Antihepatotoxic Effect Research Articles

Targeting Nrf2/HO-1 signaling by crocin: Role in attenuation of arsenic trioxide-induced neurotoxicity in mice

Ethnopharmacology relevanceSaffron is a valued herb, obtained from the stigmas of the C.sativus Linn (Iridaceae). Pharmacopoeias have described it as having a variety of actions, such as stimulant, anti-carcinogen, and anti-depressant. As a folk medicine, crocin has been reported to have anti-cardiotoxicity and anti-hepatotoxicity effects. This paper focuses on crocin, one of the bioactive molecules found in saffron that are known to have therapeutic effects. Crocin has been shown in numerous experimental studies to be beneficial in treating depression, however, there aren't many studies on its neurotoxicity. Aim of the studyApplications of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in medical settings is limited by its side effects. This study aims to examine crocin's protective effect against ATO-induced neurotoxicity and understand its potential molecular mechanism. Materialandmethods: A neurotoxicity model was created by administering ATO (4 mg/L/d). To counteract this, mice were intraperitoneally injected with crocin (100, 200 mg/kg/d). After 60 days, biochemical, histopathological, transmission electron microscopy, ELISA, and western blotting analyses were then performed. ResultsOur results indicated that crocin decreased neuronal death and loss caused by ATO, countered oxidative stress damage, and mitigated pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mice treated with crocin also displayed positive signs of brain tissue recovery. Additionally, crocin reduced the protein expressions of NLRP1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), Caspase-1, GRP78, CHOP, and ATF4. ConclusionsThis study attests that crocin can reduce ATO-induced neurotoxicity by safeguarding nerves from oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, possibly through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

The Hepatoprotective Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra Roots Extract Against Amiodarone Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats

Amiodarone (AMD), a powerful antidysrhythmic medication, can cause hepatotoxicity when used long-term or in high doses. It affects both mitochondrial and lysosomal function because of its lipophilic nature and accumulation in tissues. It also has direct production of ROS. Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the medicinal plants that have been commonly used for thousands of years. It possesses anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, the antihepatotoxic effect of Gg was evaluated against AMD liver toxicity in rats model, thirty rats were taken and divided evenly into five groups given daily doses by gastric gavage oral tube for 3 weeks as follows: the 1st group acted as a control group given D.W., and the 2nd group received AMD at a dose of 300mg/kg for 2 weeks. 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups were pretreated with Gg in doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg, respectively, for one week, then along with AMD for 2 weeks. Hepatic damage, revealed by histology and the increased activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was decreased in the AMD group. Gg extract significantly reduced the elevated AST and ALT levels caused by AMD intoxication, rendering PLA2 to its normal level. It also enhanced liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Gg extract markedly reverses the increased serum TNF levels induced by AMD; therefore, it may be considered a good hepatoprotective agent.

PETROSELINUM CRISPUM (MILL.) FUSS (PARSLEY), A FOOD AND MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANT: A REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES BETWEEN 2013-2023

Objective: Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss is a bright green biennial medicinal and aromatic herb that grows almost all over the world. Today, it is one of the most commonly used culinary herbs. In addition to its use as food, it has been shown to possess broad pharmacological activities in several in vivo and in vitro studies. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the current studies on the traditional use, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, clinical studies, toxicity, and drug interactions of parsley. Result and Discussion: According to the literature data, parsley is used as a diuretic, carminative, emmenagogue and for the prevention and treatment of kidney stone formation, the treatment of conditions such as urinary tract infections and stomach disorders. Its phytochemical composition consists of flavonoids, coumarins, phenolic compounds, organic acids, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, fixed oil, essential oil, and other compounds. Studies on P. crispum have shown that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiplatelet, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antinephrotoxic, anticancer, antiurolithiatic, wound healing, antiobesity, estrogenic and neuroprotective effects. This review comprehensively summarizes the scientific data of the last ten years (2013-2023) on P. crispum.

Hepatoprotective effects of Elaeagnus latifolia fruit extract against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice: Mechanistic insights

Elaeagnus latifolia fruit extract (EE) has been reported to contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals. The present study aimed to examine the anti-hepatotoxic effects of EE in acetaminophen (APAP)-injected mice. Pretreatment with EE for 7 days in APAP mice showed significant reductions in the levels of AST and ALT and necrotic area, accompanied by decreases in liver oxidative stress, nitric oxide, and infiltrating inflammatory cells, compared to the APAP-only group. EE markedly down-regulated expression of CYP2E1, JNK, Bax, NOX subunit, and NF-κB target genes, and up-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and Nrf2 target genes in the livers. Furthermore, EE effectively lowered serum and hepatic lipids, and down-regulated expression of SREBP-1c/2 genes. EE was found to contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. Therefore, mechanistic insights into EE's anti-hepatotoxic effects may be associated with preventing the abnormal expression of genes involved in toxic metabolite generation, hepatotoxic signaling, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid synthesis.

Drug-induced liver injury and anti-hepatotoxic effect of herbal compounds: a metabolic mechanism perspective.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most challenging and thought-provoking liver problem for hepatologists owing to unregulated medication usage in medical practices, nutritional supplements, and botanicals. Due to underreporting, analysis, and identification issues, clinically evaluated medication hepatotoxicity is prevalent yet hard to quantify. This review's primary objective is to thoroughly compare pharmaceutical drugs and herbal compounds that have undergone clinical trials, focusing on their metabolic mechanisms contributing to the onset of liver illnesses and their hepatoprotective effects. The data was gathered from several online sources, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using appropriate keywords. The prevalence of conventional and herbal medicine is rising. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic mechanism is necessary to mitigate the hepatotoxicity induced by drugs and facilitate the incorporation or substitution of herbal medicine instead of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, pre-clinical pharmacological research has the potential to facilitate the development of natural products as therapeutic agents, displaying promising possibilities for their eventual clinical implementation. Acetaminophen, isoniazid, rifampicin, diclofenac, and pyrogallol have been identified as the most often reported synthetic drugs that produce hepatotoxicity by oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis during the last several decades. Due to their ability to downregulate many factors (such as cytokines) and activate several enzyme/enzyme systems, herbal substances (such as Gingko biloba extract, curcumin, resveratrol, and silymarin) provide superior protection against harmful mechanisms which induce hepatotoxicity with fewer adverse effects than their synthetic counterparts.

Assessment of Anti-Hepatotoxic Effect of Bahuinia tomentosa Linn against Paracetamol induced Hepatocellular Damage In Albino Mice

In today’s modern world the chemical induced hepatotoxicity is one huge threat to human life, even the drugs which have easy accessibility and availability are also produces side effects, when they are used irrationally, so the need for antidote from herbal industry is a common factor. Bauhinia tomentosa Linn belongs to fabaceae, considered as one such potential agent which constitutes wide range of chemical compounds which has therapeutic as well as antidote effect. In this study Bahuinia tomentosa Linn was extracted with ethyl alcohol and the prepared ethanolic extract was evaluated for its hepato protective effect against Acetaminophen induced hepato toxicity in albino mice. The biochemical estimation, histo pathological studies are served as index for the assessment of hepatoprotective activity. Modification in body and liver weight, proteins, levels of biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes along with histopatological variations of extract treated groups were compared with standard hepatoprotective drug silymarin. Marked hepatoprotective activity was noticed in extract treated groups in dose dependent manner. The study results revealed the antihepatato toxic effect of Bauhinia tomentosa Linn and recommended as an excellent natural source of drug in the treatment of acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity.

Geomorphology, Phytochemistry, Ethnomedical and Pharmacological activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn.

Amaranthus viridis L. is a member of the Amaranthaceae family, which includes the "Chowlai" plant, a widely grown weed and wild vegetable. ANumerous substance, including the amino acids lysine, histidine, cystine, arginine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, tyrosine and threonine are present in the viridis. Finding new chemical entities through phytochemical screening of Amaranthus viridis Linn. leaf extract. indicates the presence of biologically active components such as triterpenes, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, and phenols. Some chemical components in Amaranthus viridis Linn. have significant anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, anti-ulcer, antiallergic, and antiviral effects. To ease labour discomfort and function as an antipyretic, Traditional medicine in India and Nepal makes use of A. viridis. The bruised leaves are used by the Negritos of the Philippines as a direct treatment for a number of skin diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, and rashes. Additionally, it has been used as a diuretic, anti-rheumatic, anti-ulcer, analgesic, antiemetic, laxative, appetite enhancer, antileprotic, anti-inflammatory for the urinary system, a vermifuge for venereal disorders, a remedy for respiratory and ocular conditions, and a medication for asthma.

Comparative analysis of the antihepatotoxic effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and Legalon using histological and biochemical techniques

Drugs, alcohol, and poor nutrition all contribute to the overproduction of free radicals, which linked to numerous diseases and resulted in a high number of cases of liver injury. Antioxidants have shown to play a significant role in reducing the harm caused by these compounds in recent studies. Treatment of liver disease with plants from the natural world has received considerable attention for quite some time. This study compared Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GbE) with a commonly used drug in Egypt called Legalon for treating liver disorders, in order to assess GbE's hepato-protective effect against hepatotoxicity induced experimentally by CCl4. Before the first dose of CCl4, animals given GbE (100 ml/kg) and Legalon drug (100 ml/kg) orally, once a day, for a week. After that, CCl4 given orally at a dose of (2.5 ml/kg) in olive oil daily for 8 weeks to induce liver fibrosis, and the administration of GbE and Legalon maintained at the same dose and duration. The protective effect of GbE was determined by observing the result of the experiment, which included a shift in biochemical indictors and the outcomes of histopathological studies. In comparison to the control group, CCl4 significantly (P<0.5) increased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, MDA, and lipid profile. In contrast, markers of oxidative stress, including TP, ALB, HDL, TAC, GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD, were significantly lower in the study's experimental group than in the control group. Nevertheless, GbE treatment led to differences across the board when compared to the CCl4-intoxicated and Legalon groups. With the help of the histopathological investigations, all of these findings verified. Conclusion: Liver damage caused experimentally by CCl4 mitigated when the animals pretreated with GbE. Both biochemical and histopathological studies found that GbE acts as a powerful antioxidant, suppressing oxidative stress to reduce hepatotoxicity and slow the development of liver fibrosis.

Phytochemical composition and therapeutic effects of amaranthus viridis linn: a review

The plant Amaranths viridis Linn, an annual herb from the Amaranthaceae family, is used in traditional medicine to cure a range of ailments and to determine the various criteria for pharmacognostical standards. A. vilidis L. leaf extract contains a number of biologically active substances, including saponins, tannins and phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. The amino acids lysine, arginine, histidine, cysteine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, methionine, and tyrosine are among the substances found in A. viridis. A. vilidis L contains a chemical compound with potent anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiulcer, antiallergic, and antiviral effects. They also exhibit antimicrobial, antipyretic, antihyperlipidemic,antidiabetic, and anti-HMG-CoA reductase activities.

Antihepatotoxic Effect of Eruca sativa Extracts on Alcohol Induced Liver Injury in Rats

Antihepatotoxic Effect of Eruca sativa Extracts on Alcohol Induced Liver Injury in Rats

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF GUDUCHI (TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA): A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

In traditional medicine, Guduchi is considered to have a status of the highest order in natural medicine and Ayurveda. Guduchi is derived from a Sanskrit word called “Amrita” due to its medicinal and therapeutic properties. In vitro and in vivo studies around the world proved the medicinal value of Tinospora cordifolia. Guduchi's medicinal therapeutic effect was identified: antioxidant property, antimicrobial property, anticancer activity, antihepatotoxic effects, anti-inflammatory activities, antistress and memory enhancement, antidiabetic property, anti-osteoporotic effect, analgesic activity, and wound healing. This paper is produced by systematically reviewing the scientific literature and comprehensive summary of the medicinal properties of Guduchi.

The Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Five Vegetal Extracts with Hepatoprotective Potential.

Oxidative stress is among the major triggers for many important human functional disorders, which often lead to various metabolic or tissue diseases. The aim of the study is to obtain five standardized vegetal extracts (Cynarae extractum—CE, Rosmarini extractum—RE, Taraxaci extractum—TE, Cichorii extractum—CHE, and Agrimoniae extractum—AE) that contain active principles with an essential role in protecting liver cells against free radicals and quantify their antioxidant actions. The compounds of therapeutic interest from the analyzed extracts were identified and quantified using the UHPLC–HRMS/MS technique. Thus, the resulting identified compounds were 28 compounds in CE, 48 compounds in RE, 39 compounds in TE, 43 compounds in CHE, and 31 compounds in AE. These compounds belong to the class of flavonoids, isoflavones, phenolic acids and dicarboxylic acids, depsides, diterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, proanthocyanidins, or coumarin derivatives. From the major polyphenolic compounds quantified in all the extracts analyzed by UHPLC–HRMS/MS, considerable amounts have been found for chlorogenic acid (619.8 µg/g extract for TE–2032.4 µg/g extract for AE), rutoside (105.1 µg/g extract for RE–1724.7 µg/g extract for AE), kaempferol (243 µg/g extract for CHE–2028.4 µg/g extract for CE), and for naringenin (383 µg/g extract for CHE–1375.8 µg/g extract for AE). The quantitative chemical analysis showed the highest content of total phenolic acids for AE (24.1528 ± 1.1936 g chlorogenic acid/100 g dry extract), the highest concentration of flavones for RE (6.0847 ± 0.3025 g rutoside/100 g dry extract), and the richest extract in total polyphenols with 31.7017 ± 1.2211 g tannic acid equivalent/100 g dry extract for AE. Several methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) have been used to determine the in vitro total antioxidant activity of the extracts to evaluate their free radical scavenging ability, influenced by the identified compounds. As a result, the correlation between the content of the polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant effect of the extracts has been demonstrated. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the antiradical capacity within the study groups. Although all the analyzed extracts showed good IC50 values, which may explain their antihepatotoxic effects, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained for Agrimoniae extractum (IC50ABTS = 0.0147 mg/mL) and the lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for Cynarae extractum (IC50ABTS = 0.1588 mg/mL). Furthermore, the hepatoprotective potential was evaluated in silico by predicting the interactions between the determined phytochemicals and key molecular targets relevant to liver disease pathophysiology. Finally, the evaluation of the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of the studied extracts validates their use as adjuvants in phytotherapy, as they reduce oxidative stress and toxin accumulation and thus exert a hepatoprotective effect at the cellular level.

Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of different extracts of the organs of Rumex cyprius and their antihepatotoxic effect

Purpose: Phytochemical and biological investigations of the valuable plant, Rumex cyprius, family Polygonaceae, wildly grown in Saudi Arabia.Methods: Chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared from the different organs of R. cyprius. The extracts were analyzed by electrospray ionization source coupled to a mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometer (ESI-MS/MS) at different collision energies. The plant organs (leaf, fruit and stem) were standardized on the bases of quercetin by HPLC, and determined for their hepatoprotection in tetrachloride-induced acute liver toxicity using a mouse model.Results: Twenty-five phenolic compounds distributed between the leaf, fruit and stem of R. cyprius were identified. They were related to classes of anthraquinones, phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, glycosides and polyphenols. Twenty-two compounds in total were found and identified, and for the hepatoprotective effects, the leaf exhibited the best activity.Conclusion: R. cyprius is a source of potentially active phytoconstituents and a good naturalhepatoprotective drug. This study is being documented for the first time.

Nephroprotective effect of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate against arsenic trioxide-induced acute kidney damage in mice.

Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral and anti-hepatotoxic effects. However, protective effects of MgIG against renal damage caused by arsenic trioxide (ATO) have not been reported. The present study aimed to clarify the protective function of MgIG on kidney damaged induced by ATO. Other than the control group and the group treated with MgIG alone, mice were injected intraperitoneally with ATO (5 mg/kg/day) for 7 days to establish a mouse model of kidney damage. On the 8th day, blood and kidney tissue were collected and the inflammatory factors and antioxidants levels in the kidney tissue and serum were measured. The expression of protein levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined via western blot analysis. In the renal tissue of mice, ATO exposure dramatically elevated markers of oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. However, MgIG could also restore the activities of urea nitrogen and creatinine to normal levels, decrease the malondialdehyde level and reactive oxygen species formation and increase superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione activities. MgIG also ameliorated the morphological abnormalities generated by ATO, reduced inflammation and apoptosis and inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, MgIG may mitigate ATO-induced kidney damage by decreasing apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation and its mechanism may be connected to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling.

Identification of Bioactive Phytocomponents of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Enhalus acoroides by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Sea grass are good source of potent drug which has medicinal properties and able to cure human disease. One such marine plant is the Enhalus acoroides which belong to hydrocharitaeceae family. This marine species are widely distributed in the tropics of Indian and western Pacific Ocean and the species were collected from Ramanathapuram district for further process. This study reveals about the bioactive components present in Enhalus acoroides and identified its biological activity by Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry analysis using hydroalcoholic extract. The compounds present in Enhalus acoroides are Benzoic acid, 2- methyl 7- oxa bicyclol heptanes, 1, 3 Nonadiene, silane, ethoxytriethyl. Biological activities of the compounds present in the sample include antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antiviral and anti-hepatotoxic effect.

An Experimental Study: Benefits of Digoxin on Hepatotoxicity Induced by Methotrexate Treatment.

Purpose The aim of the study is to examine the possible therapeutic effects of a known cardiac glycoside, digoxin, on a rat model of MTX-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods The study was conducted on twenty-four male rats. While eighteen rats received a single dose of 20 mg/kg MTX to obtain an injured liver model, six rats constituted the control group. Also, the eighteen liver toxicity model created rats were equally divided into two groups, one of which received digoxin 0.1 mg/kg/day digoxin (Group 1) and the other group (Group 2) was given saline (% 0.9NaCl) with a dose of 1 ml/kg/day for ten days. Following the trial, the rats were sacrificed to harvest blood and liver tissue samples to determine blood and tissue MDA, serum ALT, plasma TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1-Beta, and PTX3 levels. Results MTX's structural and functional hepatotoxicity was observable and evidenced by relatively worse histopathological scores and increased biochemical marker levels. Digoxin treatment significantly reduced the liver enzyme ALT, plasma TNF-α, TGF-β, PTX3, and MDA levels and decreased histological changes in the liver tissue with MTX-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat model. Conclusion We suggest that digoxin has an anti-inflammatory and antihepatotoxic effect on the MTX-induced liver injury model.

Potential Therapeutic effect of Bee Venom on Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity

The fact that cisplatin (CIS) can induce hepatotoxicity has limited its therapeutic uses, although it is recognised as a highly potent antineoplastic drug. Bee venom (BV) is an important toxin that exerts a potent anti-inflammatory effect and demonstrates significant pharmacological activities. The aim of this research was to investigate the therapeutic impact of BV administration orally on CIS-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model when compared with individual drug therapy. Thirty albino male rats were used in this study. The rats were classified into three groups, each with ten rats (n = 10). The control group was group I, while groups II and III got CIS (a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg interperitoneally). After 24 hours, group III received BV (1 mg/kg orally), which was then administered daily for four weeks. The rats’ serum liver functions were estimated. The oxidative stress, antioxidant status, inflammatory mediators and fibrogenic and apoptotic markers were determined in the liver tissues. The results revealed that the administration of CIS induced a significant elevation in the serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin levels, which was associated with a decrease in the albumin level. Additionally, significant increases in the hepatic tissue malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, transforming growth factor beta, fibronectin and caspase-3 levels were noted. Moreover, significant decreases in the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as the glutathione level were detected in the hepatic tissues. The administration of BV resulted in the notable amelioration of the aforementioned parameters. Interestingly, these parameters were restored to almost normal levels following administration of CIS and BV. The histopathological investigation revealed multiple focal inflammation sites that appeared to be associated with hepatic necrosis in the hepatic tissues of the CIS-treated rats. The co-administration of BV preserved the normal architecture of the hepatic tissues. These results indicate that the co-administration of BV exerts potent anti-hepatotoxic and cytoprotective effects by combating oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrogenic and apoptotic markers and histopathological changes. Thus, this study provides strong evidence of the superiority of combination drug therapy when compared with individual drug therapy.

Effects of Thymol on Co-amoxiclav-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Background and Aims: Hepatotoxicity induced by Co-amoxiclav has been indicated in multiple studies. Thymol is the main constituent of the Thymus vulgaris essential oil that has antioxidant properties. Even though thymol can exhibit antioxidant activity in vivo models, there is a lack of evidence about the thymol’s effectiveness in drug-induced liver injury. Thus, the present study was conducted to explore the thymol anti-hepatotoxic effects. Materials and Methods: Thirty male rats were randomly divided into five groups of six. The control group received corn oil (0.25 ml/100 g body weight). CoA group was given only co-amoxiclav in doses of 10 mg/kg daily by gastric tube. CoA+T50, CoA+T150, and CoA+T300 groups orally received Co-amoxiclav at the same dose as the second group along with thymol at a daily dose of 50, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. At the termination of the treatment, all animals fasted overnight, and then blood samples were collected to determine alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione S-transferases, and bilirubin. Results: Administration of thymol at the dose of 300 mg/kg with co-amoxiclav resulted in a significant decrease in direct and total bilirubin levels. Findings also revealed that the concomitant administration of thymol at the 150 mg/kg dose caused a significant reduction in the total bilirubin level. Additionally, the concomitant administration of thymol at the doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg resulted in a significant reduction of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase serum activities along with increased plasma Glutathione S-transferase activity compared to co-amoxiclav group. Conclusion: Administration of thymol can cause a significant ameliorative effect against co-amoxiclav-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

A Compressive Review on Pharmacological Properties of Three Forest Trees

Good sources of medicinal agents are found for 100 years in the nature in the form of tree. These species are mostly found in forest and some belongs to RET group. A number of medicines (herbal product) have been isolated from this natural sources. In this documentation three number of important tree species have been reviewed for their pharmaceutical properties. (1) Neolamarckia cadamba, belonging to family Rubiaceae, (2) Dalbergia sissoo of family Fabaceae and (3) Shorea robusta commonly known as Sal tree grouped under family Dipterocarpaceae observed for their pharmacological action. Pharmacological activity such; antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiparasitic activity, antidiabetic activity, dermatological effects, antimicrobial effect, antihepatotoxic effects, antiulcer effect, antilipidemic, antidiarrheal effect, anthelmintic activity, analgesic activity and many more were documented.

Inhibition of CYP2E1 and activation of Nrf2 signaling pathways by a fraction from Entada africana alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity

Entada africana is used in non-conventional medicine for the management of liver ailments. A fraction, designated EaF10 (methylene chloride/methanol 90:10, v/v) with promising hepatoprotective activity has been isolated. Since the mechanisms underlying EaF10 hepatoprotective action remain unknown, this study was undertaken to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic mechanism of the fraction against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity and its antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activities of EaF10 were assessed through four chemical antioxidant assays and its anti-hepatotoxic effect evaluated in vivo and in vitro by post-treatment (25 or 100 mg/Kg) or co-treatment (6.25–100 μg/mL) in CCl4-intoxicated mice and normal human liver cells line L-02 hepatocytes respectively; and biochemical and molecular parameters assessed respectively by spectrophotometry, and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. EaF10 exhibited strong antioxidant activities correlated with its polyphenol content. Serum levels of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and nitrite oxide, liver contents of glutathione (GSH) protein carbonylation and malondialdehyde (MDA), liver activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cell viability showed the anti-hepatotoxic effect of EaF10, supported by histopathological observations. The fraction decreased the protein level of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap-1), induced nuclear translocation of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) coupled to an increase of the mRNA levels of CAT, SOD1 and GST in CCl4-intoxicated L-02 hepatocytes. These findings evidenced that the studied plant fraction possesses a strong antioxidant capacity and prevents CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, likely through inhibition of CYP2E1 and activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.