Anti-lipid Peroxidation Activity Research Articles

Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Composition of Sarcococca saligna Leaves

Abstract: Sarcococca saligna (D. DON) Muel is a vital plant with several steroidal alkaloids and is effective against syphilis, liver diseases, gastrointestinal tract disease, infections, and inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activities and phenolic profile of S. saligna. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis has shown the presence of twelve phenolics namely kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, proanthocyanidin B1, quercetin-3-malonylglucoside- 7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-sophorotioside, Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside-7-Orhamnoside, kaempferolhexoside, 4-O-Caffeoyl-5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3,4-Di-O-caffeoyl-5- O-feruloylquinic acid, 3,4-Di-O-feruloyl-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, flavogalloyl-HHDP-gluconic acid (lagerstannin B), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol-3-(caffeoyldiglucoside)-7-glucoside. The hot water extract showed the highest anti-lipid peroxidative activities. The IC50 value for 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was 71.5 ± 2.1 μg/mL. The extract could chelate the iron and possess reducing activities on phosphomolybenum assay. It is concluded that extracts of S. saligna are rich in antioxidants and contain essential phytochemicals. objective: The present study was aimed to investigate thein vitro antioxidant activities and phenolic profile of S. saligna. HPLC analysis has shown the presence of twelve phenolics namely kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, proanthocyanidin B1, quercetin-3-malonyl-glucoside-7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-sophorotioside,Isorhamnetin-3-O glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside,kaempferolhexoside, 4-O-Caffeoyl-5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3,4-Di-O-caffeoyl-5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3,4-Di-O-feruloyl-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, flavogalloyl-HHDP-gluconic acid (lagerstannin B), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol-3-(caffeoyldiglucoside)-7-glucoside. method: The chemical used were 1,10-phenathroline, Thibarbituric acid, TRIS-HCl, amominium molybdate, Iron, sodium nitroprusside. HPLC standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All the reagents were of analytical grade. Double beam spectrophotometer was used for UV-VIS spectrophotometery. The HPLC system used was Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system which consists of quaternary pump, degasser, auto-sampler and diode array detector (DAD). conclusion: The results have shown that S. saligna antioxidant rich extract can be effectively utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries with additional income. However, more detailed understanding of utilization of extract against degenerative diseases is required. There is also need to find out the safety and bioavailability of the plant extract for its use as nutraceutical and as a plant products.

Synthesis and evaluation of coumarin derivatives on antioxidative, tyrosinase inhibitory activities, melanogenesis, and in silico investigations

New coumarin derivatives were designed using a 2-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)acetic acid scaffold conjugated with amino acid esters or tyramine. The anti-tyrosinase and anti-lipid peroxidation activities of the synthesized compounds were investigated. Coumarin derivatives 7,9, 11–13, 15–18 showed strong anti-lipid peroxidation activity. Compound 13 exhibited uncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 68.86 µM. Compound 14 (% activity = 123.41) showed stronger tyrosinase activating activity than 8-methoxypsolaren (8-MOP, % activity = 109.46). In silico studies revealed different poses between the inhibitors and activators near the tyrosinase catalytic site. Compounds 13 (25–50 μM) and 14 (25–100 μM) did not show cytotoxicity against B16F10 cells. In contrast to the tyrosinase inhibition assay, compound 13 (50 μM) suppressed melanogenesis in B16F10 cells with two times higher potency than KA (100 μM). Compound 14 at 100 μM showed melanogenesis enhancement in B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner, however, inferior to the 8-MOP. Based on the findings, compound 13 and 14 offer potential for development as skin-lightening agents and vitiligo therapy agents, respectively.

Schiff-Base Cross-Linked Poly(2-oxazoline) Micelle Drug Conjugates Possess Antiferroptosis Activity in Numerous In Vitro Cell Models.

A great deal of nanocarriers have been applied to induce ferroptosis in cancer research, yet there are limited examples of nanocarrier formulations to rescue ferroptosis, which can be applied to neurodegeneration, inflammation, liver damage, kidney disease, and more. Here, we present the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of pH-responsive, core-cross-linked micelle (CCM) ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) conjugates with amine, valproic acid, and biotin surface chemistries. Fer-1 release from stable and defined CCM Fer-1 conjugates was quantified, highlighting the sustained release for 24 h. CCM Fer-1 conjugates demonstrated excellent ferroptosis rescue by their antilipid peroxidation activity in a diverse set of cell lines in vitro. Additionally, CCMs showed tunable cell association in SH-SY5Y and translocation across an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model, highlighting potential brain disease applications. Overall, here, we present a polymeric Fer-1 delivery system to enhance Fer-1 action, which could help in improving Fer-1 action in the treatment of ferroptosis-related diseases.

Effect of Lactuca sativa supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemic albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Abstract. Ayo VI, Adondua MA, Morayo AE, Ekele JU, Amilo D, Ochuele DA, Ayantse LM, Barrah C, Abdulsalam IO, Eya SB, Iheanacho CC, Tibile ST, Mohammed RI, Barde CE. 2023. Effect of Lactuca sativa supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemic albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21: 67-78. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have primarily contributed to the global disease burden. They represent the leading cause of mortality and healthcare expenditures in developed and third-world nations, responsible for approximately 30 percent of global deaths and 10 percent of global diseases annually. This study investigated the effects of a Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic albino rats. Twenty-four (24) rats were grouped into six groups of treatments, i.e., four rats in each treatment. Treatments applied in this study were: control treatment (feed and water only), a P-407 induced without Atorvastatin, a P-407 induced treated with Atorvastatin, and P-407 induced with 10%, 30%, and 50% L. sativa supplemented diet. P407 was administered intraperitoneally at 1000 mg/kg body weight. Body weight was measured every three days for 14 days. Blood sample collection was carried out for the analysis of lipid profiles (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Triacylglycerides (TAG), and Total Cholesterol (TC)) and liver function parameters (ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, TP, ALB and GLB). The liver and brain tissues were analyzed for lipid peroxidation levels. Results showed that induction of P407 resulted in a higher body weight gain (p<0.05) compared to other treatments. The treatment groups other than the P-407 treatment showed a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerides (TAG), and LDL cholesterol levels and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol. The TC, TAG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels in treating P-407 with a 50% L. sativa-supplemented diet did not differ (P>0.05) compared to the control treatment. The atherogenic risk prediction indices indicated a decreased risk in the treated groups with Atorvastatin or L. sativa-supplemented diet. Furthermore, liver function parameters were better in the treatment groups with Atorvastatin or L. sativa-supplemented diet, including decreased liver function parameters and increased total protein, albumin, and globulin levels. The L. sativa-supplemented diet also exhibited anti-lipid peroxidation activity, as indicated by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In conclusion, the L. sativa-supplemented diet had hypolipidemic effects, anti-lipid peroxidation activity, and hepatoprotective effects, suggesting its potential as an antihyperlipidemic agent.

Metabolic Profiling Analysis Uncovers the Role of Carbon Nanoparticles in Enhancing the Biological Activities of Amaranth in Optimal Salinity Conditions

Enhancing the productivity and bioactivity of high-functional foods holds great significance. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have a recognized capacity for boosting both plant growth and the efficacy of primary and secondary metabolites. Furthermore, while salinity diminishes plant growth, it concurrently amplifies the production of phytomolecules. To ensure the robust and sustainable production of nutritious food, it becomes essential to elevate biomolecule yield without compromising plant growth. Here, we assessed the CNPs priming on plant performance and metabolites of the glycophyte amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) sprouts at the threshold salinity (25 mM NaCl; i.e., salinity that does not reduce growth but enhances the metabolites of that plant). We measured growth parameters, pigment levels, and primary (carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids) and secondary metabolites (phenolics, flavonoids, tocopherols). CNP priming significantly improved biomass accumulation (fresh and dry weight) and primary and secondary metabolites of amaranth sprouts. Increased photosynthetic pigments can explain these increases in photosynthesis. Enhanced photosynthesis induced carbohydrate production, providing a C source for producing bioactive primary and secondary metabolites. The priming effect of CNPs further enhanced the accumulation of essential amino acids, organic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and phenolics at threshold salinity. The increase in bioactive metabolites under threshold salinity can explain the CNP priming impact on boosting the antioxidant activities (FRAP, DPPH, anti-lipid peroxidation, superoxide-anion-scavenger, hydroxyl-radical-scavenger, Fe-chelating and chain-breaking activity in aqueous and lipid phases) and antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Overall, this study suggested that threshold salinity and CNP priming could be useful for enhancing amaranth sprouts’ growth and nutritional quality.

A Review on Medicinal properties of Colocasia esculenta Linn

Colocasia esculenta Linn. is one of the widely available plant all over the globe with history of use in Indian traditional system. Colocasia esculenta Linn. has attained popularity across the globe to replace synthetic medicines due to their less side effects and its natural plant origin. It is commonly known as taro belonging to family Araceae. It is used as a vegetable for many nutritional as well as medicinal purposes. The two important therapeutically active chemical constituents are present in taro leaf extract namely flavonoids and triterpenoids. The pharmacological studies of Colocasia esculenta Linn. estimated that the herb showed various pharmacological activities, including nervine tonic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipid peroxidative activity, hepatoprotective, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer and antimicrobial effects. This review is designed to give exhaustive account on taxonomy, geographical and nutritional information, various phytochemical constituents and pharmacologic activities of taro.

GC-MS Analysis, Antiglycation, Antioxidant and Anti-lipid Peroxidation Activities of Harungana madagascariensis Methanolic Stem Bark Extract

Plants’ natural products make excellent lead for the development of new drugs used for prevention, management and treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases. The specific aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant and antiglycation activities of Harungana madagascariensis methanolic stem bark extract. The active compounds present in the plant were extracted using methanol by maceration and resulting extract was subjected to phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antiglycation analysis. The extract was fractioned on silica gel to isolate the antioxidant compounds domiciled in the extract and fractions were identified by bioautography. The H. madagascariensis methanolic stem bark extract showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, steroids and flavonoids. From the antioxidant assays, the extract scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide radicals, inhibited lipid peroxidation in a dose dependent manner showing IC50 higher than ascorbic acid while it inhibited albumin glycation with IC50 lower than ascorbic acid. From the 12 fractions obtained only 7 fractions showed antioxidant activity and quercetin, flavone, 6-hydroxyflavone, ferulic and o-coumaric acid were inferred. From the GC-MS analysis, fatty acids and their esters, terpenoids and steroids were identified such as Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (6.53 %), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (5.92 %), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (0.95 %), vitamin E (1.22 %), phytol (3.87 %), squalene (1.66 %) and Pregn-5-en-3-ol, 21-bromo-20-methyl-(3.beta.)- (1.94 %). In conclusion, H. madagascariensis methanolic stem bark extract possessed antioxidant and antiglycation activities, thus, can be used for new drug development to reduce or combat oxidative stress related diseases in humans. HIGHLIGHTS The methanolic stem bark extract of Harungana madagascariensis exhibited strong antiglycation and antioxidant activities Antioxidant compounds including flavonoids and phenolic acids (quercitin, flavone, 6-hydroxyflavone, ferulic and o-coumaric acid), terpenoids (vitamin E, phytol and squalene) fatty acids and their esters were found in the extract The stem bark extract of Harungana madagascariensis could be used as a source of antiglycation and antioxidant activity for new drug development in preventing oxidative stress related diseases and diabetic complications GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A TLC-direct bioassay method for detection of anti-lipid peroxidation constituents from fruits of Perilla frutescens

A practical TLC-direct bioassay method was established for screening and evaluating antioxidant activity. The method was based on series of reactions. Irradiation of linoleic acid with UV 254 nm produced lipid peroxides. Upon heating, the peroxides were converted into malondialdehyde, which combined with thiobarbituric acid to a red pigment with a maximum absorption at 535 nm. Following a TLC separation, substance with anti-lipid peroxidation activity showed white spots/zones against red background on the TLC plate. The proposed method was established by the dot blot test, and validated with respect to selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, and recovery after optimizing key experimental parameters. In an exemplary screening for antioxidant constituents from Perilla fruits, two active zones were discovered and tentatively characterized as salviaflaside and rosmarinic acid by TLC-interface-ESI-MS, respectively. Further verification by HPTLC-bioassay-guided-isolation was carried out and in addition to salviaflaside and rosmarinic acid, also luteolin 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and 3′-dehydroxyl-rosmarinic acid-3-O-β-D-glucoside were discovered to show prominent anti-lipid peroxidation activity.

Assessment of Antioxidant, Anti-Lipid Peroxidation, Antiglycation, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties of Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl

Dendrobium sulcatum Lindl or “Ueang Jampa-Nan” (Orchidaceae family) is widely dis-tributed in Thailand and Laos. It is classified in the genus Dendrobium, which is used in both traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine for health enhancement and anti-aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents and bioefficacy of stems, leaves and flowers from D. sulcatum for cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were tested for the phytochemical evaluation. The antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays), anti-lipid peroxidation, antiglycation, anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase properties were assessed for their bioefficacy. The results showed that the extracts of stem and leaf had higher total phenolic content than that of the flower, and the leaf extract had the highest flavonoid content. The antioxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were greater in those from the stem and leaf compared with that of the flower. The leaf extract exhibited the greatest antiglycation property. The results of anti-tyrosinase analysis of the extracts showed that the leaf and flower exhibited potent activities with a percentage inhibition greater than 70% (at a concentration of 50 µg/mL). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the ethanolic extracts from different parts of D. sulcatum are promising sources of natural active ingredients for further cosmetic and cosmeceutical products.

2,9-Dimethyl-4H-oxazolo[5’,4’:4,5]pyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-4-one

The new 2,9-dimethyl-4H-oxazolo[5’,4’:4,5]pyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-4-one was successfully prepared through the three-component iodine-catalyzed reaction of n-butyl vinyl ether with the new 8-amino-2-methyl-4H-chromeno[3,4-d]oxazol-4-one. The latter was prepared by the reduction of 2-methyl-8-nitro-4H-chromeno[3,4-d]oxazol-4-one with Pd/C in a hydrogen atmosphere. The above nitro compound was synthesized by the condensation of N-(4-hydroxy-6-nitro-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)acetamide with P2O5 under microwave irradiation. The above acetamide derivative was prepared during the nitration of 2-methyl-4H-chromeno[3,4-d]oxazol-4-one with H2SO4 and KNO3. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by FT-IR, LC-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analyses. Preliminary biological tests show significant anti-lipid peroxidation activity for the title compound and the other synthesized new intermediates, as well as interesting soybean lipoxygenase inhibition for acetamide 2 (IC50 55 μM) and nitro-compound 3 (IC50 27 μM).

Hepatoprotective potential of Tamarindus indica following prenatal aluminum exposure in Wistar rat pups.

Over time, the use of plant-derived agents in the management of various human health conditions has gained a lot of attention. The study assessed the hepatoprotective potential of ethyl acetate fraction Tamarindus indica leaves (EFTI) during prenatal aluminum chloride exposure. Pregnant rats were divided into 5 groups (n=4); Group I rats were administered 2mlkg-1 of distilled water (negative control), Group II rats received only 200mgkg-1 aluminum chloride (positive control), Group III rats were administered 200mgkg-1 aluminum chloride and 400mgkg-1 EFTI, Group IV rats were administered 200mgkg-1 aluminum chloride and 800mgkg-1 EFTI, Group V rats were administered 200mgkg-1 aluminum chloride and 300mgkg-1 Vit E (comparative control). On postnatal day 1, the pups were euthanized, and liver tissues were harvested for the biochemical study (tissue levels of malondialdehyde, caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferases) and the liver histological examination. The administration of EFTI was marked with significant improvement in the tissue levels of malondialdehyde, caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferases. There was a marked improvement in histopathological changes associated with prenatal aluminum chloride exposure. In conclusion, the administration of EFTI was protective during prenatal aluminum chloride exposure of the liver in Wistar rats, and is mediated by the anti-lipid peroxidative, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activity of EFTI.

Exploring the anti-inflammatory potential of Colocasia esculenta root extract in in-vitro and in-vivo models of inflammation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceColocasia esculenta (CE) (L.) Schott is an annual herbaceous tropical plant from the family of Araceae which has been traditionally used for the healing of various ailments such as asthma, arthritis, internal hemorrhage, diarrhea, and neurological disorders. The plant is reported to have potential anti-microbial, anti-fungal, antimetastatic, anti-hepatotoxic, and anti-lipid peroxidative activities. Aim of the studyThe present study is designed to explore the potential anti-inflammatory property of Colocasia esculenta methanolic root extract (CEMRE) on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Materials and methodsCarrageenan-induced rat paw edema model was used to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory action of CEMRE. Adult male Wistar rats (180–220 g; n = 6) were pre-treated with CEMRE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) orally before 1 h of injection of 1% carrageenan. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg BW) was given orally as the standard drug. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandinE2 (PGE2), and cytokines levels were measured. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was done to identify the phytoconstituents present in CEMRE. The inhibitory activity of CEMRE was investigated against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in in vitro assessment of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with Indomethacin (5 μM and 10 μM) and CEMRE (17 μg/ml and 34 μg/ml) followed by induction of LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h. Docking analyses were also performed to explore the interaction of important phytoconstituents (Sinapic acid, Acetylsalicylic acid, L-fucose, Salicylic acid, Quinic acid, Zingerone, and Gingerol) of CEMRE with COX-2 and iNOS. ResultsPre-treatment with CEMRE (400 mg/kg) could inhibit the paw inflammation significantly which was elevated due to carrageenan induction. The inhibition is comparable to that of the standard drug Indomethacin. The concentration of serum AST, ALT, ALP, NO, PGE2 and cytokines were also considerably lowered in the CEMRE-treated group as compared to the carrageenan-induced group. CEMRE (34 μg/ml) inhibited the LPS-stimulated relative expression of mRNA of COX-2 and iNOS and significantly reduced the expression of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Docking analyses revealed promising interaction with low binding energies between Sinapic acid with both the target proteins COX-2 and iNOS. ConclusionCollectively, our results suggested that CEMRE exhibited effective anti-inflammatory actions on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells by reducing the in vivo paw edema inhibition, inhibiting the serum NO, PGE2, cytokines and also reduced the in vitro production of NO, PGE2 along with expressions of mRNA COX-2 and iNOS. Molecular docking demonstrated good binding affinities among the target proteins and ligand Sinapic acid. Thus the bioactive compound from CE need to be isolated and purified.

Hederagenin Suppresses Inflammation and Cartilage Degradation to Ameliorate the Progression of Osteoarthritis: An In vivo and In vitro Study.

Osteoarthritis (OA), a common degenerative joint disease, is characterized by the progressive degradation of articular cartilage and inflammation. Hederagenin (HE) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin extracted from many herb plants. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-lipid peroxidative, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective activities. However, its effect on OA has not been investigated. Our study found that HE may be a potential anti-OA drug. In vitro, HE could suppress extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation via up-regulating aggrecan and Collagen II levels as well as downregulating MMPs and ADAMTS5 levels. It could also reduce proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines or enzymes production, including TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, NO, and PGE2. Besides, HE markedly reduced IL-1β-induced C28/I2 cell apoptosis and ROS accumulation. Mechanistically, HE exerted chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects by partly inhibiting JAK2/STAT3/MAPK signalling pathway and the crosstalk of the two pathways. Also, HE exhibited anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effect via targeting Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1/ROS/Bax/Bcl-2 axis. In vivo, HE significantly reduced monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) induced cartilage destruction of rats with a lower OARSI score and inflammatory cytokine levels, further demonstrating its protective effects in OA progression. These results suggest that HE is a potential compound for the development of drugs to treat OA.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Gastroprotective Activities of Paspalidium flavidum Leaves Extract in Experimental Animal Models.

Paspalidium flavidum (watercrown grass), a medicinal plant, is traditionally used in liver ailments and stomach problems. The hepatoprotective and gastroprotective activities of the aqueous methanol extract of Paspalidium flavidum (AMEPF) were studied in experimental animal models. Paracetamol and aspirin were used to induce hepatotoxicity and gastric ulcer in rats, respectively. Biochemical hepatic parameters, gastric pH, total acidity, ulcer index, percentage protection, nitric oxide and TNF-α were measured in AMEPF-treated groups. Moreover, GC-MS analysis of AMEPF was performed. Pretreatment with AMEPF improved the blood lipid profile and restored liver function tests in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. While in aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, oral administration of AMEPF significantly reduced (P<0.05) the gastric lesions, total acidity and ulcer scoring index, TNF-α with upregulation of nitric oxide when compared with the Diseased group. AMEPF exhibited anti-lipid peroxidation activity. Histopathological studies were in good agreement with the biochemical findings. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of anti-oxidant phyto-constituents, including oleic acid and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) in AMEPF. This study suggested that aqueous methanol extract from the leaves of P. flavidum has beneficial hepatoprotective and gastroprotective activities related to its anti-oxidant phytochemicals.

Synthesis and Antioxidant Properties of HeteroBisNitrones Derived from Benzene Dicarbaldehydes.

We report herein the synthesis and antioxidant profile of nine novel heterobisnitrones (hBNs) as new α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) analogues. The synthesized hBNs 1–9 were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using different in vitro techniques, while they were also tested as inhibitors of soybean LOX, as an indication of their anti-inflammatory effect. Nitrone hBN9 is the most potent antioxidant presenting higher anti-lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities as well as higher lipoxygenase inhibition. In silico calculations reveal that hBN9 follows Lipinski’s rule of five and that the molecule is able to penetrate theoretically the brain. All these results led us to propose hBN9 as a new potent antioxidant nitrone.

Bioactive synergism between zinc mineral and p-coumaric acid: A multi-mode glycemic control and antioxidative study.

Natural supplements are important in diabetes and oxidative stress management. A complexation-mediated antihyperglycemic and antioxidant synergism between zinc(II) and p-coumaric acid was investigated. p-Coumaric acid was complexed with ZnSO4 and characterized by FT-IR, 1 H NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential of the complex and precursors were evaluated with different experimental models. Molecular docking with target proteins linked to diabetes was performed. A Zn(II)-bicoumarate.2H2 O complex was formed. The in vitro radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory, antiglycation, and anti-lipid peroxidative activities of the complex were several folds stronger than p-coumaric acid. In Chang liver cells and rat liver tissues, the complex inhibited lipid peroxidation (IC50 =56.2 and 398 μM) and GSH depletion (IC50 =33.9 and 38.7μM), which was significantly stronger (2.3-5.4-folds) than p-coumaric acid and comparable to ascorbic acid. Zn(II) and p-coumaric synergistically modulated (1.7- and 2.8-folds than p-coumaric acid) glucose uptake in L-6 myotubes (EC50 =10.7μM) and rat muscle tissue (EC50 =428 μM), which may be linked to the observed complexation-mediated increase in tissue zinc uptake. Glucose uptake activity was accompanied by increased hexokinase activity, suggesting increased glucose utilization. Docking scores α-glucosidase, GLUT-4, and PKB/Akt showed stronger interaction with the complex (-6.31 to -6.41 kcal/mol) compared to p-coumaric acid (-7.18 to -7.74 kcal/mol), which was influenced by the Zn(II) and bicoumarate moieties of the complex. In vitro, the complex was not hepatotoxic or myotoxic. Zn(II) complexation may be a therapeutic approach for improving the antioxidative and glycemic control potentials of p-coumaric acid. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In functional medicine, natural supplements, plant-derived phenolics, and nutraceuticals are becoming popular in the management of diseases, including diabetes and oxidative stress. This has been largely attributed to their perceived holistic medicinal profile and the absence of notable toxicity concerns. In the past two decades, considerable attention has been drawn toward zinc mineral as a possible therapeutic supplement for diabetes due to its role in insulin secretion and reported insulin mimetic potentials. p-Coumaric acid is a known natural antioxidant with reported diabetes-related pharmacological effects. In this study, we took advantage of these properties and complexed both natural supplements, which resulted in a more potent nutraceutical with improved glycemic control and antioxidant potential. The complexation-mediated synergistic interaction between zinc and p-coumaric acid could be an important therapeutic approach in improving the use of these natural supplements or nutraceuticals in managing diabetes and associated oxidative complications.

Enhancement of shoot proliferation and evaluation of biotic elicitation effects on anatomical changes of pseudo stem and anti-lipid peroxidation activity of Curcuma mangga Val.

Mango turmeric (Curcuma mangga Val.) contains many bioactive compounds that are used for traditional treatment of various health problems and ailments. Slow propagation nature of C. mangga have resulted in short supply to meet the market demand. The longitudinally incised half shoot explants promote 100 % increased of shoot number compared with non-incised shoots with the formation of average 6.6 shoots/explant when they were cultured either vertically or horizontally on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l-1 BA and 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. Biotic elicitation with 3.5 mg l-1 or 5.0 mg l-1 yeast extract or combination of 150 mg l-1 chitosan and 3.5 mg l-1 yeast extract did not promote shoot proliferation but exhibited anti-lipid peroxidation activity slightly lower than quercetin, a potent plant antioxidant flavonoid and butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT), a commercial preservative agent which is used as a positive control. While absolute ethanol which served as a negative control did not show any anti-lipid peroxidation activity. Biotic elicitation of C. mangga plantlets using similar elicitors resulted in anatomical changes of its pseudostem with reduced number of thin lignified xylem cells and the presence of druse suspected to be oxalate crystals inside the cortex cells with delicate cell wall.

COMPARATIVE VALIDATION OF SELF COLLECTED AND MARKET ‘SARIVA’ ROOTS WITH RESPECT TO THEIR AMBIGUITY IN THE IDENTIFICATION USING IN-VITRO BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS

Plant ‘Sariva’ has been used since long in Ayurveda and folk medicine. There are four differentspecies used as ‘Sariva’ in various regions of India viz., Cryptolepisbuchanani Roem. &amp; Schult., Hemidesmusindicus (L.) R.Br. and Decalepishamiltonii Wight &amp; Arn belongs to same family Asclepiadaceae, whileIchnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. belongs to family Apocynaceae. Present study is designed to evaluate theambiguity in market and authenticate samples of ‘Sariva’ root extract in terms of their polyphenolic contentsand antioxidant profile. Market samples were collected from major markets from India viz., Banglore, Delhi,Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune and West Bengal. While, authenticate species of ‘Sariva’ was collected from WesternGhats of Maharashtra, India. Antioxidant profile was evaluated by nitric oxide scavenging potential, BSAanti-denaturation assay and anti-lipid peroxidation assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents werestudied by standard methods viz. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride respectively. Methanolic extractof ‘Sariva’ market sample showed highest phenolic contents (0.295±0.023μg/ml) as compared to theflavonoid contents in Pune market sample. While, highest concentration of total phenol contents wasobserved in Decalepishamiltonii (0.346±0.034μg/ml) and flavonoids was observed in Cryptolepisbuchanani(0.11±0.007mg/ml). The methanolic extract of West Bengal showed highest anti-lipid peroxidation activity(IC50 value of 50.96μg/ml). While, lowest activity was observed in Delhi market sample (IC50 of 218.63). Onthe contrary, Hemidesmus indicus showed highest anti-lipid activity (28.88 μg/mL of IC50) followed byDecalepishamiltonii, Cryptolepisbuchanani and Ichnocarpus frutescent.IC50 value indicates that among all themarket samples Banglore market sample (67.26 μg/ml) showed more significant protein stabilizing activity(denaturation is inhibited). While, Decalepishamiltonii showed more significant protein stabilizing activity(32.73 μg/ml) followed by Hemidesmus indicus, Cryptolepisbuchanani and Ichnocarpus frutescent. Amongmarket samples, Pune market sample showed highest nitric oxide scavenging activity (65.15μg/ml of IC50)and in authenticate samples, Decalepishamiltonii showed highest nitric oxide scavenging potential (31.26 μg/mlof IC50). By evaluating the five market samples in comparison with authenticate ‘Sariva’ species, it isconcluded that distinct variation observed in polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Hence, presentstudy suggests the need of awareness in the selection of the correct species and scientific efforts to solve thisambiguity.

Anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of four underutilized ethnomedicinal plants of West Bengal, India: an in vitro approach

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties of four underutilized ethno-medicinal plants viz. Apluda mutica, Mikania micrantha, Kyllinga nemoralis and Cleome rutidosperma, growing in different parts of West Bengal, India. The anti-oxidant properties were evaluated using four different solvent extracts. The 70% aq. ethanol extract of investigated plant samples were found to have adequate quantities of total phenolic (141.94±0.67-230.45±0.12 mg GAE/g dry extract), total flavonoid (23.27±0.04-71.05 ±0.06 mg RE/ g dry extract) and anti-oxidant capacities documented by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, reducing power, anti-lipid peroxidation and metal chelating activities. The 70% aq. ethanol extracts of the plants showed most promising antioxidant activity and were investigated for phenolics quantification by HPLC, anti-diabetic properties by assessing α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and anti-inflammatory capabilities by protein denaturation inhibition. HPLC studies revealed the presence of several phenolic acids and flavonoids in variable levels. M. micrantha exhibited α- amylase inhibition (IC50=58.44 ± 0.01 µg/mL), which was comparable to that of standard acarbose (IC50 = 53.80 ± 0.01 µg/mL). The maximum inhibition of protein denaturation was observed in M. micrantha (IC50=89.27 ± 0.01 µg/mL) followed by K. nemoralis (IC50 = 98.78 ± 0.01 µg/mL). The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed clear separation among the wild plants under investigation. The outcomes demonstrate that these plants were shown to contain a remarkable amount of different bioactive compounds, hence affirming their contribution in several biological activities and to serve as a potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agent in food and pharmaceutical industries.

The anatomical, morphological features, and biological activity of Scilla siberica subsp. armena (Grossh.) Mordak (Asparagaceae).

Scilla siberica subsp. armena is known as Siberian Squill which is naturally distributed in Lebanon-Syria, Transcaucasus, and Turkey. It is a perennial bulbous plant with a short vegetation period from March to May. In this study, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of corm, leaf, and flower methanolic extracts were examined. The anatomy and morphology of the plant organs were investigated by light and electron microscopes. The anatomy of S. siberica subsp. armena was investigated for the first time by electron microscopy in this study. The corm, leaf, and flower methanolic extracts were assessed against E. coli ATCC 8739, S. aureus ATCC 6538, B. subtilis ATCC 19,659, C. albicans ATCC 10,231, C. krusei ATCC 14,243, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750. Among the extracts, that obtained from the blue pollen showed the best antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis ATCC 750 strain with a MIC value of 312.5µg/mL. The highest phenolic content was determined in leaf extract with 53.59211µg GAE/mg extract value. The extract showed the best anti-lipid peroxidation activity with 376.69µg/mL value. Using DPPH· and ABTS·+ tests, it was determined that the flower and leaf extracts have the best activity (IC50 = 756.13μg/mL and IC50 = 94.07μg/mL, respectively). The flower extract exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 5239µg/mL. Based on the presented results of the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of the S. siberica subsp. armena, we suggest that natural compounds from S. siberica subsp. armena are of potential use for the improvement of an antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agent.