Antimicrobial Activity Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiling Studies of Alkaloids and Coumarins from the Australian Plant Geijera parviflora Lindl. (Rutaceae) and Their Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Assessment

Phytochemical profiling followed by antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity evaluation of the Australian plant Geijera parviflora, known for its customary use in Indigenous Australian ceremonies and bush medicine, was performed. In the present study, seven previously reported compounds were isolated including auraptene, 6′-dehydromarmin, geiparvarin, marmin acetonide, flindersine, and two flindersine derivatives from the bark and leaves, together with a new compound, chlorogeiparvarin, formed as an artifact during the isolation procedure and isolated as a mixture with geiparvarin. Chemical profiling allowed for a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the compounds in the leaves, bark, flowers, and fruit of this plant. Subsequently, a subset of these compounds as well as crude extracts from the plant were evaluated for their antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities. Anthelmintic activity assays showed that two of the isolated compounds, auraptene and flindersine, as well as the dichloromethane and methanol crude extracts of G. parviflora, displayed significant activity against a parasitic nematode (Haemonchus contortus). This is the first report of the anthelmintic activity associated with these compounds and indicates the importance of such fundamental explorations for the discovery of bioactive phytochemicals for therapeutic application(s).

Xylans as a promising prebiotic agent: a brief review

Xylans are the most abundant hemicelluloses in nature, constituting components of the secondary cell wall of plant cells. They are polysaccharides with versatile properties, which can be used in various industrial sectors. Several biological activities have been identified in different xylans, such as antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, emulsifying, anticoagulant, and immunomodulatory activities. Among these applications of xylans, its use as a prebiotic stands out, composing functional foods. Xylans form non-digestible dietary fibers that serve as a source of energy for beneficial microorganisms, modifying the intestinal microbiome and bringing a general improvement to the health status of those who consume them. The literature reports the use of xylooligosaccharides as promoters of the growth of probiotic microorganisms, such as species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, in addition to treating dysbiosis and reducing intestinal inflammation. Due to their structural diversity, abundance in nature, and a wide range of biological properties, xylans are valuable components that can be used to create various products aimed at enhancing human health.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BOUGAINVILLEA LEAVES: A REVIEW

The genus Bougainvillea is a very widespread group throughout the world. It belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae and contains approximately 18 species i.e., B. berberidifolia, B. buttiana, B. campanulata, B. glabra, B. herzogiana, B. infesta, B. lehmanniana, B. lehmannii, B. malmeana, B. modesta, B. pachyphylla, B. peruviana, B. pomacea, B. praecox, B. spectabilis, B. spinosa, B. stipitata, and B. trollii. The genus Bougainvillea is endemic to South America and was firstly reported in Brazil in 1778 before being introduced to Europe, by French military commander Louis Antoine de Bougainville. They are bushes spread in vines or small trees. They also possess stems with internodes and with straight or slightly curved thorns. The leaves are petiolate, elliptical, or wider towards the base. The bracts and flowers are presented in different colours, depending on the species, cultivars, or hybrid. It is a rich source of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Fatty Acids and Fatty Alcohols, volatile compounds, phenolic compound, Peltogynoids and Flavonoids, Phytosterols, Terpenes, and Carbohydrates, Betalains etc. In conclusion, the leaves of Bougainvillea glabra are reported to have anti- inflammatory activities, anti-hyperglycaemic activity, insecticidal activity, anti hyperglycemic activity anti-ulcer, antimicrobial and anti-diarrheal activity and its antiviral proteins.

Discovery of N,N'-diarylurea molecules with activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The emergence and global spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose a serious threat to public health, underscoring the urgent need for novel antibacterial interventions. Here, we screened 18 newly synthesized N,N'-diarylurea derivatives to identify compounds with activity against MRSA. Our investigations led to the discovery of a small molecule, SCB-24, which exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against MRSA USA300. Notably, SCB-24 demonstrated high activity even in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum and showed excellent selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells. SCB-24 also showed potent activity against various MRSA strains, including those resistant to second- and third-line antibiotics. Importantly, the efficacy of SCB-24 was inferior to that of vancomycin in MRSA-infected Galleria mellonella larvae. Overall, our findings suggest that SCB-24 has great potential as a new therapeutic for multidrug-resistant S. aureus infections.

Antimicrobial activities of Scorzonera ketzkhowelii Sosn. ex Grossh. (Asteraceae) and determination of natural compounds by LC-HRMS analysis

Antimicrobial activities of Scorzonera ketzkhowelii Sosn. ex Grossh. (Asteraceae) and determination of natural compounds by LC-HRMS analysis

Rational design, synthesis, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 1,2,4-trizaole-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives with a dual thioether moiety.

In this paper, a series of novel 1,2,4-trizaole-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives with a dual thioether moiety were constructed. The synthetic compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS, and single crystal diffraction. The antimicrobial activities of title compounds against fungi (Pyricutaria oryzae Cav., Phomopsis sp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, cucumber Botrytis cinerea, tobacco Botrytis cinerea, blueberry Botrytis cinerea) and bacteria (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc; Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, Xac) revealed these compounds possessed excellent antibacterial activity through mycelial growth rate method and turbidity method, respectively. Among them, compounds 7a, 7d, 7g, 7k, 7l, and 7n had the antibacterial inhibition rate of 90.68, 97.86, 93.61, 97.70, 97.26, and 92.34%, respectively. The EC50 values of 7a, 7d, 7g, 7k, 7l, and 7n were 58.31, 48.76, 58.50, 40.11, 38.15, and 46.99μg/mL, separately, superior to that of positive control pesticide thiodiazole copper (104.26μg/mL). The molecular docking simulation of compound 7l and glutathione s-transferase also confirmed its good activity. The in vivo bioassay toward Xac infected citrus leaves was also performed to evaluate the potential of compounds as efficient antibacterial reagent. Further study of antibacterial mechanism was also carried out, including extracellular polysaccharide production, permeability of bacterial membrane, and scanning electron microscope observations. The excellent antibacterial activities of these compounds provided a strong support for its application for preventing and control plant diseases.

Microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and in vitro biomedical applications of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.-mediated carbon quantum dots

In recent years, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have garnered considerable attention as a promising material for biomedical applications because of their unique optical and biological properties. In this study, CQDs were derived from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. via microwave-assisted technique and characterized using different techniques such as ultraviolet–visible, Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Subsequently, their potential for biomedical applications was investigated through in vitro assays assessing scratch healing, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity properties. It was found that the CQDs were fluorescent, polycrystalline, quasi-spherical, ~ 12 nm in size with presence of –OH and –COOH groups on their negatively charged surfaces, and demonstrated good anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation, cyclooxygenase-2 and regulating inflammatory cytokines. The CQDs also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus, good biocompatibility, along with excellent promotion of cell proliferation in vitro, indicating their potential as a anti-inflammatory and wound healing material. The properties were more enhanced than their precursor, H. rosa-sinensis leaf extract. Hence, the CQDs synthesized from the leaves of H. rosa-sinensis can serve as a potential biomedical agent.

Phytomediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles via Vitex negundo Leaf Extract: Characterization, Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity

This study provides evidence for the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Vitex negundo leaf extract. The UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectrum of ZnO NPs and calcinated ZnO NPs (ZnO-C) showed peaks at 370[Formula: see text]nm and 374[Formula: see text]nm, respectively, confirming zinc ion reduction to zinc oxide. The ZnO NPs and calcinated counterparts were further characterized by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM and EDX. FTIR results revealed the presence of alcoholic and aromatic groups, like flavonoids, in the leaf extract. The XRD pattern showed a distinctive Wurtzite crystalline phase with a hexagonal shape. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis data revealed that ZnO’s surface area and pore size is 22.8[Formula: see text]m2/g and 12.9[Formula: see text]nm, whereas ZnO-C exhibited a surface area of 23.5[Formula: see text]m2/g and pore size of 13.1[Formula: see text]nm. The SEM data demonstrated numerous irregular and agglomerated flakes fusing to form a roughly spherical morphology with the size, in the range of 15–20[Formula: see text]nm and 11–16[Formula: see text]nm for ZnO and ZnO-C NPs, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial assay by disc diffusion method and MIC testing revealed that ZnO and ZnO-C NPs exhibited moderate to high antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms, indicating their application against bacterial infection. In addition, the ZnO NPs significantly disrupted the biofilm of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as confirmed by CV assay and fluorescent microscopy.

High-efficiency ZnO:Al/p-GaN epitaxial heterojunction photocatalysts for antimicrobial application

Highly efficient ZnO:Al (AZO) thin-film-type photocatalysts with thicknesses of approximately 400 nm are deposited on (0001) p-GaN at deposition temperature of 400 °C via cathodic arc plasma evaporation to develop epitaxial heterojunction photocatalysts for antimicrobial applications. AZO films with a multidomain structure are deposited on (0001) sapphire to compare their antimicrobial performances. Their microstructural and electrical properties, depth-resolved cathodoluminescence spectra, and antibacterial activity are investigated. The results of antimicrobial activity analysis indicate that the AZO/p-GaN heterojunction photocatalysts exhibit better antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus than the multidomain AZO films deposited on (0001) sapphire. The improvement in antibacterial activity is attributed to the built-in electric field formed by the AZO/p-GaN heterojunction, which results in enhanced separation between photogenerated electrons and holes under ultraviolet A irradiation. In addition, the AZO/p-GaN heterojunction photocatalysts possess higher concentrations of oxygen vacancies, defect levels, conductivities, and carrier mobilities than the multidomain AZO films. Therefore, they exhibit better antibacterial activity by inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. An excellent antimicrobial thin film-type AZO/p-GaN epitaxial heterojunction photocatalysts is successfully developed in this study for application in the microbial control field.

Combined Effect of an Active AgIon® Absorbent Pad and a Chitosan Coating on the Preservation of Fresh Beef

In the present study, the combined effect of an AgIon® antimicrobial absorbent (Ζ) pad and a chitosan coating (C) on the preservation of fresh beef stored aerobically at 5 °C was investigated. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory attributes were monitored for up to 10 days of storage. The microbiological data indicated that the C and chitosan coating plus absorbent pad (CZ) treatments were the most efficient in reducing total viable counts (TVC) by 4.09 and 3.53 log cfu/g compared to the control W and Z treatments on day 4 of storage (p < 0.05). An analogous reduction in the counts of the other microbial groups monitored was recorded. pH values were ca. 5.7 for treatments W and Z and 5.45 for treatments C and CZ on day 4 of storage (p < 0.05). The total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values remained <20 mg/100 g for all treatments on day 4 and for treatments C and CZ on day 10 of storage. The total color difference values decreased (p < 0.05) during storage for treatments W and Z, but remained constant for treatments C and CZ. Based on sensory, microbiological and physico-chemical data, beef shelf life was ca ^# + 3 days for samples W and Z and at least 10 + 3 days for samples C and CZ. Between the two antimicrobial treatments, chitosan was considerably more effective than the AgIon® antimicrobial absorbent pad, which showed practically no antimicrobial activity in direct contact with beef meat.

Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial studies of ciprofloxaci-imines and their complexes with oxozirconium(IV), dioxomolybdenum(VI), and dioxotungsten(VI)

We synthesized and characterized ciprofloxacin-imine complexes, generated from ciprofloxacin and either 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine (NO2PD) or 1,3-propanediamine (PD), in conjunction with zirconyl nitrate dihydrate, sodium molybdate dihydrate, and sodium tungstate dihydrate. Characterization involved numerous analytical methods, containing melting point determination, conductance dimensions, elemental analysis (CHN), metal content determination (%), infrared, electronic spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. Our findings reveal that the ligand as functions a tetra-dentate chelate binding to metal ions via azomethine and deprotonated carboxylate group. Additionally, the complexes and ligands were tested in contradiction of two types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and all prepared compounds showed good spectrum activity. KEY WORDS: 4-Nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine, Ciprofloxacin-imine, In-vitro antimicrobial activity, Zr complexes Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 949-962.                                                         DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.11

Rapid spectrophotometric detection for optimized production of landomycins and characterization of their therapeutic potential.

Microbial-derived natural products remain a major source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds and chemical scaffolds that have the potential as new therapeutics to target drug-resistant pathogens and cancers. In particular, genome mining has revealed the vast number of cryptic or low-yield biosynthetic gene clusters in the genus Streptomyces. However, low natural product yields-improvements to which have been hindered by the lack of high throughput methods-have slowed the discovery and development of many potential therapeutics. Here, we describe our efforts to improve yields of landomycins-angucycline family polyketides under investigation as cancer therapeutics-by a genetically modified Streptomyces cyanogenus 136. After simplifying the extraction process from S. cyanogenus cultures, we identified a wavelength at which the major landomycin products are absorbed in culture extracts, which we used to systematically explore culture medium compositions to improve total landomycin titers. Through correlational analysis, we simplified the culture optimization process by identifying an alternative wavelength at which culture supernatants absorb yet is representative of total landomycin titers. Using the subsequently improved sample throughput, we explored landomycin production during the culturing process to further increase landomycin yield and reduce culture time. Testing the antimicrobial activity of the isolated landomycins, we report broad inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria, inhibition of fungi by landomycinone, and broad landomycin resistance by Gram-negative bacteria that is likely mediated by the exclusion of landomycins by the bacterial membrane. Finally, the anticancer activity of the isolated landomycins against A549 lung carcinoma cells agrees with previous reports on other cell lines that glycan chain length correlates with activity. Given the prevalence of natural products produced by Streptomyces, as well as the light-absorbing moieties common to bioactive natural products and their metabolic precursors, our method is relevant to improving the yields of other natural products of interest.

The Control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Causing Bacterial Spot Disease in Tomato, by Different Plant Essential Oils

Seed-borne Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causes bacterial spot disease in tomatoes and causes serious economic losses by affecting yield and quality in tomato cultivation. In this study, the effect of essential oils obtained by distillation from Mentha longifolia, Thymus migricus, Salvia hydrangea and Artemisia absinthium and Achillea arabica plants on the control of P. syringae pv. tomato was investigated. The antibacterial activities of plant essential oils against P. syringae pv. tomato were tested by the in vitro agar disk diffusion method. Additionally, minimum inhibitory concentrations at which plant essential oils inhibit the growth of Pst 76 were determined. It was determined that all oils created an inhibition zone between 4.0-30.0 mm against the disease agent and the highest activity was obtained from application with the oil of the T. migricus plant. It was determined that the oils obtained from T. migricus and M. longifolia plants had higher antimicrobial activity than methylmycin in the control group. In line with the results obtained, disease control with essential oils has been seen as an alternative method that can be included in integrated control programs.

Tunable Release of Ions from Graphene Oxide Laminates for Sustained Antibacterial Activity in a Biomimetic Environment.

Silver has long been recognized for its potent antimicrobial properties, but achieving a slow and longer-term delivery of silver ions presents significant challenges. Previous efforts to control silver ion dosages have struggled to sustain release for extended periods in biomimetic environments, especially in the presence of complex proteins.This challenge is underscored by the absence of technology for sustaining antimicrobial activity, especially in the context of orthopedic implants where long-term efficacy, extending beyond 7days, is essential. In this study, the tunable, slow, and longer-term release of silver ions from the two-dimensional (2D) nanocapillaries of graphene oxide (GO) laminates incorporated with silver ions (Ag-GO) for antimicrobial applications are successfully demonstrated. To closely mimic a physiologically relevant serum-based environment, a novel in vitro study model using 100% fetal bovine serum (FBS) is introduced as the test medium for microbiology, biocompatibility, and bioactivity studies. To emulate fluid circulation in a physiological environment, the in vitro studies are challenged with serum exchange protocols on different days. The findings show that the Ag-GO coating can sustainably release silver ions at a minimum dosage of 10µgcm-2day-1, providing an effective and sustained antimicrobial barrier for over ten days.

Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) Essential Oil Containing Nanoemulgel for the Topical Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis and Dandruff

This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a nanoemulgel (NE) containing Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) oil for managing scalp psoriasis and dandruff through various assessments. The study involved phytochemical screening, characterization, stability testing, in vivo performance evaluation, dermatokinetic analysis, central composite rotatable design (CCRD) optimization, in vitro release profiling, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment of the NE. The NE exhibited excellent stability and maintained physical parameters over a three-month period. In vivo studies showed no skin irritation, maintenance of skin pH (4.55 to 5.08), and improvement in skin hydration (18.09 to 41.28 AU) and sebum content (26.75 to 5.67 mg/cm2). Dermatokinetic analysis revealed higher skin retention of C. odorata in the NE (epidermis: 71.266 µg/cm2, dermis: 60.179 µg/cm2) compared to conventional formulations. CCRD optimization yielded NE formulations with the desired particle size (195.64 nm), entrapment efficiency (85.51%), and zeta potential (−20.59 mV). In vitro release studies indicated sustained release behavior, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were observed. This study demonstrates the stability, skin-friendliness, therapeutic benefits, and controlled release properties of the NE. The NE presents a promising option for various topical applications in treating bacterial and fungal diseases, potentially enhancing drug delivery and treatment outcomes in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation for New Esters Derivatives Containing Two 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole Units

     This work includes the synthesis of new ester compounds containing two 1,3,4-oxadiazole rings, 15a-c and 16a-c. This was done over seven steps, starting with p-acetamido-phenol 1 and 2-mercaptobenzoimidazole 2. The structure of the products was determined using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of some prepared compounds was achieved against four types of bacteria (two types of gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and two types of gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. Coli), as well as against one types of fungus (C. albino). The results show moderate activit against the study bacteria, and the theoretical analysis of the toxicity demonstrates non-toxicity with acute oral human toxicity. Also, the toxicity of these compounds in rats was weak. A molecular modelling study explains that these compounds possess good binding with lung cancer proteins.

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Endophytic Streptomyces sp. CR 13 Isolated from the Roots of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.

In this study, Streptomyces sp. CR 13 from the roots of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. was isolated and characterized using biochemical, morphological and genomic approaches. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized extracellularly using cell-free extract and characterized with UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), EDX, DLS and zeta potential techniques. The maximum peak of UV-visible spectroscopy was observed at 425 nm and the TEM images revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape and ranged in size from 18 to 21 nm. DLS analysis revealed particles with an average diameter of 147.9 nm. The zeta potential analysis of biosynthesized AgNPs showed a peak at -35.2 mV, indicating their high stability. Moreover, AgNPs synthesized by endophytic Streptomyces showed significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Stphylococcus aureus.

Cellulosic crystallinity and antimicrobial artistry of cactus cilia

The present research utilizes the mass of fine cilia yielded by cactus protoderm. Obtained cilia is characterized morphologically, chemically, thermally, and for antimicrobial activity. Plant based cellulosic wound dressing material expedite tissue generation, hydration, and bactericidal activity. Chemical characterization of cactus cilia reveals a highly absorbent cellulose I structure with crystallinity percentage of 65.02%. Infrared spectroscopy shows aromatic rings in cellulose polysaccharides with carbon (88.37%), oxygen (6.67%), nitrogen (3.67%), and sodium (1.27%). Morphology displayed a very fine (21 to 65 μm), coiled, and uncinate fiber. Significant number of amino acids, amides, and their derivatives exhibit cactus cilia is a plant biomass. Cactus cilia + ampicillin derivative inhibited gram-negative bacterial growth, thus making it a potential material for general use in meditech applications.

Synthesis and in silico Assessment of Heteroaryl Semicarbazones: Towards Understanding Antimicrobial Activities and Safety Profiles

Seven semicarbazone derivatives incorporating either substituted furan or thiophene were synthesized by reacting phenylurea with semicarbazide and various heteroaryl aldehydes. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized using IR, NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Additionally, their antibacterial and anti-tubercular activities were also evaluated. In silico tools such as Swiss ADME and Pro Tox II were employed to assess molecular targets, medicinal chemistry properties, as well as toxicity and safety profiles. Compounds 3a-g demonstrated significant antibacterial activity at a 100 µg/mL when compared to the standard ciprofloxacin. Notably, compounds 3c, 3d, 3f and 3g exhibited the highest activity against all bacterial strains. Furthermore, compound 3d demonstrated anti-tubercular activity at all tested concentrations.

Optimization and Bioactive Properties of Nanoemulsion Formulated with Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seed Oil and Aloe vera (Barbadensis miller Stockton) Gel

AbstractThe use of nanoemulsions, a nanotechnology technique, is very popular in the food industry to extend the shelf life of foods and preserve their quality. In this study, it was aimed to develop, optimize, and determine the bioactive properties of nanoemulsion containing Aloe vera gel (AVG) and hemp seed oil (HSO) for use in the food industry. Nanoemulsions containing different ratios of AVG (1 %, 2 %, and 3 %) and HSO: Tween 80(T80) (1 : 4; 20, 25, 30 %) were formulated by ultrasonication. Bioactive properties of nanoemulsions were determined by droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), viscosity, color, whiteness index, turbidity, conductivity, pH, antioxidant (DPPH), and antimicrobial activity analyses. The pH of the nanoemulsions was between 4.74 and 4.88 due to the acidic nature of AVG. PDI was determined in the 0.17 (HA8) range to 0.26 (HA1). According to the FT‐IR spectrum, it was determined that the entire nanoemulsion formulation did not undergo any chemical degradation and their particle sizes (range between 118.9 nm and 170.5 nm) were <200 nm. The small droplet size and PDI values obtained showed that the nanoemulsions had a homogeneous and stable structure in their dispersions. TEM results determined that all nanoemulsions showed a spherical shape, but the structure detected in the HA8 group had a more homogeneous appearance. The antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsions increased depending on the increasing HSO and AVG percentages. Unfortunately, no antibacterial activity of the nanoemulsions was detected against any of the bacterial strains tested. According to the analysis results, it was determined that the best nanoemulsion formulation belonged to the HA8 group containing 3 % Aloe vera gel and 5 % HSO in terms of TEM and PDI analyses.