Antifungal Effect Of Silver Nanoparticles Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Effects of Silver Nanoparticles of Ageratum Conyzoides L.

Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from Ageratum conyzoides leaves extract, as well as their antifungal effectiveness against a variety of plant pathogens were investigated. Absorption peaks at 3674, 3264, 2980, 2940, 2096, 1739, 1545, 1370, 1080 and 700 cm−1 were recorded for the formed nanoparticles using FTIR analysis. According to SEM, XRD and UV spectroscopy results, nanoparticles have spherical and semi- spherical shape, size of 34 to 205 nm with a resonance wavelength at 460 nm. Ageratum conyzoides-AgNPs showed moderate antifungal activity against Penicillium expansum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Alternaria alternata, Drechslera halodes and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. The fabricated NPs from leaves of A. conyzoides can be applied as antifungal agent. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(3): 439-444, 2022 (September)

Synergistic antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles combined with mancozeb against Botryosphaeria dothidea

Synergistic antifungal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles combined with mancozeb against Botryosphaeria dothidea was carried out. Indexes of colony growth, colony formation, and inhibition zone were measured to reveal their antifungal effect. The results showed that silver nanoparticles synthesized by llexchinensis Sims leaf were near spherical with the average size of 14 nm. The inhibition rate and diameter of inhibition zone reached 81.9% and 12.6 ± 1.25 mm when the concentration of silver nanoparticles was 200 μg/mL. In addition, distinct synergistic antifungal activity was detected when silver nanoparticles were combined with mancozeb at the volume ratios of 1:9 and 8:2, and the toxic ratio was 1.32 and 1.14, respectively. As one kind of non-antibiotic bacteriostatic substances, silver nanoparticles would be substitute or supplement with fungicide to resolve pesticide residue and pathogen resistance that plagued agricultural for a long time.

Effect of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis and Candida guilliermondii

Background: Candida species are the most important fungal pathogens and are sometimes considered the fourth most common cause of infection in hospitals. Today, research needs to be conducted on the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to toxicity, side effects, and drug interactions of antifungal chemical drugs. Objective: Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal activity of AgNPs on Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida guilliermondii. Methodology: Antifungal activity of AgNPs on Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida guilliermondii was assessed by agar and macrodilution diffusion methods in an in-vitro investigation. Structural changes were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then, the obtained data were evaluated by SPSS statistical software. Results: Based on the results, the mean diameter of growth inhibition halos by AgNPs was equal to 20, 20.2, and 40.7mm for Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida guilliermondii, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) equal 62.50, 31.25, and 15.62 mg/ml for Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida guilliermondii, respectively. The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were equal to 125, 62.50, and 31.25 mg/ml for Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida guilliermondii, respectively. Conclusion: Our results revealed that AgNPs inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida guilliermondii. SEM observations also showed that NPs disrupted cell membrane/wall. Changes in yeast levels from smooth to uneven were also observed.

Effective Inhibition of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis by Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized with Artemisia sieberi Leaf Extract.

Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most common fungal pathogens that can cause a diversity of diseases ranging from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and aspergilloma to allergic syndromes. In this study, we investigated the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized with Artemisia sieberi leaf extract (AS-AgNPs) against A. fumigatus in vitro and in vivo. The biosynthesized AS-AgNPs were characterized by imaging (transmission electron microscopy (TEM)), UV−VIS spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The microdilution method showed the antifungal activity of AS-AgNPs against A. fumigatus, with an MIC of 128 µg/mL. AS-AgNPs significantly inhibited the growth of hyphae in all directions, as imaged by SEM. Additionally, TEM on biofilm revealed invaginations of the cell membrane, a change in the vacuolar system, and the presence of multilamellar bodies within vacuoles. Interestingly, AS-AgNPs displayed low cytotoxicity on the A549 human lung cell line in vitro. Treatment of an invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) mouse model with AS-AgNPs demonstrated the potency of AS-AgNPs to significantly reduce lung tissue damage and to suppress the elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-17 (IL-17). The therapeutic potential of AS-AgNPs was found to be due to their direct action to suppress the fungal burden and gliotoxin production in the lungs. In addition, AS-AgNPs reduced the oxidative stress in the lungs by increasing the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Thus, our data indicate the biosynthesized AS-AgNPs as a novel antifungal alternative treatment against aspergillosis.

Potential antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different sizes against phytopathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) strains

Fusarium species are the primary fungal pathogen affecting agricultural foodstuffs both in crop yield and economic loss. Due to these problems, control of phytopathogenic fungi has become one of the critical problems around the World. Nanotechnology is a new technology with potential in many fields, including agriculture. This study focused on determining potential effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different nanosizes (3, 5, 8 and 10 nm) and at different concentrations (12.5–100 ppm) against phytopathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) strains. The maximum antifungal activity was achieved by decreasing nanosize and increasing concentration of AgNPs. Mycelium growth abilities were decreased about 50%, 75% and 90% by AgNPs treatment with 3 nm sizes at 25 ppm, 37.5 ppm and 50 ppm concentrations, respectively. The productivity of fungal biomass in the liquid growth media was found to be too limited at the 25–37.5 ppm of AgNPs concentrations with all sizes. In addition, both septation number and dimensions of micro- and macroconidia were found to be gradually decreased with the application of silver nanoparticles. This work showed that the low concentration of AgNPs could be used as potential antifungal agents and applied for control of phytopathogens.

Antifungal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Candida albicans on the strain lacking the CNP41 gene

The upsurge of immunocompromised patients has led to extensive study of fungal infections with Candida albicans being the frontline model of pathogenic yeast in humans. In the quest to find novel antifungal agents, this study reports the potential usage of wild-type C. albicans strain C86 to biosynthesise silver nanoparticles by microwave assisted technique. Visual colour change and UV-spectrophotometer were used for primary detection of silver nanoparticles. Additionally, the FTIR peaks confirm the particles’ formation and surface characterisation techniques such as FESEM and EDX suggests that the silver nanoparticles were sized in the range of 30–70 nm. Furthermore, pioneering work of homologous recombination technique was systematically employed to delete uncharacterized gene orf19.3120 (CNP41) in the C86 strain creating the deletion strain C403 of C. albicans. To amalgamate the two significant findings, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were subjected to antifungal studies by disk diffusion assay on the strain C403 that lacks the gene orf19.3120 (CNP41) of C. albicans. As a synergetic approach, combinational effect was studied by incorporating antifungal drug fluconazole. Both individual and enhanced combinational antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles and fluconazole were observed on genetically modified C403 strain with 40% increase in fold area compared to wild-type C86 strain. This can be attributed to the synergetic effect of the bonding reaction between fluconazole and AgNPs. Taken together, this first-ever interdisciplinary study strongly suggests that the CNP41 gene could play a vital role in drug resistance in this fungal pathogen.

Comparison of the fungicidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue, silver nanoparticle, and their conjugation on oral Candida isolates using cell viability assay.

Background and Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of common photodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy by the silver nanoparticle, methylene blue, and their combination on biofilm and plankton cells of standard oral Candida isolates using cell viability assay. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, biofilm and plankton cells of Candida species(i.e. C .albicans and C. parapsilosis) and plankton cells of Candida glabrata were treated with methylene blue, silver nanoparticle, and their combination once alone and then with the irradiation of total dose of 1.92 J/cm² for 60 sec. The minimum inhibitory concentration and antifungal activity of each approach were evaluated using the XTT assay. Results: After photodynamic therapy, methylene blue showed antifungal effect only on Candida albicans, while the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles was increased on all Candida species. On the other hand, photodynamic therapy with the combination of methylene blue and silver nanoparticles did not have any effect on C. albicans. However, it reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration value of C. parapsilosis, and the most antifungal effect was observed on C. glabrata. Conclusion: Photodynamic therapy with photosensitizers can serve as a treatment modality in Candida infections of the oral cavity. Antifungal effect of photodynamic therapy was strain- and photosensitizer-dependent.

Antifungal Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Against Various Plant Pathogenic Fungi and its Safety Evaluation on Drosophila melanogaster

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized by a chemical and biological method. Further, nanoparticles were characterized for their morphological feature using techniques like UV-Visible, TEM, XRD, and zeta potential. Sharp UV-visible absorption maximum at 410 was observed for biological synthesized silver nanoparticles (Bio-AgNPs), whereas for chemical synthesized silver nanoparticles (CH-AgNPs) peak was observed at 414 nm. TEM micrograph confirmed the formation of spherical nanoparticles dominantly via both protocols with an average size of nanoparticles was 50 nm and 25 nm for CH-AgNPs and Bio-NPs, respectively. Further, the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs was evaluated at different concentrations (25-100 ppm), against three pathogenic plant fungus plant (Alternaria solani, Corynespora cassiicola, and Fusarium spp.), in two different fungal media in term of inhibition of radial growth. Up to 100% inhibition for Alternaria solani and Fusarium spp. and 85% inhibition for Corynespora cassiicola was observed at 100 ppm AgNPs concentration on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Further, exposure of AgNPs on Drosophila melanogaster confirmed that Bio-AgNPs are nontoxic as compared to CH-AgNPS. Hence it can be concluded that Bio-AgNPs are safe to use due to their nontoxic nature.

The antifungal agent of silver nanoparticles activated by diode laser as light source to reduce C. albicans biofilms: an in vitro study.

Candida albicans is a normal flora caused fungal infections and has the ability to form biofilms. The aim of this study was to improve the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the light source for reducing the biofilm survival of C. albicans. AgNPs were prepared by silver nitrate (AgNO3) and trisodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7). To determine the antifungal effect of treatments on C. albicans biofilm, samples were distributed into four groups; L + P+ was treatment with laser irradiation and AgNPs; L + P- was treatment with laser irradiation only; L - P+ was treatment with AgNPs only (control positive); L - P- was no treatment with laser irradiation or AgNPs (control negative). The growth of fungi had been monitored by measuring the optical density at 405nm with ELISA reader. The particle size of AgNPs was measured by using (particle size analyzer) and the zeta potential of AgNPs was measured by using Malvern zetasizer. The PSA test showed that the particle size of AgNPs was distributed between 7.531-5559.644nm. The zeta potentials were found lower than - 30mV with pH of 7, 9 or 11. The reduction percentage was analyzed by ANOVA test. The highest reduction difference was given at a lower level irradiation because irradiation with a density energy of 6.13 ± 0.002J/cm2 resulted in the biofilm reduction of 7.07 ± 0.23% for the sample without AgNPs compared to the sample with AgNPs that increased the biofilm reduction of 64.48 ± 0.07%. The irradiation with a 450-nm light source had a significant fungicidal effect on C. albicans biofilm. The combination of light source and AgNPs provides an increase of biofilm reduction compared to the light source itself.

Antifungal Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Selected Fungi Isolated from Raw and Waste Water

In the present study, fungi from waste water of different sources in Madinah, KSA, was isolated in order to determine the effective dose and shape of silver nanoparticles necessary for treating them. Waste water was collected from two sources, homes and hospitals (Ohud Hospital). Additionally, bottled drinking water (Taibah) and autoclaved distilled water was used as control. Uncoated silver nanoparticles were used. The particles were with two shapes (rod, cube) and four concentrations (0, 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) were selected and distilled water was used as a solvent. Fungi were isolated and purified on potato dextrose agar media. A total of eight genera and nine fungal species were identified: Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. terreus, Fusarium oxysporium, F. solani, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor hiemalis, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus oryzae, Trichoderma harizianum and Trichophyton sp., Aspergillus sp. was the highest in its number collectively, thus was considered for further experiment. Silver nanoparticles were tested on two Aspergillus sp. i.e. A. niger and A. terreus. The gradual growth reduction was clear in both Aspergillus species as the concentration of the silver nanoparticles increased. A. terreus had higher reduction compared to A. niger. No significant differences were found among the 1, 10, and 100 µg/ml concentrations. The rod shaped nanoparticles showed less growth for the fungi studied compared to the cube shaped. It is possible to use silver nanoparticles as antifungal substances; however, more considerations should be taken.

An in vitro study of the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles on oak wilt pathogen Raffaelea sp.

In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of three different forms of silver nanoparticles against the unidentified ambrosia fungus Raffaelea sp., which has been responsible for the mortality of a large number of oak trees in Korea. Growth of fungi in the presence of silver nanoparticles was significantly inhibited in a dosedependent manner. We also assessed the effectiveness of combining the different forms of nanoparticles. Microscopic observation revealed that silver nanoparticles caused detrimental effects not only on fungal hyphae but also on conidial germination.

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antibacterialand antifungal properties of silver and copper nanoparticles

There is increasing attention being paid to metallic nanoparticles because of their intensive applications in different areas of science such as medicine, chemistry, agriculture, and biotechnology. In addition, there has been growing interest in using environmentally friendly methods of synthesizing nanoparticles without making or using substances risky to the environment and human health. Biological methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles have been considered as possible ecofriendly alternatives to chemical synthesis. In the present study, biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using marshmallow flower (Althaea officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) leaf extracts is reported for the first time. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were formed by reduction of CuCl2 with L-ascorbic acid. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of SNPs and CuNPs in comparison with silver nitrate (AgNO3) and copper chloride (CuCl2) (respective nanoparticle constrictive salts) and synthetic antibiotics and fungicides were studied. Fungi (A. flavus and P. chrysogenum) and bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) showed clear hypersensitivity to silver and copper nanoparticles, and the effects of SNPs were more notable than those of CuNPs. Data analysis showed that copper chloride and silver nitrate had a lower inhibitory effect in their nanoparticles, especially against the tested fungi.

The antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles on Trichosporon asahii.

Silver nanoparticles are receiving increasing attention in biomedical applications. This study aims at evaluating the antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles against the pathogenic fungus Trichosporon asahii. The growth of T. asahii on potato dextrose agar medium containing different concentrations of silver nanoparticles was examined and the antifungal effect was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were also used to investigate the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles on T. asahii. Silver nanoparticles had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of T. asahii. The minimum inhibitory concentration of silver nanoparticles against T. asahii was 0.5 μg/mL, which was lower than amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, caspofungin, terbinafine, fluconazole, and itraconazole and higher than voriconazole. Silver nanoparticles obviously damaged the cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, chromatin, and ribosome. Our results demonstrate that silver nanoparticles have good antifungal activity against T. asahii. Based on our electron microscopy observations, silver nanoparticles may inhibit the growth of T. asahii by permeating the fungal cell and damaging the cell wall and cellular components.

Antifungal Effects of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Various Plant Pathogenic Fungi

This research is concerned with the fungicidal properties of nano-size silver colloidal solution used as an agent for antifungal treatment ofvarious plant pathogens. We used WA-CV-WA13B, WA-AT-WB13R, and WA-PR-WB13R silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm. Eighteen different plant pathogenic fungi were treated with these AgNPs on potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar, and corn meal agar plates. We calculated fungal inhibition in order to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of silver nanoparticles against pathogens. The results indicated that AgNPs possess antifungal properties against these plant pathogens at various levels. Treatment with WA-CV-WB13R AgNPs resulted in maximum inhibition of most fungi. Results also showed that the most significant inhibition of plant pathogenic fungi was observed on PDA and 100 ppm of AgNPs.

Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles on some of fungi

In this study, we investigated the antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag-Nps) on Candida albicans (ATCC 5027), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 5027). Investigating method by using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) technique, some of drugs including Amphotericin B, Fluconazole and synthesized Ag-Nps have been obtained on the fungi and the changes on membrane reactions of yeasts have been elucidated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The present study indicates Ag-Nps has considerable antifungal activity comparison with other antifungal drugs, so deserving further investigation for clinical applications.

Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nano-particles on Candida albicans

In this study, the antifungal effects of silver nano-particles (nano-Ag) and their mode of action were investigated. Nano-Ag showed antifungal effects on fungi tested with low hemolytic effects against human erythrocytes. To elucidate the antifungal mode of action of nano-Ag, flow cytometry analysis, a glucose-release test, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the change in membrane dynamics using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), as a plasma membrane probe, were performed with Candida albicans. The results suggest nano-Ag may exert an antifungal activity by disrupting the structure of the cell membrane and inhibiting the normal budding process due to the destruction of the membrane integrity. The present study indicates nano-Ag has considerable antifungal activity, deserving further investigation for clinical applications.