Salmonella paratyphi (diameter of the inhibition zone: 18.83 and 20.00 mm, respectively) at 100 mg/mL concentration. The lowest MIC was related to dichloromethane extracts of both plants against S. paratyphi (500 µg/mL). The lowest MBC (1000 µg/mL) was related to the dichloromethane extract of P. major against S. paratyphi. The main compounds of P. lanceolata leaf extracts were bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (41.96%), 1-methoxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)nonane (32.69%), bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trimethyl- (1.alpha.,2.beta.,5.alpha.)- (10.45%), and cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl- (27.96% and 31.33%). The main compounds of P. major leaf extracts were eicosane (23.62%), cyclohexasiloxane dodecamethyl- (18.21%), 1-methyl-3-n-propyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (18.08%), cycloheptasiloxane tetradecamethyl- (33.85%), and 1,2-benzisothiazole-3-acetic acid, methyl ester (34.26%). Conclusion: Fractionation of the methanolic leaf extract of P. lanceolata and P. major can help better isolate active components from these plants. The antibacterial properties of the extracts of two plants may be due to the presence of antibacterial compounds detected in GC-MS.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa SWUC02 Cell-Free Culture as a Potential Antimicrobial Agent Against Household Antibiotics-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Contamination of household environments with pathogenic bacteria poses a significant risk of foodborne illnesses. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cell-free culture obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa SWUC02 (CF-SWUC02) against Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen associated with food poisoning outbreaks. The antagonistic activity of P. aeruginosa SWUC02 and CF-SWUC02 against various pathogenic bacteria, particularly S. aureus, was assessed. The active antimicrobial compounds produced by P. aeruginosa SWUC02 demonstrated resistance to protease enzymes and high temperatures. Optimal culture conditions for inhibiting S. aureus were determined as LB media supplemented with 0.01% CuCl2, inoculated with 1x105 CFU.mL-1 of P. aeruginosa SWUC02, and incubated at 32°C with agitation (100 rpm) for 12 days. Eighty-six S. aureus isolates were collected from household environments and tested for antibiotic resistance, with 55 isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, and 17 isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). CF-SWUC02 demonstrated inhibitory effects against all S. aureus isolates, including MRSA. In conclusion, CF-SWUC02 displayed antagonistic activity against drug resistant S. aureus, suggesting its potential as a valuable resource for combating these pathogens. Furthermore, the presence of heat and protease stable antimicrobial compounds in CF-SWUC02 highlights the need for further investigation to explore their potential applications in the field of antimicrobial research.

Antimicrobial activity of compounds from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) following supercritical fluid extraction: An overview

Antimicrobial activity of compounds from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) following supercritical fluid extraction: An overview

Screening Amazon rainforest plant extracts for antimicrobial activity: a 15-year commitment to the Brazilian biodiversity

IntroductionThe need for new tools to treat infections is constantly growing due to the possibilities of emerging diseases related to environmental changes, climatic catastrophes, microorganism resistance, and human and animal aging, leading to an evident unbalance in the planet’s health. Brazil contains the most significant portion of world biodiversity, a potential source of new antimicrobial natural products. Nonetheless, its environment, particularly its forests, and rainforests, is under threat, meaning that rapidly conducted, comprehensive research into the potential of antimicrobial activity to address this threat is urgently needed.MethodsIn this study, plants from the Amazon rainforest and the Atlantic forests were collected and tested against several pathogenic microbes relevant to humans, animals, and the environment, and subjected to large-scale susceptibility assays, bioautography, and Artemia salina toxicity assays. From the plants, 2,280 organic and aqueous extracts were obtained from different organs, namely leaves, barks, flowers, fruits, and seeds, and subjected to a large-scale susceptibility screening assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Malassezia pachydermatis, Malassezia furfur, and Listeria monocytogenes. Results and discussionThe selected extracts were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests to determine their inhibition zone diameters and minimum bactericidal concentrations, to bioautography, and to an Artemia salina toxicity assay, which resulted in 154 active extracts. Moreover, 111 out of 154 extracts were ranked based on scores established by the p-values and the mean rank differences in each set of test results. The final ranking identified which extracts should be studied in further phytochemical research using thin-layer chromatography techniques as a priority. The extracts obtained from plants belonging to Combretaceae, Connaraceae, Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae, Polygonaceae, and Salicaceae were selected as the most promising ones and used to support the identification of plant-based antimicrobial active compounds from the immense biodiversity of Brazilian forests.

Biomass from phytopathogens and culture conditions improve Penicillium chrysogenum antimicrobial activity and antifungal compounds production

AbstractThe present study evaluated the effect of culture conditions and phytopathogenic strain co‐culture on the production of antimicrobial metabolites and antifungal activity of Penicillium chrysogenum R1, which PCR identified. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the Hunter‐Hunter experimental design with three factors (pH, incubation temperature, and inoculum, at two levels each). The antifungal metabolites, β 1‐3 glucanase and chitinase, produced in the presence of live and inactivated Fusarium oxysporum Fsox C11 biomass, were evaluated using HPLC‐MS and GC‐MS. Results showed that P. chrysogenum inhibited the growth of five phytopathogenic fungal strains, and the most significant inhibition was observed for F. oxysporum Fsox C11. The best conditions to achieve the highest antifungal activity of the cell‐free extract were pH 7, 28°C, 1 × 106 spores/mL, and 144 h of fermentation, observing 86% inhibition of F. oxysporum Fsox C11 growth. Production of antifungal metabolites such as 1,4‐benzoquinone imine, viridicatic acid, phenol‐5‐methyl‐2‐(1‐methyl ethyl), and hydrolytic enzymes β 1‐3 glucanase and chitinase was detected. The results define the perspective in designing new processes and products for biocontrol phytopathogens.

Antimicrobial Assessment of Curcuma longa L Against Streptococcus mutans Growth

Background. Streptococcus mutans is the most common oral endogenous microorganism found at the beginning of plaque formation until the formation of dental caries. If not handled properly, caries can lead to odontogenic infections. Increased resistance to antimicrobial drugs has made herbal ingredients an alternative treatment because they are more effective and do not cause side effects. This turmeric leaf contains active antimicrobial compounds of flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics. Objective. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of turmeric leaf extract (Curcuma longa. L) as an antimicrobial on the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Materials and Methods. This study uses a post-test-only control condition approach in a laboratory setting. The concentration of turmeric leaf extract tested was 10%, 15%, and 20% with the positive control (Chlorhexidine 0,2% mouthwash) and negative control (DMSO) with five repetitions. Antibacterial effectiveness test using serial dilution method. Results. The data analysis using the Oneway ANOVA test showed a p-value 0.05, meaning that the number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial colonies in both the treatment and control groups had a significant difference in number. The antibacterial effect at a 10% concentration of turmeric leaf extract (Curcuma longa. L) with an average and standard deviation of 45.20 ± 3.83, at a 15% concentration of 43.80 ± 3.11, at a 20% concentration of 23.60 ± 12.30. Conclusion. This study concludes that turmeric leaf extract (Curcuma longa. L) has antibacterial effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans bacteria.Keywords: Curcuma longa L, Turmeric Leaf, Streptococcus mutans, Antibacterial

Chromatography-Spectroscopic Isolated MO11 (Moringa oleifera) and MS06 (Musa sapientum) Positively Immunomodulated ACE2 Levels in Blood, Kidney and Liver of Rats

Moringa oleifera (MO) and Musa sapientum (MS) are ethno-medicinal plants, while cadmium is a carcinogen. SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 for host’s cell invasion and infection. This study evaluated the effects of MO11 (isolated from MO leaves) and MS06 (isolated from MS suckers) on ACE2 levels in cadmium chloride (CdCl)-induced toxicity in rats. Twentyfour adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 4). Group 1 was control. Groups 2–4 received single 1.5 mg/kg bodyweight of CdCl (i.p.) (Day 1). Groups 3 and 4 were post-treated with MO11 and MO11 + MS06 doses, respectively (Days 1–17). Groups 5 and 6 received only MO11 and olive oil (vehicle), respectively (Days 1–17). MO leaves and MS suckers were subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures using chromatography and spectroscopic techniques. ACE2 levels (ELISA) were evaluated in blood, kidney and liver of rats. MO11 and MS06 were the most active antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds isolated from MO leaves and MS suckers, respectively. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed presence of therapeutic compounds and amino-acids in MO11 and MS06, which are part of 14 shared amino-acids used by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 for ACE2-binding. Post-treatments of CdCl-exposure with MO11 and MS06 showed decreased ACE2 levels in Group 4 (20.63 ± 4.33 ng/mL and 16.11 ± 0.49 ng/mL in blood and kidney samples, respectively), compared with Group 2 (39.39 ± 3.15 ng/mL and 85.39 ± 3.10 ng/mL in blood and kidney samples, respectively). In conclusion, MO11 and MS06 possess significant ethno-medicinal potentials, may compete with SARS-CoV-2 for ACE2 binding, and are recommended for evaluations as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.

Assessing the efficacy of probiotics in augmenting bovine reproductive health: an integrated in vitro, in silico, and in vivo study.

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize bovine-vaginal probiotics genotypically and phenotypically using in silico and evaluate their in vivo performance in buffaloes with endometritis. For the in vitro isolation and characterization, vaginal swabs were collected from 34 cows and 17 buffaloes, and 709 primary bacterial isolates with probiotic activity were obtained using MRS agar media. Two isolates Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KUGBRC (LPKUGBRC) and Pediococcus pentosaceus GBRCKU (PPGBRCKU) demonstrated optimum in vitro probiotic activities as compared to Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG including, acid production, secretion of fatty acids and exopolysaccharide, cell surface hydrophobicity, self-aggregating and co-aggregating capacity with pathogens, anti-microbial activity and bacteriocin-like compounds against pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in cell-free supernatant and absence of hemolytic activity. Their phenotypic capacity was confirmed by analyzing the whole genome sequencing data and identifying genes and pathways associated with probiotic properties. These probiotic isolates have shown no virulence genes were discovered in their genomic study. In vivo study of 92 buffaloes suffering from clinical endometritis with purulent cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) were randomly allocated 40 × 108 CFU/ml LPKUGBRC and PPGBRCKU and 40 ml Normal saline. The LPKUGBRC reduced the duration between administration of probiotic to induction of healthy estrus significantly. However, no effect was observed on pregnancy rate. These results suggest that LPKUGBRC and PPGBRCKU probiotic bacteria demonstrate probiotic efficiency and adaptability. Further sourced from the same niche as the targeted infection, they offer a distinct advantage in targeting the specific microbial population associated with endometritis. The findings of this study highlight the potential of LPKUGBRC and PPGBRCKU probiotics in treating endometritis and suggest further exploration of their clinical applications.